Catalogue of the types of the Scarabaeidae in the National Museum of Natural History of Luxembourg (Coleoptera)

Abstract The types of Scarabaeidae deposited in the collection of the National Museum of Natural History of Luxembourg are reported for the first time along with some historic and taxonomic remarks: Entypophanabiapicata Moser, 1913; Metabolusthibetanus Moser, 1914 (currently, Pseudosymmachia); Autosericaannamensis Moser, 1915 (currently, Maladera); Euphoresiaalboparsa Moser, 1913; Hybocamentaferranti Moser, 1917; Microsericaflaveola Moser, 1911; Triodontalujai Moser, 1917 (currently, Triodontella); Trochalusferranti Moser, 1917; Anomalacondophora Ohaus, 1913 (currently, Mimela); Amaurinaferranti Moser, 1911 (currently, Leucocelis); Amaurinavittipennis Moser, 1909; Cetonia (Eucetonia) kolbei Curti, 1914; Lomapteradichropusviridipes Moser, 1908; Cosmovalgusferranti Moser, 1912.


Introduction
This paper represents the second part of the catalogue of the types of Coleoptera deposited in the collection of the National Museum of Natural History of Luxembourg (MNHNL); the first part, concerning the Cerambycoidea, was published in a previous article (Vitali 2010). The purpose of these publications is to record and publicize the scientific value of the material preserved at the MNHNL. Most of the types belong to species collected more than a century ago and they are seldom or never reported in scientific publications.

Material and methods
Images of two types (Figs 9a,9b,13a,13b) were taken with a Nikon D3300 digital camera equipped with a Tokina AT-X M100 Pro D macro objective and annular light. Those of the remaining types were taken with a CMOS Camera mounted on a Keyence VHX 6000 digital microscope equipped with a VHX-S660E free-angle observation system, a VH-ZST 20-2000× dual-zoom objective, 2D/3D image stitching system and stacking system taking 200 images at 2 million pixels of resolution.

The collection of the exotic Scarabaeidae
The collection of the exotic Scarabaeidae with over 3800 specimens represent more than 1100 identified species and subspecies and includes 24 types (4 holotypes and 20 syntypes) belonging to 14 species.
Since 1902, private donations from Luxembourgish and foreign entomologists, besides several acquisitions, have formed the present-day collection. Concerning the early and important donations, 23.7% is represented by the specimens collected by Edouard-Pierre Luja (1875Luja ( -1953 from Mount Morrumbala (Mozambique), Stanley Falls and Kondué (Democratic Republic of the Congo) and João Monlevade (Brazil) between 1898 and 1924 (Ferrant 1911;Luja 1918Luja , 19511953;Heuertz 1954). This Luxemburgish explorer was a great friend of Victor Ferrant (1856Ferrant ( -1942, employee, curator and later director of the MNHNL from 1894 to 1924, and he also worked for Belgian companies. This explains why much of his material, including types, is also preserved in the Royal Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels (IRSNB) and in the Royal Museum of Central Africa, Tervuren (MRACT).
A second contribution (11.7%) comes from British and German specialists (especially Julius Moser, Friedrich Ohaus, Gilbert John Arrow, Karl-Maria Heller and Karl Jordan), who probably exchanged their material for Luja's duplicates, which may explain why they described new species based on Luja's specimens in their collections.
Other contributions come from Ferrant himself (7%), Pierre Hastert (4.9%) and the colonial tutor Paul Sausseau , who sent material from Ambositra, Madagascar (3.3%). The Princess Hilda of Luxembourg (1897-1979) donated material (3.7%) from Ituri, Democratic Republic of the Congo. On the labels, she is mentioned as "Princess Hilda-Schwarzenberg" following her marriage with Adolf, 10 th Prince of Schwarzenberg.
Nevertheless, the greater part of this collection (28.9%) comes from the acquisitions of the Museum; the majority of them are constituted by the material bought by Ferrant in 1915 (23.8%) and especially those bought after Ferrant's retirement in 1924 (34%). Most specimens were thought to have been purchased as identified from the Winkler Catalogue, but the German entomologist Eugen Hintz (before WWI) and Luja (after Ferrant's retirement) are certainly among the sellers.
Concerning the study of this collection, Ferrant (1911) provided a detailed catalogue of all specialists involved in the determination, according to the studied taxonomic group. Regarding the Scarabaeidae, he quoted Moser (1863Moser ( -1929 and Ohaus (1864Ohaus ( -1946, at that time among the best scarab specialists.

List of the types Subfamily Melolonthinae Tribe Melolonthini
Entypophana biapicata Moser, 1913 Figure 1 Entypophana biapicata Moser, 1913a: 295 (type locality: "Neu-Bethel, Usambara"). Remarks. This species was described from an unknown number of specimens of both sexes measuring between 18 and 19 mm collected by Henri Dupré at Neu-Bethel, Usambara, in October 1903. The type locality is today named Mnazi and it is located in the Tanga region (Tanzania) between the Mkomazi National Park and the West Usambaras Lushoto Mountain Reserve. Dupré was a missionary in the Berlin-based protestant Bethel Mission, also known as Berlin III, Evangelische Missionsgesellschaft für Deutsch-Ostafrika (Dupré 1906). Most of his material is therefore conserved in Berlin.

Syntype
The specimen preserved in the MNHNL does not correspond to the original description in the collecting date (July rather than October) but it was collected prior to the quoted type and belonged to the descriptor. Moreover, it carries Moser's handwritten label of cotype, suggesting that the author donated this specimen to Ferrant and considered it as a cotype. Figure 2 Metabolus thibetanus Moser, 1914: 71 (type locality: "Poo, Thibet"). Remarks. This species was described from an unknown number of specimens measuring between 10 and 11 mm in body length. The type locality, Poo, also known as Pu, Pooh or Spuwa, is located at 2,662 m altitude in India, Himachal Pradesh, Kinnaur District. The German tibetologist August Hermann Francke (1870Francke ( -1930   visited this village in July 1910 (Francke 1914: 18) and later, he was appointed professor of Tibetan language at Berlin University. In all likelihood, this is the origin of the entomological material, which Moser described in 1914 Figure 3 Autoserica annamensis Moser, 1915: 351 (type locality: "Phuc-Son, Annam"). Remarks. There are four different localities named "Phúc-Son" in Vietnam, but only one located in Annam belongs to the Anh Sơn District, Nghe An Province. Corresponding to the labels, the German entomologist Hans Fruhstorfer  explored this locality between November and December 1899 (Simon 1903 Remarks. The species was described from an unknown number of specimens measuring 12 mm in body length, which Luja collected during his third mission in Kondué.

Syntypes. Annam / Phuc-Son / Nov[ember]-Dez[ember] / H. Fruhstorfer // Autoserica
The specimens preserved in the MHNL do not show the wording "type" as some of Moser's other species, but, considering the fact that Moser used different kind of labels, the specimens should be considered as syntypes. Remarks. This species was described from a male specimen, measuring 8 mm in body length, collected by Luja during his third mission in Kondué. As for other species, Moser was inaccurate, as he failed to include Kasai in the original description. Figure 6 Microserica flaveola Moser, 1911b: 525 (type locality: "Kina Balu"). Remarks. This species was described from an unknown number of specimens from both sexes measuring 4.5 mm in length. The type locality is Mount Kinabalu, the highest peak in the Bornean Crocker Range (Sabah, Malaysia). The beetles,   Triodonta Lujai Moser, 1917: 197-198  Remarks. The species was described from an unknown number of specimens of both sexes measuring from 5.5 to 7 mm in body length. Luja had collected these during his third mission in Kondué.

Trochalus ferranti Moser, 1917
The type locality is "Kassai" and none of the specimens preserved in the collection of the MNHNL come from this locality. However, Kondué is located in the Kasai region and some specimens in the museum show old labels referring "Kondué / Kassai / Congo, Luja" (see e.g. the following species). Considering Moser's imprecision in mentioning type data (see Lomaptera viridipes), it is likely that "Kassai" included both types of label.

Subfamily Rutelinae Tribe Anomalini
Anomala condophora Ohaus, 1913 Figure 9 Anomala condophora Ohaus, 1913: 207 (type locality: "Kondué"). Remarks. Ohaus (1913) described this species from an unknown number of females coming from Kondué. In the introduction of his article, Ohaus thanked Ferrant and other directors of European museums for allowing him to retain material for his own collection. The handwritten label implies that part of this material was returned to the museums of origin. The date of the label shows that Luja collected part or all these types during his second mission in Kondué. However, besides this cotype, the MNHNL owns 20 other specimens of both sexes, some donated to MNHNL in 1917 after his fourth mission in Kondué. Some of the earlier specimens might also be types.
Amarina Ferranti Ferrant, 1911: 255;Heuertz, 1954   Remarks. The species was described from an unknown number of specimens, measuring 9 mm in body length, which Luja collected in "Sankuru" and "Kassai". Such localities must be referred to the current provinces Sankuro and Kasai in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, at that time united in the former province Kasai-Oriental.
In spite of the original labels, Luja collected these specimens from August 1898 to 1899, when Baron van Eetveld, general secretary of the Independent State of the Congo, employed him to collect living plants for the Universal Exposition of Paris 1900 (Luja 1951). He provided a long report of this mission that amazed his contemporaries at home (Feltgen 1901), due to major discoveries, especially concerning new species and forms of plants (Ferrant 1911;Heuertz 1954). In 1901, Luja settled in Mozambique (Luja 1951). The label mentioning the donation is wrong as well, as the date is subsequent to Moser's description. As for Euphoresia alboparsa, the specimen preserved in the MHNL does not show the wording "type" as some of Moser's other types, but it should be deemed to be a syntype. Figure 12 Cetonia (Eucetonia) kolbei Curti, 1914: 125 (type locality: "Cina, Tsingtau, Linkun").
Remarks. Both specimens did not have the labels of type but the labels "det. Curti / Kolbei m[ihi]" clearly indicate type material. Curti (1914) described this species from an uncertain number of specimens coming from Tsingtau and originally preserved in the Königliches Museum (now Altes Museum) Berlin. The type locality, currently Tsingtao or Quingdao (Shandong), was a German colony from 1897 to 1919.
Even if not reported in the original description, the types were collected by a certain "Prof. Hoffmann", which should not be confused with the best-known professor William E. Hoffmann of Lingnan University, Canton (1896Canton ( -1989. Ten persons were named Hoffmann in the list of the German military present in Tsingtao in that period (Schmidt 2018), but Heinrich Fritz August Wilhelm Hoffmann (1875-1950) is the Eucetonia, originally described as genus (Schoch 1894), was considered a synonym of Cetonia (Arrow 1910) or again as a genus (Schürhoff 1942). However, the combination "Eucetonia kolbei" was used only by Lucas (1918). Figure 13 Lomaptera dichropus viridipes Moser, 1908: 88 (type locality: "Deutsche Neu-Guinea, Huon-Golf ").  Remarks. The species was described from an unknown number of specimens measuring from 21 to 25 mm. The type locality "Huon-Golf " (currently, Huon Gulf ) is the large gulf in eastern Papua New Guinea belonging to Marobe Province. However, Sialum (at one time, Helena-Hafen) is located at north of the Huon peninsula, beyond that gulf. Current status. Rigout and Allard (1997: 88) treated L. d. viridipes as a variety of Lomaptera helleriana Valck Lucassen, 1961 without explanation. However, De Jong (1970: 266) and Carter et al. (2016: 6) treated it as Lomaptera viridipes Moser, 1908. Figure 14 Cosmovalagus Ferranti Ferrant, 1911: 255 nomen nudum, misspelling. Cosmovalgus Ferranti Moser, 1912   Remarks. Though two males of the collection carry the label of type, the species was described from only one male ("Der vorliegende ♂ ist…") measuring 10 mm in body length. Luja collected these specimens during his second mission in Kondué. As for Euphoresia alboparsa and Amaurina vittipennis, both specimens preserved in the MNHNL do not show the wording "type", but considering that Moser did not use standardised labels, the one bearing Moser's label should be deemed as the holotype.

Autoserica flaviventris Moser, 1916
Autoserica flaviventris Moser, 1916: 246-247  Remarks. In the last three cases, the true types were sent for identification by Henri Schouteden, who worked for the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium (Moser 1916: 233). Hence, all specimens preserved in the MNHNL are simply topotypes.

Remarks
Analysing the presence of the type material in the collections of the exotic Coleoptera preserved in the MNHNL, the collection of Scarabaeidae shows a far fewer number of types in comparison to that of Cerambycoidea (Vitali 2010). Despite the larger number of exotic scarabs (3825 vs 3221 cerambycids), the number of types is remarkably fewer (24 vs 163). This is not due to the minor productivity of the concerned specialists; Ohaus is considered the "Father of Rutelinae", while Hintz, who described most of the cerambycids preserved in the MNHNL (Vitali 2010), wrote only about 10 articles. The number of identified species (1100 scarabs vs 900 cerambycids) indicates that both collections were substantially homogeneous (ca 3.5 exemplars per species); thus, they should offer similar probabilities to find new species. The acquisitions of the Museum show that the exotic scarabs were purchased in a slightly higher percentage (28.9% vs 25.2%), but this seems not to be the reason for such a different number of types.
Nonetheless, if the number of specimens collected by Luja in Kondué is compared, the scarabs are much fewer than the cerambycids (831 vs 1660). Luja's cerambycids represent 51.5% of the exotic specimens while Luja's scarabs represent only 21.7%. This suggests that Luja collected fewer scarabs, possibly prioritizing aesthetically beautiful but presumably already described species. Considering the relative percentage of scarab species (excluding Passalidae and Lucanidae) conserved in the MNHNL to scarabs worldwide (Ballerio et al. 2010), some outstanding subfamilies look overrepresented: Dynastinae 17.5% (5% worldwide), Cetoniinae 24% (11% worldwide). In contrast, other subfamilies with small or more uniform aspect are underrepresented: Aphodiinae 1.4% (10% worldwide), Melolonthinae 18% (35% worldwide). This choice certainly limited the opportunity to find new species among the scarabs present in the MNHNL.