Corresponding author: Yuxia Yang (
Academic editor: H. Douglas
The diagnosis of the
Yang Y, Xi H, Yang X, Liu H (2019) Taxonomic review of the
The subgenus
Most species of the
Up to now, 15 species were included in the
The material is deposited in the following collections:
Genitalia of both sexes and abdominal sternites VIII of females were dissected and cleared in 10% KOH solution, and female genitalia were stained with hematoxylin. The female internal genitalia is attached to the ventral side of abdominal tergite IX and the vulva opens between the coxites. The dorsal or ventral side of vagina is established according to the tergite IX. The situation of median oviduct opening is on the opposite side of tergite IX and established as the ventral side of vagina. The diverticulum and spermatheca arise from apex of vagina.
Habitus photos were taken using a Leica M205 A stereomicroscope, multiple image layers were stacked using Combine ZM (Helicon Focus 5.3). Line drawings were made using a camera lucida attached to a Nikon SMZ1500 stereomicroscope, then edited in CorelDRAW 12 and Adobe Photoshop 8.0.1. Body length was measured from the anterior edge of the clypeus to the elytral apex and body width across the humeri of elytra. Morphological terminology of female genitalia followed
In the checklist, valid scientific names and original sources, synonyms and publications for the taxonomical changes, type localities and depositories, additional material information and all distributions were included, as well as additional description or remarks were added if necessary. Complete label data were cited for type specimens, using square brackets “ []” for our remarks and comments, [p] indicating that the following data were machine printed and [h] that they were handwritten, quotation marks to separate data from different labels. A distribution map was prepared using the geographic information system software ArcGIS (ver. 10.2), based literature records and the author's databases of specimens examined for this study.
The specimens were identified based on examination of types if available and original literature. In practice, species were determined mainly by the aedeagus of male, and the females were associated with males based on evidence that they were collected at the same locality and date. Also, the female could be identified by the structure of abdominal sternite VIII, which was useful in species’ recognition and illustrated in the literature by cantharid specialists. For each species, compared with males, the females have smaller eyes, shorter and narrower antennae, simple middle antennomeres, without smooth narrow impressions along the outer edges, wider pronotum and elytra, and only seven abdominal ventrites.
Elytra enlarged posteriorly and widest near apical third. Aedeagus: conjoint dorsal plate of parameres narrowed apically in dorsal view, emarginate at middle of apical edge; laterophyses flattened dorsoventrally, reduced and not reaching apices of conjoint dorsal plate except in a few species. Female internal genitalia: diverticulum situated at end of vagina, presenting with a sclerotized ring around at base, confluent in middle and extending to median oviduct; spermatheca arising from middle of the sclerotized ring.
Distribution map of
Distribution map of
The diagnosis is developed from the definition of the species-group by
(characters based on illustrations in the present study or those from
1 | Aedeagus: laterophyses reaching apices of conjoint dorsal plate of parameres |
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– | Aedeagus: laterophyses reduced, not reaching apices of conjoint dorsal plate of parameres |
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2 | Antennae, mid and hind legs uniformly black; aedeagus ( |
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– | Antennae and legs mixed yellow and black; aedeagus: laterophyses with a narrow process each side |
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3 | Aedeagus ( |
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– | Aedeagus ( |
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4 | Aedeagus: ventral process of each paramere hooked at apex in lateral view |
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– | Aedeagus: ventral process of each paramere not hooked at apex |
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5 | Aedeagus: ventral process of each paramere expanded and obtusely hooked dorsally at apex (e.g. Fig. |
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– | Aedeagus: ventral process of each paramere narrowed and acutely hooked ventrally at apex |
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6 | Elytra dark green or blue, strongly metallic |
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– | Elytra purple-black, weakly metallic |
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7 | Body longer than 16.0 mm; female internal genitalia (Fig. |
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– | Body 13.0–15.0 mm in length; female internal genitalia (Fig. |
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8 | Aedeagus (Fig. |
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– | Aedeagus ( |
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9 | Elytra no more than 1.5 times as long as maximal width; aedeagus ( |
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– | Elytra about twice as long as maximal width; aedeagus: ventral process of each paramere with apex unlike above, not bent inwards in ventral view, longer than conjoint dorsal plate in lateral view |
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10 | Aedeagus ( |
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– | Aedeagus (Fig. |
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11 | Tibiae mixed yellow and black; aedeagus ( |
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– | Tibiae uniformly black or yellow; aedeagus: ventral process of each paramere almost even in width in ventral view, conjoint dorsal plate narrowly emarginate medially at apical edge in dorsal view |
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12 | Femora mixed yellow and black, tibiae black; female abdominal sternite VIII (Fig. |
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– | Femora and tibiae uniformly yellow; female abdominal sternite VIII (Fig. |
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1♂ (
Taiwan.
1♂ (
Male (Fig.
China (new record: Xizang), Bhutan, Nepal, northern India.
Male habitus, dorsal view
Habitus, dorsal view
Aedeagus (
1♂ (
1♀ (
1♀ (
Female. Like male, but antennomeres IV–X without impressions along outer edges (while present with smooth narrow longitudinal or oblong impressions in male), terminal abdominal ventrite wide (while narrow and triangular in male) (Fig.
China (Shaanxi, Gansu, Henan, Anhui, Zhejiang, Hubei, Jiangxi, Hunan, Fujian, Hainan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou).
Female internal genitalia, lateral view
1♂ (
1♂ (
China (Xizang, Sichuan), N. India, Bhutan, Nepal.
Female (Fig.
1♂ (
Male. Aedeagus (Fig.
Female. Like male, but antennomeres V–X without impressions along outer edges (while present with smooth narrow longitudinal or oblong impressions in male), terminal abdominal ventrite wide (while narrow and triangular in male) (Fig.
China (Guangxi, Yunnan); Vietnam.
1♂ (
1♀ (
Male. Aedeagus (Figs
Female. Like male, but antennomeres V–X without impressions along outer edges(while present with smooth narrow longitudinal or oblong impressions in male), terminal abdominal ventrite wide (while narrow and triangular in male) (Fig.
China (Gansu, Shaanxi, Henan, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Hubei, Jiangxi, Hunan, Fujian, Taiwan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan).
Female internal genitalia, lateral view
1♂ (
1♂ (
Female. Like male, but antennomeres V–X without impressions along outer edges (while present with smooth narrow longitudinal or oblong impressions in male), terminal abdominal ventrite wide (narrower and triangular in male) (Fig.
China (Yunnan, Guangxi); northern Laos, northern Vietnam, northern India.
In the present study, the habitus (Fig.
Female. Like male, but antennomeres VII–XI without impressions along outer edges (while present with smooth narrow longitudinal or oblong impressions in male), terminal abdominal ventrite wide (while narrow and triangular in male) (Fig.
China (Yunnan, Guangxi); Laos, northernVietnam.
1♂ (
China (Yunnan).
Northern India, Nepal.
Female. Like male, but antennomeres VI–X without impressions along outer edges (while present with smooth narrow longitudinal or oblong impressions in male), terminal abdominal ventrite wide (while narrow and triangular in male) (Fig.
Taiwan.
Female internal genitalia, lateral view
1♂ (
China (Yunnan), northern Vietnam.
1♂ (holotype,
Female. Like male, but antennomeres V–X without impressions along outer edges (while present with smooth narrow longitudinal or oblong impressions in male), terminal abdominal ventrite wide (while narrow and triangular in male) (Fig.
China (Sichuan, Yunnan), northern Vietnam.
Female abdominal sternite VIII, ventral view
We are grateful to Dr Yûichi Okushima (Kurashiki Museum of Natural History, Japan) for proving some material to us, and to the late Dr Michel Brancucci (