Review of the leafhopper subgenus Pediopsoides (Sispocnis) (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Eurymelinae, Macropsini) with description of two new species from China

Abstract The leafhopper subgenus Pediopsoides (Sispocnis) Anufriev, 1967 is reviewed and the type species is fixed as Bythoscopuskogotensis Matsumura, 1912. Six valid species of the subgenus are recognized including two new species described and illustrated here, Pediopsoides (Sispocnis) rectus Li, Li & Dai, sp. nov. and P. (S.) triangulus Li, Li & Dai, sp. nov. from Sichuan Province of Southwestern China. Additionally P. (S.) heterodigitatus Dai & Zhang, 2009 is proposed as a junior synonym of P. (S.) aomians (Kuoh, 1981) based on examination of many specimens. A key to species of the subgenus is also provided for identification.


Introduction
The leafhopper genus Pediopsoides belonging to the subfamily Eurymelinae, tribe Macropsini (Dietrich and Thomas 2018) of Cicadellidae (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha) was originally established by Matsumura (1912) with Pediopsoides formosanus Matsumura, 1912 as its type species, and divided into four subgenera based on the features of the facial and tegminal proportions, and the male genitalia by Hamilton (1980). Sispocnis is just one of the four subgenera of Pediopsoides as proposed by Hamilton (1980), and was originally placed in the genus Oncopsis, erected by Anufriev (1967) for Bythoscopus juglans Matsumura, 1912 (misidentified type species). Later, Viraktamath (1981) added a new species, Pediopsoides (Sispocnis) sharmai from India; Dai and Zhang (2009) (Kuoh, 1981). So far, five species of Pediopsoides (Sispocnis) are known from the world including four species recorded in China.
In our marcopsine collection from Sichuan Province of China, two new species of Pediopsoides (Sispocnis) are recognized, and their illustrated descriptions are provided in the present paper. Based on the examination of the specimens, the subgenus Pediopsoides (Sispocnis) is simultaneously reviewed and a key is given for identification. It is revealed that P. (S.) heterodigitatus Dai & Zhang, 2009 is a junior synonym of P. (S.) aomians. To date, six species of the subgenus Pediopsoides (Sispocnis) are known, five of which occur in China.

Materials and methods
Adult specimens collected by sweep net were used for examination, description, illustration and imaging. The habitus images of adults were obtained with an Olympus SZX7 microscope mounted with a Canon EOS 550D camera.
The morphological terminologies and the higher classification system follow Hamilton (1980). The body length is measured from the apex of the head to the end of the forewings and is given in millimeters (mm).
The type materials of the new species are deposited in the Museum of Zoology and Botany, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China (SUHC). Other examined specimens are deposited in the Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China (GUGC).
Distribution. Palaearctic and Oriental Regions. Diagnosis. Pediopsoides (Sispocnis) is well known by the following features: face including eyes is clearly wider than long; the stripes on pronotum are usually transverse and weakly obscure, forewing has anteapical cells of variable number (2 or 3), male pygofer ventral processes generally bifid to multifid and twisted inward; and the dorsal connective usually carries a strongly developed process from its inner ventral margin.
Herein, it is necessary to clarify the type species for the subgenus. Following the provisions of Article 70.3.2 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN, 1999), the type species is fixed here as Bythoscopus kogotensis Matsumura, 1912, misidentified as Bythoscopus juglans Matsumura, 1912 in the original designation by Anufriev (1967 Description. Body color (Figs 1-6). Yellow brown to dark brown or black, usually densely marked with darker maculae. Pronotum (Figs 1, 2) generally with 4-6 shallow yellowish or brown spots on posterior margin. Scutellum (Figs 1, 2) with black triangular spots on lateral corners, or evenly black.
Male genitalia. Pygofer (Figs 7-13) basally broad, ventrocaudal margin with multifid and inturned process usually with 2-4 figure-like or spine-like branches of different size. Dorsal connective (Figs 14-20) strongly developed, S-shaped, with bifurcate various process from inner ventral margin with dorsal branch usually larger, longer and twisted ventrad and ventral branch small, short and dorsally bent. Aedeagus (Figs 21-26) broad basally, shaft margins parallel or slightly sinuate at ventral aspect, apical dorsal margin of shaft elongate to two lobes (Fig. 22) and usually bifid at varying levels (Figs 23-26) with each lobe. Remarks. This species can be easily recognized by the teeth on the caudoventral margin of the male pygofer, the aedeagal shaft broadened gradually from the base to the end, the lateral triangular expansions on shaft apex, and the dorsal connective with the process from the inner ventral margin weakly sclerotized, slender, short and unbranched.

Pediopsoides (Sispocnis) kogotensis (Matsumura, 1912)
Bythoscopus kogotensis Matsumura, 1912 Remarks. The combined features of the shape of the pygofer articulated lobe and ventral process, the relatively simple dorsal connective, and the structure of the aedeagus separate P. (S.) kogotensis from other species. Etymology. The new specific epithet was derived from the Latin words "rectus" indicating that the aedeagal shaft is straight relatively.
Body appearance. Head (Fig. 27) short, and prominent forward, anterior margin slightly depressed near eyes, including eyes as wide as pronotum. Face (Fig. 29) covered distinct punctures; frons with weak carina and oblique striations, central part with two smooth inflated regions without any stripes or maculae; distance between ocelli nearly 4 times of that from ocellus to adjacent eye. Pronotum (Fig. 27) with obvious, intensively transverse striations and punctures, anterior margin round, and prominent frontally, posterior margin depressed in middle, 2.6 times broader than long. Scutellum ( Fig. 27) surface granulose, mid-length 1.5 times that of pronotum. Forewing (Figs 27, 28) opaque, with three anteapical cells, veins prominent.
Male genitalia. Pygofer (Fig. 30) broad basally, dorsal margin incised and straight, distal part of ventral and caudal margins carries irregular small spine-like processes, and scattered setae. Subgenital plate (Fig. 30) slender, approximatively 0.65 times ventral margin of pygofer, marginated with setae. Aedeagus (Figs 33, 34) basally broad, dorsal apodeme well developed, shaft slender, and almost straight in lateral view, lateral margins parallel in ventral view, apex of ventral margin strongly expanded, and produced to bifid process which bifurcates again; gonopore apical. Dorsal connective (Fig. 32) in lateral aspect S-shaped, carries large bifurcate process from its inner ventral margin with both branches of equal length. Style (Fig. 35), stem stout and widened gradually to truncate apex, with marginal setae.  tures, anterior area near eyes depressed, posterior margin excavated in middle. Scutellum (Fig. 38) surface granulose, and scattered with punctures, mid-length about 1.8 times that of pronotum. Forewing (Figs 38,39) with three anteapical cells, veins prominent.
Male genitalia. Pygofer (Fig. 41) broad basally, with incised dorsal and caudal margins, distal half of each ventral margin produced into two small spine-like processes which sometimes bifid. Subgenital plate (Fig. 41) narrow and elongate, nearly as long as that of ventral margin of pygofer, and with marginal setae. Aedeagus (Figs 44,45) basally broad, with strongly developed dorsal apodeme and preatrium, shaft short, clearly narrower than basis in lateral view, lateral margins parallel in ventral view, subapex with small triangular processes directed caudally on lateral margins, apex round; gonopore apical. Dorsal connective (Fig. 43), in lateral aspect, S-shaped, process from inner ventral margin short, and horn-like. Style (Fig. 46), stem bent dorsolaterally, apex with small expansion. Connective (Figs 47, 48)