Corresponding author: Roger J. Blahnik (
Academic editor: C. Geraci
The
Blahnik RJ, Holzenthal RW (2014) Review and redescription of species in the
The genus
One difficulty encountered in the taxonomy of New World
The only comprehensive treatment of the genus
The
The immediate incentive for the current revision was the collection by the second author of a number of putative species belonging to the
The difficulties presented by variable populations of
Compared to the variability in Nearctic populations of
Species of the
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. |
– | × | |||||||||||||||||
2. |
– | × | |||||||||||||||||
3. |
– | × | |||||||||||||||||
4. |
– | × | × | × | |||||||||||||||
5. |
– | × | |||||||||||||||||
6. |
– | × | |||||||||||||||||
7. |
– | × | |||||||||||||||||
8. |
– | ||||||||||||||||||
9. |
– | ||||||||||||||||||
10. |
– | × | |||||||||||||||||
11. |
– | ||||||||||||||||||
12. |
– | × | |||||||||||||||||
13. |
– | × | × | × | |||||||||||||||
14. |
– | ||||||||||||||||||
15. |
– | × | |||||||||||||||||
16. |
– | ||||||||||||||||||
17. |
– | ||||||||||||||||||
18. |
– | ||||||||||||||||||
19. |
– |
Methodology follows that discussed by
Each pinned specimen, or lot of specimens in alcohol, examined during the study, was affixed with a barcode label (4 mil polyester, 8 × 14 mm, code 49) with a unique alphanumeric sequence preceded with the prefix UMSP. The prefix is not meant to imply ownership by the University of Minnesota Insect Collection (UMSP), but only to indicate that the specimen was databased in that collection. Specimen taxonomic and collection data are stored in
Females of the various species are not described because, for the most part, they are morphologically very similar and consistent diagnostic characters to distinguish the species were not found. Females listed in the paratype series and material examined lists are presumptively identified by association with their male counterparts.
Habitus photographs for the various species are provided in
Distribution maps (
Representatives of over half the species included in this monograph were submitted to the
Holotypes are deposited in the collections of the University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA (UMSP) and the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, USA (NMNH), as designated in the species descriptions. Paratypes are deposited in the same institutions, and also in the Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, Heredia, Costa Rica (INBIO) and the Instituto de Zoología Agrícola, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay, Venezuela (IZAM).
Because the differences between species are subtler than those ordinarily used to diagnose species of
In general, there seems to be a correlation between the shape of the inferior appendages and the angularity of the ventral surface of the phallobase, as viewed laterally. Species with a weakly demarcated (notched or weakly protruding) ventral lobe of the inferior appendages usually have the ventral surface of the phallobase distinctly angled (as opposed to being merely arched). These species also lack an asymmetrical apical phallic sclerite, a character first noted by
The last important character system includes the overall habitus, affected by the relative size, coloration, and forewing spotting of the individual species. This is best appreciated in pinned material. The pigmentation of the forewing spots is located on the veins and sometimes adjacent wing membrane and generally not the overlying setae. Thus the spotting is evident even in alcohol preserved material in which the setation is lost. Spots are generally absent or indistinct in teneral specimens (which are frequently collected). Color varies from light yellow (stramineous) to dark brown.
The most diagnostic aspect of this species group, and the strongest indicator of its monophyly, is the shape and structure of the inferior appendage of the male, which has a characteristic, somewhat mitten-like form. In all of the species, the dorsal lobe of this appendage has stout, thickened downward-curved setae on its mesal surface. The asymmetrical phallic sclerite, used by
Although consistent characters for identifying females of
The lighter colored and distinctly spotted species of the
In addition to the general shape of the inferior appendages, specimens in the
This species is readily identified by its small size and by the distinctive hooked apex of the phallobase, which is V-shaped in caudal view. In no other species that is similar in size, and within the geographic range of this species, is the ventral lobe of the inferior appendage so indistinctly demarcated from the dorsal lobe. Otherwise, this species is very similar in size and appearance to
Forewing length: male (5.5 mm), female (5.3). Color yellowish-brown (darker than
Segment IX very short, with elongate setae along posterolateral margin. Tergum X with narrow, deflexed mesal lobe, apex of lobe inflated (lobulate), with small sensilla; lobe continuous basoventrally with short, paired lateral membranous projections. Preanal appendage moderately elongate, length about 3-4 times maximum width, simple in structure, apical setae elongate. Inferior appendage with prominent, but short, broadly rounded dorsal lobe and weakly projecting ventral lobe; ventral lobe either demarcated from dorsal lobe by broadly rounded invagination or forming weakly protruding, obtusely angled projection; posterior margin of ventral lobe, as viewed ventrally (
This species is named
This species is most readily identified by the peculiar shape of the phallobase of the male, which is distinctly bent or elbowed in the middle and has a protruding apex and a ventral margin that is noticeably convexly bulged before the apex. In overall morphology the genitalia are nearly intermediate between
Forewing length: male (7.6 mm). Color yellowish. Antennae whitish with indistinct, narrow annulations at intersection of antennomeres. Forewing spots not apparent (slight trace of pigmentation at base of discal and thyridial cells and base of fork V); veins of forewing chord narrowly spaced,
Segment IX very short, with elongate setae along posterolateral margin. Tergum X with narrow, deflexed mesal lobe, lobe nearly uniform in width, narrowing apically, with small sensilla; lobe continuous basoventrally with projecting lateral membranous projections. Preanal appendage somewhat laterally compressed, short, length about 2 times maximum width, simple in structure, apical setae elongate. Inferior appendage with prominent, very broadly rounded dorsal lobe and angularly projecting ventral lobe; projection of ventral lobe prominent and strongly protruding, forming acute angle with dorsal lobe, angle abrupt; posterior margin of ventral lobe, as viewed ventrally (
This species is named
Despite the resemblance of the genitalia to the above mentioned species, in overall appearance (size, color and forewing spotting)
In size, color, and forewing spotting
Forewing length: male (9.3–10.8 mm); female (6.3–9.0 mm). Color pale yellowish to brownish-yellow (similar to
Segment IX very short, with elongate setae along posterolateral margin. Preanal appendage moderately elongate, simple in structure, apical setae more elongate. Tergum X with elongate, narrow, deflexed mesal lobe, apex of lobe slightly enlarged, with numerous small sensilla; mesal lobe continuous basoventrally with short, paired lateral membranous or lightly sclerotized projections. Inferior appendage with prominent rounded dorsal process and angularly projecting ventral process; ventral process not strongly projecting, forming an approximate right angle with dorsal process; basomesal projection rounded, moderately prominent, with short, stout mesally directed setae; dorsal process with stout, ventrally curved setae; base of appendage, as viewed ventrally (
This species is named
In size, general color and diagnostic features, which include a phallobase angularly bent or strongly arched in the middle and with a V-shaped apex as viewed caudally, this species most closely resembles
Forewing length: male (11.5–12.8 mm), female (10.3 mm). Color tan (light brown). Antennae whitish with indistinct, narrow annulations at intersection of antennomeres. Forewing spots absent; veins of forewing chord with
Segment IX very short, with elongate setae along posterolateral margin. Tergum X with narrow, deflexed mesal lobe, lobe short, tapering apically, apex with small sensilla; lobe continuous basoventrally with paired lateral membranous projections. Preanal appendage moderately elongate, length 3-5 times maximum width (in some as long as
This species is named
This species is similar to and most likely to be confused with
Despite the close similarity and difficulty of distinguishing
Forewing length: male (8.2–10.3 mm), female (7.5–8.7 mm). Color generally pale yellowish-brown (slightly darker than
Segment IX very short, with elongate setae along posterolateral margin. Tergum X with narrow, deflexed mesal lobe, apex of lobe tapered or rounded, with small sensilla; lobe continuous basoventrally with short, paired lateral membranous projections. Preanal appendage moderately elongate, length 2–3 times maximum width (longer, on average, than
Mexican, Central, and South American specimens identified previously as
The illustration of
Forewing length: male (6.5–7.9 mm), female (6.5 mm). Color yellowish, about same color as
Segment IX very short, with elongate setae along posterolateral margin. Tergum X with narrow, deflexed mesal lobe, apex of lobe lobulate, with small sensilla; lobe continuous basoventrally with short, paired lateral membranous projections. Preanal appendage moderately elongate, about 3 times maximum width, simple in structure, apical setae elongate. Inferior appendage with prominent rounded dorsal lobe and angularly projecting ventral lobe; ventral lobe moderately projecting, forming approximate 90° angle with dorsal lobe, posterior margin of ventral lobe, as viewed ventrally (
This species is named
This species resembles
Forewing length: male (6.6–7.8 mm), female (5.5–6.5 mm). Color yellowish with slight brownish cast, slightly darker than
Segment IX very short, with elongate setae along posterolateral margin. Tergum X with narrow, deflexed mesal lobe, apex of lobe lobulate or slightly tapered apically, with small sensilla; lobe continuous basoventrally with short, paired lateral membranous projections. Preanal appendage moderately elongate, length about 3 times maximum width, simple in structure, apical setae elongate. Inferior appendage with prominent rounded dorsal lobe and angularly projecting ventral lobe; ventral lobe moderately projecting, forming distinctly obtuse angle with dorsal lobe, posterior margin of ventral lobe, as viewed ventrally (
This species is named
The series listed above as additional material examined and discussed in the diagnosis was from Carara in Costa Rica, near where other specimens typical of
This species differs from the form that has most often been attributed to it, here described as a new species,
Forewing length: male (9.7–10.2 mm). Color (holotype and California specimen) yellowish-brown, (Oregon specimens) light brown. Antennae whitish with indistinct, narrow annulations at intersection of antennomeres. Forewing spots absent or nearly so; chord nearly unpigmented in holotype, lightly pigmented in specimens from Oregon. Forewing chord with crossveins moderately spaced, diagonal or perpendicular, either nearly evenly spaced or with
Segment IX very short, with elongate setae along posterolateral margin. Tergum X with narrow, deflexed mesal lobe, lobe short, tapering apically, apex with small sensilla; lobe continuous basoventrally with paired lateral membranous projections. Preanal appendage elongate, length about 5 times maximum width, simple in structure, apical setae elongate. Inferior appendage with prominent rounded dorsal lobe and scarcely projecting ventral lobe, separated from dorsal lobe by shallow, rounded notch; posterior margin of ventral lobe, as viewed ventrally (
Forewing length: male (7.3–7.8 mm). Color medium brown (dark brown as viewed without magnification). Antennae light brown. Forewings without spots, veins of forewing chord not contrastingly pigmented, chord moderately spaced,
Segment IX very short, with elongate setae along posterolateral margin. Tergum X with mesal lobe absent (in specimens examined), but with short, paired lateral membranous projections (not figured). Preanal appendage moderately elongate, length about 4 times maximum width, simple in structure, some apical setae elongate. Inferior appendage with prominent rounded dorsal lobe and weakly projecting ventral lobe; dorsal lobe with posterior margin distinctly, but rather weakly, mesally incurved; projection of ventral lobe rounded apically, obtusely angled; ventral margins of ventral lobes, as viewed ventrally (
Forewing length: male (8.0–10.0 mm), female (6.2–8.3 mm). Color light brown (darker than
Segment IX very short, with elongate setae along posterolateral margin. Tergum X with narrow, deflexed mesal lobe, apex of lobe tapered, with small sensilla; lobe continuous basoventrally with short, paired lateral membranous projections. Preanal appendage relatively short, length about 2 times maximum width (shorter, on average, than
Variation in Minnesota specimens of
We take pleasure in naming this species
While
Forewing length: male (6.0 mm). Color yellowish-brown (darker than
Segment IX very short, with elongate setae along posterolateral margin. Tergum X with narrow, deflexed mesal lobe, lobe more or less uniform in width, narrowing apically, with small sensilla; lobe continuous basoventrally with projecting lateral membranous projections. Preanal appendage moderately elongate, length about 3 times maximum width, simple in structure, apical setae elongate. Inferior appendage with dorsal lobe narrow, uniform in width, rounded apically, ventral lobe angularly projecting; projection of ventral lobe forming obtuse angle with dorsal lobe; posterior margin of ventral lobe, as viewed ventrally (
This species is named
Forewing length: male (9.7–13.0 mm), female (6.9–10.0 mm). Color yellowish-brown. Antennae whitish with indistinct, narrow annulations at intersection of antennomeres. Forewing spots small, indistinct; spots at base of discal and thyridial cells and base of fork V largest, other spots very small; veins of forewing chord with
Segment IX very short, with elongate setae along posterolateral margin. Tergum X with narrow, deflexed mesal lobe, lobe short, very short in specimens from Costa Rica, tapering apically, apex with small sensilla; lobe continuous basoventrally with paired lateral membranous projections. Preanal appendage moderately elongate, length about 3 times maximum width, simple in structure, apical setae elongate. Inferior appendage with prominent, short rounded dorsal lobe and weakly to moderately projecting ventral lobe, separated from dorsal lobe by broadly rounded emargination; basomesal projection of appendage forming distinct rounded projection with short, stiff setae; dorsal lobe with stout, mesally-curved setae on dorsal margin, anteroventrally directed setae on anterior margin, and ventrally-curved setae on mesal surface. Phallobase moderately elongate and tubular basally, strongly, subangularly deflexed, more angularly in specimens from Costa Rica; ventral apex, as viewed caudally, V-shaped (distinctly keeled). Phallotremal sclerite prominent, basally forming relatively large tubular collar, ventral margin somewhat projecting, apex acute; asymmetrical lateral sclerite absent.
Specimens of
This is one of the most widespread species in the Neotropical material formerly included within
Forewing length: male (6.5–8.0 mm), female (5.8–7.5 mm). Color yellowish, palps very slightly darker. Antennae pale yellow with indistinct, narrow annulations at intersection of antennomeres. Forewing spots distinct and large; spots at base of discal and thyridial cells largest, spot at base of fork V nearly as large; veins of forewing chord widely and usually nearly evenly spaced, with crossveins nearly perpendicular, or
Segment IX very short, with elongate setae along posterolateral margin. Tergum X with narrow, deflexed mesal lobe, lobe relatively elongate, uniform in width or somewhat lobulate apically, apex with small sensilla; lobe continuous basoventrally with short paired lateral membranous projections. Preanal appendage moderately elongate, length about 3 times maximum width, simple in structure, apical setae elongate. Inferior appendage with prominent rounded dorsal lobe and angularly projecting ventral lobe; ventral lobe moderately projecting, forming approximately right to distinctly obtuse angle with dorsal lobe, posterior margin of ventral lobe, as viewed ventrally (
This species is named
The most distinctive diagnostic character of
Forewing length: male (8.1–8.5 mm), female (6.5 mm). Color pale yellowish, (slightly paler than
Segment IX very short, with elongate setae along posterolateral margin. Tergum X with narrow, deflexed mesal lobe, lobe moderately elongate, uniform in width or somewhat lobulate apically, apex with small sensilla; lobe continuous basoventrally with short, paired lateral membranous projections. Preanal appendage moderately elongate, length about 3 times maximum width, simple in structure, apical setae elongate. Inferior appendage with relatively narrow, apically rounded dorsal lobe and angularly projecting ventral lobe; ventral lobe very weakly projecting, forming approximately right (
This species is named
Forewing length: male (7.0–8.0 mm), female (6.0–6.5 mm). Color pale yellowish (paler than
Segment IX very short, with elongate setae along posterolateral margin. Tergum X with narrow, deflexed mesal lobe, lobe relatively elongate, uniform in width or somewhat lobulate apically, apex with small sensilla; lobe continuous basoventrally with short, paired lateral membranous projections. Preanal appendage moderately elongate, length about 3 times maximum width, simple in structure, apical setae elongate. Inferior appendage with prominent dorsal lobe, usually somewhat narrowed and rounded apically, and angularly projecting ventral lobe; ventral lobe distinctly projecting, forming acute angle with dorsal lobe; mesal margin of ventral lobe, as viewed ventrally (
This species is named
This is the species that has been generally referred to in the literature under the name
Forewing length: male (11.0–12.5 mm), female (9.8–10.6 mm). Color medium to dark brown, legs slightly paler, palps grayish brown, overall appearance somewhat “hoary” due to intermixed paler setae. Antennae very pale brown with indistinct, narrow annulations at intersection of antennomeres. Forewing spots small and indistinct, spots at base of discal and thyridial cells and base of fork V most noticeable, more or less V-shaped (confined to base of fork); veins of forewing chord distinctly pigmented and relatively widely spaced,
Segment IX very short, with elongate setae along posterolateral margin. Tergum X with narrow, deflexed mesal lobe, lobe very short, tapering apically, apex with small sensilla; lobe continuous basoventrally with paired lateral membranous projections. Preanal appendage relatively short, length about 2 1/2 times maximum width, simple in structure, apical setae elongate. Inferior appendage with very prominent rounded dorsal lobe and scarcely projecting ventral lobe, separated from dorsal lobe by shallow, rounded notch; posterior margin of ventral lobe, as viewed ventrally, with rounded bend near base, lobes very weakly diverging; basomesal projection of appendage forming very weakly developed projection with short, stiff setae; dorsal lobe with very stout, ventrally-projecting setae on anterior margin, longer, finer setae on posterior margin and mesally-curved setae on dorsal margin, mesal surface with stout, ventrally curved setae. Phallobase relatively short, ventral apex strongly, angularly deflexed, bend close to apex, apex distinctly sclerotized, ventral surface with distinct rugose region preapically (
This species is named
Forewing length: male (9.0–10 mm) Color pale yellowish to slightly brownish-yellow (similar to
Segment IX very short, with elongate setae along posterolateral margin. Tergum X with narrow, deflexed mesal lobe, lobe relatively elongate, somewhat lobulate (expanded) apically, apex with small sensilla; lobe continuous basoventrally with short paired lateral membranous projections. Preanal appendage moderately elongate, length about 3 times maximum width, simple in structure, apical setae elongate. Inferior appendage with rounded dorsal lobe and angularly projecting ventral lobe; ventral lobe very weakly projecting, forming approximately right to distinctly obtuse angle with dorsal lobe, posterior margin of ventral lobe, as viewed ventrally (
This species is named
Forewing length: male (11.8–13.0 mm), female (10.0–10.5 mm). Color brownish-yellow (slightly darker than
Segment IX very short, with elongate setae along posterolateral margin. Tergum X with narrow, deflexed mesal lobe, lobe moderate in length, nearly uniform in width, tapering apically, apex with small sensilla; lobe continuous basoventrally with short, paired lateral membranous projections. Preanal appendage relatively short, length about 2 times maximum width, simple in structure, apical setae elongate. Inferior appendage with prominent rounded dorsal lobe and angularly projecting ventral lobe; dorsal lobe somewhat narrowed dorsally, ventral lobe distinctly projecting, forming approximately right to somewhat obtuse angle with dorsal lobe, apex of ventral lobe rounded, not angular; mesal margin of ventral lobe, as viewed ventrally, only weakly bent near base, apices not strongly diverging; basomesal projection weakly developed, forming short rounded projection with short, stiff setae; dorsal lobe with stout ventrally curved setae on anterior margin, mesally-curved setae on dorsal margin and stout, ventrally-curved setae on mesal surface. Phallobase, as viewed laterally, relatively short, apex very angularly bent or hooked; apex, as viewed caudally, with ventral margin distinctly V-shaped, only weakly keeled ventrally (
This species is named
This species is nearly identical in color and in the shape of the inferior appendages to
This species is most readily diagnosed by its coloration, yellowish with a tinge of brown, darker than
Forewing length: male (7.8–8.5 mm), female (6.2–7.2 mm). Color generally pale yellowish-brown (darker than
Segment IX very short, with elongate setae along posterolateral margin. Tergum X with narrow, deflexed mesal lobe, lobe relatively elongate, nearly uniform in width, or slightly tapered apically, apex with small sensilla; lobe continuous basoventrally with short, paired lateral membranous projections. Preanal appendage moderately elongate, length 2 ½–3 times maximum width, simple in structure, apical setae elongate. Inferior appendage with rounded dorsal lobe and angularly projecting ventral lobe; ventral lobe elongate and strongly projecting, forming acute angle with dorsal lobe, posterior margin of ventral lobe, as viewed ventrally (
This species is named
This species has a distinctive appearance, with a very angulate projection on the posterior margin of each of the inferior appendages (more or less conforming to a ventral lobe), that makes it unlikely that it could be confused with any other described species of New World
Forewing length: male (9.8–10.2 mm), female (8.2 mm). Color brownish-yellow, legs pale yellowish. Antennae yellowish-white with indistinct, narrow annulations between segments. Forewings nearly immaculate, spots very small and indistinct; those at base of discal and thyridial cells and base of fork V generally evident (on close inspection). Veins of forewing chord widely spaced,
Segment IX very short, with elongate setae along posterolateral margin. Tergum X with or without narrow, deflexed mesal lobe; if present, very short, with several tiny apical sensilla; short, paired lateral membranous projections present in either case. Preanal appendage moderately elongate, length about 3 times maximum width, simple in structure, apical setae elongate. Inferior appendage dorsally projecting, with acute, angular, spine-like projection on posterior margin at past midlength; anterior margin with rounded, mesally-curved projection with short, stiff setae; mesal surface of appendage with fine setae, but without thickened, curved setae. Phallobase, as viewed laterally, short, tubular, moderately curved ventrally; apex, as viewed caudally, with ventral margin U-shaped. Phallotremal sclerite forming short tubular collar; asymmetrical lateral sclerite present on right side, very prominent and distinct.
We examined a couple of specimens identified as
Material identified as
Forms and species with reduced or absent forewing spotting from SW United States.
A number of specimens in the
For the most part, the most diagnostic characters for identifying species in the
1 | Ventral lobe (posterior projection) of inferior appendage with apex very acute ( |
|
– | Ventral lobe of inferior appendage with apex rounded or subacute ( |
2 |
2(1) | Phallobase with apex distinctly V-shaped in caudal view ( |
3 |
– | Phallobase with apex U-shaped in caudal view ( |
7 |
3(2) | Size very small (forewing less than 6 mm); apex of phallobase sharply downturned ( |
|
– | Size larger (forewing more than 8 mm); phallobase either less downturned ( |
4 |
4(3) | Phallobase moderately elongate and arched ventrally, not strongly bent ( |
|
– | Phallobase more angularly bent ( |
5 |
5(4) | Ventral lobe of inferior appendage separated from dorsal lobe by shallow emargination, very weakly projecting ( |
|
– | Ventral lobe of inferior appendage more evidently projecting ( |
6 |
6(5) | Ventral lobe of inferior appendage, and articulation with dorsal lobe, distinctly angular ( |
|
– | Ventral lobe of inferior appendage rounded, less evidently projecting, separated from dorsal lobe by deep emargination ( |
|
7(2) | Ventral margin of phallobase, as viewed laterally, at least somewhat convexly bulged preapically ( |
8 |
– | Ventral margin of phallobase, as viewed laterally, either arched ( |
10 |
8(7) | Phallobase relatively short and bulbous apically ( |
|
– | Phallobase typically more elongate, projecting ( |
9 |
9(8) | Phallobase, in lateral view, very angularly bent or elbowed in middle ( |
|
– | Phallobase, in lateral view, arched and protruding, but not angularly bent ( |
|
10(7) | Apex of phallobase (caudal view), very diagnostically constricted or “pinched” ( |
|
– | Apex of phallobase various, but not strongly constricted (if narrowly U-shaped, then with evident protruding asymmetrical phallic sclerite) ( |
11 |
11(10) | Ventral lobe of inferior appendage separated from dorsal lobe by rounded emargination, apex of lobe not angularly projecting ( |
12 |
– | Ventral lobe of inferior appendage angularly projecting, angle varying from obtuse to acute ( |
14 |
12(11) | Very small (forewing less than 8 mm) and dark brown in color; forewing spots absent (Mexico) | |
– | Larger in size (forewing greater than 9.5 mm); if dark brown, then with evident pigmented chord and small forewing spots | 13 |
13(10) | Phallobase strongly downturned, ventral apex with distinct warty or rugose texture, often forming raised wart ( |
|
– | Phallobase strongly downturned, ventral apex without warty texture ( |
|
14(11) | Endotheca without asymmetrical phallic sclerite (but with distinct phallotremal sclerite) (lower Central America) | 15 |
– | Endotheca with asymmetrical phallic sclerite (visible in caudal view, usually on right side) ( |
16 |
15(14) | Apex of phallobase, in caudal view, distinctly wide ( |
|
– | Apex of phallobase, in caudal view, more narrowly U-shaped ( |
|
16(14) | Ventral margin of phallobase with small, preapical rugose wart ( |
|
– | Ventral margin of phallobase without preapical rugose wart; ventral lobes of inferior appendage and forewing spots variable | 17 |
17(16) | North America (to northern Mexico); yellowish or brownish species, with setae on costal margin of forewing not distinctly projecting; forewing spots relatively small, distinct or not | 18 |
– | Central and South America; yellowish species, with setae of costal margin of forewing distinctly projecting; forewing spots distinct and rounded | 20 |
18(17) | Ventral margin of inferior appendages very distinctly projecting; ventral lobe forming very acute angle with dorsal lobe (angle with noticeable wrinkles); apex of phallobase more distinctly downturned and heavily sclerotized; color usually lighter, yellowish or yellowish-brown with distinct forewing spots; forewing chord with crossveins relatively widely spaced | |
– | Ventral margin of inferior appendages less distinctly projecting; ventral lobe forming slightly acute to obtuse angle with dorsal lobe (angle usually somewhat rounded); apex of phallobase less strongly downturned and less sclerotized; color usually darker, light brown with forewing spots small and indistinct; forewing chord with crossveins relatively narrowly spaced ( |
19 |
19(18) | Ventral lobe of inferior appendage forming slightly acute or approximately right angle to dorsal lobe; posterior margin of dorsal lobe rather distinctly angulate ( |
|
– | Ventral lobe of inferior appendage forming distinctly obtuse angle to dorsal lobe ( |
eastern USA variant (unplaced to species) |
20(17) | Ventral margin of phallobase nearly straight or very weakly arched ( |
|
– | Ventral margin of phallobase more distinctly arched ( |
Wings of
NJ phylogram of COI barcode sequences for
An especial acknowledgement is accorded to Dr. Oliver S. Flint, Jr., emeritus curator, Smithsonian Institution, both for his generous loan of material and also for making the types of
Distribution of