Allodia Winnertz from the Himalayas, with nine species new to science (Diptera, Mycetophilidae)

Abstract An extensive collection of fungus gnats from Nepal and Bhutan, deposited at Kyushu University Museum in Japan, has been examined and revealed nine species of Allodia Winnertz, 1864 new to science: Allodiacaligata Magnussen, sp. n., A.dibolia Magnussen, sp. n., A.shimai Magnussen, sp. n., A.spathulata Magnussen, sp. n., A.horologia Magnussen, sp. n., A.himalayensis Magnussen, sp. n., A.nepalensis Magnussen, sp. n., A.thudamensis Magnussen, sp. n., and A.scalprata Magnussen, sp. n. All specimens were collected at high altitudes in the central and eastern Himalayas. The species all belong to the subgenusAllodia s. str. and constitute the first records of the genus Allodia in Nepal and Bhutan. Brevicornunigrofasciatum (Brunetti, 1912) comb. n., originally described from northern India, is transferred from Allodia based on the original description. A key for the identification of the new species is provided.


Introduction
The Himalayas form a mountain range separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau, and spread across the five countries Nepal, India, Bhutan, China, and Pakistan. It constitutes the border between the Palaearctic and the Oriental biogeographical regions, or can also be regarded as a part of, or bordering, the Sino-Japanese realm as defined in Holt et al. (2013). The Himalayas are considered a hotspot for biodiversity and the fauna constitutes a rich mixture of taxa from surrounding biogeographical regions, in addition to a large portion of endemics (e.g., Alfred et al. 2001, Huang et al. 2008, Konstantinov et al. 2009).
The fungus gnat fauna (Mycetophilidae) of the Himalayas is not properly accounted for, but the few previous studies from the region reveal a remarkable diversity with numerous species with an isolated and unique systematic position (e.g., Väisänen 1996Väisänen , 2013a. Ten genera in the subfamily Mycetophilinae have been recorded with 31 identified species (see Table 1). As the subfamily is richly represented in both Alpine and Arctic habitats elsewhere (e.g., Kjaerandsen et al. 2007), we consider this a very low number, primarily reflecting the need for further surveys.
The genus Allodia Winnertz, 1864 is one of 20 genera in the tribe Exechiini (Ševčík and Kjaerandsen 2012), and is further split into two morphologically distinct sub-genera; Allodia s. str. and Brachycampta Winnertz, 1864. The two subgenera are best separated based on the outline of the male genitalia but differ also in the arrangement of the discal bristles, in the wing venation and in the abdominal colour markings (Zaitzev 2003). The genus, as presently known, reveals a predominantly Holarctic distribution, with most of the 88 described species originating from the Palaearctic (e.g., Zaitzev 2003) and the Nearctic (e.g., Zaitzev 1983) regions. Bechev (1999), however, characterised Allodia as sub-cosmopolitan as some species have been described from the Afrotropical (Matile 1978), Oriental (Brunetti 1912, Edwards 1928, Senior-White 1922, and Oceanian regions (Colless 1966). Furthermore, Magnussen et al. (2018) described additional six new species of Allodia s. str. from the Afrotropical region.
As part of a study dealing with the systematics of the genus Allodia, we have examined a collection of Allodia s. str. from Nepal and Bhutan, which forms the basis of the present work.

Materials and methods
During a short-term visit to Japan in 2011 one of the authors (JK) was given the opportunity to go through and sort out a substantial collection of Exechiini from a large collection of fungus gnats at the Kyushu University Museum. The material was collected in Japan and several other Asian countries. This material had been pinned, sorted to genera, and is still retained at Tromsø University Museum as a long-term loan. One substantial part of the material was collected during the Kyushu University scientific expedition to the Nepal Himalaya in 1971 and 1972. Additional material was collected by U Emoto in east Nepal in 1981. The majority, however, originates from the private collection of T Saigusa, including materials from his collecting trip to Bhutan in 1993. All primary types and most of the materials will be returned and deposited at Kyushu University Museum, Japan (KUEC), while some paratypes will be kept and deposited at Tromsø University Museum, Norway (TMU). The Allodia material studied here consists of 39 males and 89 females, all pinned. These specimens were collected from various localities in Nepal and Bhutan between 1971 and 1993, at altitudes ranging from 1900 to 4000 metres above sea level. As few, if any, reliable species specific characters were found except those in the male genitalia, no further attempts were made to associate the sexes, and females are omitted from the study. The clearest differences between the male specimens were found in the outline of the gonostylus. Consequently the gonostylus has been figured, from the inner side, for straightforward comparison of the species.
The specimens were examined under light microscope. The terminalia of the males were removed, and subsequently macerated in warm lactic acid. Dissections and temporary slides were made in glycerine. The slides were studied with a Zeiss Axio imager M2, and photographed with the camera 'Axiocam 506 color' fitted to the microscope. Based on photographs, drawings were made in Adobe Illustrator. The terminalia were afterwards transferred to glycerine in microvials and stored together with the associated pinned specimens.
The general terminology is mainly in accordance with Søli (1997). The terminology used to describe and name the different structures of the male terminalia is shown in Figs 1B, C, and 2A, and described in detail in Magnussen et al. (2018).

Key to the Allodia species of Nepal and Bhutan
The key is restricted to males, as only males could be satisfactory separated by morphological characters. The terminology used in the description of the male genitalia is explained in Figs 1B, C, and 2A.

1
Internal part of gonostylus with caudally projecting process (Fig. A)  Diagnosis. The dorsal lobe of the gonostylus is distinctly boot-shaped, and together with the slightly bifurcated shape of the median lobe, A. caligata can be separated from other described Allodia species. Moreover, the species is small (< 2.7 mm) and has a distinctive colouration of scutum, overall dark, but with yellow humeri (Fig. 1). Description. Body length 2.2-2.7 mm; wing length 2.4-2.7 mm. Colouration. Head and clypeus brown. Mouthparts and palpomeres yellow. Antennae brown, with scape, pedicel, and first half of first flagellomere whitish yellow. Scutum brown, with humeri yellow. Antepronotum yellow, other lateral sclerites brown. Wings clear without markings. Halteres whitish yellow. Legs whitish yellow. Abdomen brown, tergites II-IV with lateral area yellow, larger towards posterior margin, in some specimens only barely visible. Terminalia yellow. Head. Three ocelli, median ocellus smaller than laterals; lateral ocelli touching eye margin. Head covered with fine trichia. Antennae almost twice as long as thorax. Scape and pedicel with several setae on distal third. Flagellomeres cylindrical, densely clothed with fine trichia. First flagellomere twice as long as pedicel. Thorax. Antepronotum with four strong setae. Scutum covered with uniform small, pale setae; strong prealar and postalar setae. Discal bristles absent. Scutellum with two strong bristles. Laterotergite with few shorter setae. Other lateral sclerites bare. Legs. All tibiae with short setae arranged in rows. Mid tibia with six long anterodorsal and on distal 3/4 of segment numerous short posterodorsal bristles present. Hind tibia with eight anterodorsal and six posterodorsal bristles. Wings. Sc short, ending in R. Length of rm equal to stem of posterior fork. Base of anterior fork clearly before base of posterior fork. R1 with distal setae, R5 without. Male terminalia. Tergite IX medially divided, each part rounded, covered with minute trichia, with one strong apical bristle and several small setae. Hypandrial lobe heavily sclerotised and elongated. Gonostylus with dorsal lobe boot-shaped, outer surface with numerous strong setae, denser towards basis. Median lobe with strong setae along posterior border, medially with shallow incision, posterodorsal part pointed, posteroventral part more rounded; ventral border with one long seta situated medially. Ventral lobe elongated, club-shaped, with four strong setae at apex. Basal part of gonostylus blunt, with several short setae along edge. Internal part of gonostylus with long, caudally projecting process.
Etymology. From Latin, caligatus, booted. Named after the shape of the dorsal lobe of the gonostylus.
Remarks. The boot-shaped dorsal lobe and the bifurcated median lobe of the gonostylus make A. caligata very distinct. It cannot be confused with, any of the other species described here, or to other Allodia species already described or recorded from the Palaearctic.  Diagnosis. The dorsal lobe of the gonostylus is tapering towards apex, and the median lobe is distinctly flattened and broad. Additionally, the basal lobe of the gonostylus is large, flat with many thick, short setae. All studied specimens of A. dibolia are small (< 2.7 mm), compared to other species described from the Himalayan range. The specimens are all fairly uniform in their colouration patterns, but some are darker than others.
Type specimens. Holotype: male. Description. Body length 2.2-2.7 mm; wing length 2.2-2.8 mm. Colouration. Head and clypeus dark brown. Mouthparts, including palpomeres yellow. Antennae brown, with scape, pedicel, and base of first flagellomere yellow. Scutum brown, with narrow yellow lateral area, from humerus towards wing base. Antepronotum yellow, other lateral sclerites brown. Wings clear without markings. Halteres yellow. Legs yellow. Abdomen brown, tergites II-IV with whitish yellow area, larger towards posterior margin. Terminalia yellow. Head. Three ocelli present, median ocellus smaller than laterals, lateral ocelli touching eye margin. Head covered with fine trichia, except for few setae near eye margin. Antennae approx. twice as long as thorax. Scape and pedicel with several setae on distal third. Flagellomeres cylindrical, densely clothed with fine trichia. First flagellomere almost twice as long as pedicel. Thorax. Antepronotum with four strong setae. Scutum covered with uniform small, pale setae; strong prealar and postalar setae. Discal bristles absent. Scutellum with two strong bristles. Laterotergite with three short setae. Other lateral sclerites bare. Legs. All tibiae with short setae ar-ranged in rows. Mid tibia with four long anterodorsal and ca. 20 short posterodorsal bristles. Hind tibia with eight anterodorsal and five posterodorsal bristles. Wings. Sc short, ending in R. Length of rm equal to stem of posterior fork. Base of anterior fork well before base of posterior fork. R1 with setae, R5 without setae. Male terminalia. Tergite IX medially divided, each part rounded covered with minute trichia, with one strong apical bristle. Hypandrial lobe heavily sclerotised, elongated and pointed inwards. Gonostylus with dorsal lobe apically tapering; outer surface with several strong setae, in particular near basis. Median lobe flat and broad, larger than dorsal lobe, but more weakly sclerotised; with mixture of short and long setae along posterior edge, some setae on inner surface of lobe apically. Ventral lobe short, club-shaped; with three strong setae apically. Basal part large, with straight edge, lined with strong setae. Internal part with long, caudally projecting process.
Etymology. From Greek, dibolia, a two-edged lance, referring to the shape of the dorsal lobe of the gonostylus, which is spear-like.
Remarks. Allodia dibolia is very distinct, and the gonostylus clearly separates it from other species of the genus. Superficially the terminalia can resemble those of A. lugens (Wiedemann, 1817), with a distinctly pointed dorsal lobe of the gonostylus. Allodia dibolia, however, the inner lobe of the gonostylus possess a projecting process, which is lacking in A. lugens. The medial lobe is large and broad, not pointed, with many setae, not only along the edge. Description. Body length 2.5-4.4 mm; wing length 2.7-3.9 mm. Colouration. Head and clypeus dark brown. Mouthparts and palpomeres dark yellow. Antennae brown, with scape, pedicel and basis of first flagellomere yellow. Scutum dark brown. Lateral sclerites dark brown, except for yellow antepronotum. Wings clear without markings. Halteres whitish yellow. Legs yellow. Abdomen dark brown. Terminalia yellow. Head. Three ocelli present, median ocellus smaller than laterals, lateral ocelli touching eye margin. Head covered with fine trichia, making a silvery appearance, several larger setae in row above eye margin. Antennae approx. twice as long as thorax. Scape with several setae dorsally, pedicel with several setae on distal third. Flagellomeres cylindrical, densely clothed with fine trichia. First flagellomere almost twice as long as scape. Thorax. Antepronotum with two long and two shorter setae. Scutum covered with uniform small, pale setae; strong prealar and postalar setae. Few medioposterior discal bristles present. Scutellum with two strong bristles. Laterotergite with four strong setae. Other lateral sclerites bare. Legs. All tibiae with short setae arranged in rows. Mid tibia with five long anterodorsal and numerous short posterodorsal bristles. Hind tibia with seven anterodorsal and four posterodorsal bristles. Wings. Sc short, ending in R. Length of rm more than double the length of stem of posterior fork. Base of anterior fork opposite base of posterior fork. R1 with setae, R5 without. Male terminalia. Tergite IX medially divided, each part rounded, covered with minute trichia, with one strong apical bristle several small setae. Hypandrial lobe heavily sclerotised and elongated. Gonostylus with dorsal lobe prominent, broad, evenly sloping towards slightly prolonged posteroventral corner; outer surface with numerous setae, denser towards basis. Median lobe of gonostylus short, almost squared, with four strong setae along posterior margin and one smaller seta on ventral edge. Ventral lobe of gonostylus club-shaped, pointing ventrally, with some setae apically. Basal part of gonostylus rounded, with many pronounced, thick, short setae. Internal part of gonostylus with long, caudally projecting process.
Etymology. Named after Hiroshi Shima, the collector of the type specimens.
Remarks. The dorsal lobe of the gonostylus is somewhat similar to A. scalprata, but much more prominent and larger. Additionally, in A. shimai the internal part of the gonostylus possess a caudally projecting process, which is lacking in A. scalprata, and the median lobe is prominently sclerotised and unlike that in other Allodia species.
Allodia spathulata Magnussen, sp. n. http://zoobank.org/CA4DC3CE-03D0-4C7E-8D8B-6A31CED055FA Fig. 2D Diagnosis. The dorsal lobe of the gonostylus is rather narrow and spatula-shaped, and the basal part of the gonostylus has a very distinct, elongate protuberance. This outline of the gonostylus makes this species distinct. Allodia spathulata is a small species (2.2 mm). Description. Body length 2.2 mm; wing length 2.3 mm. Colouration. Head and clypeus brown. Mouthparts and palpomeres yellow. Antennae brown, with scape, pedicel, and basal half of first flagellomere yellow. Scutum light brown, with broad yellow lateral area, from humerus towards wing base. Lateral sclerites light brown, except for yellow antepronotum. Wings clear without markings. Halteres whitish yellow. Legs light yellow. Abdomen brown, with tergites II-IV with lateral yellow area, broadening towards posterior margin. Terminalia yellow. Head. Three ocelli present, median ocellus smaller than laterals, lateral ocelli touching eye margin. Head covered with fine trichia, except for four thin setae near eye margin. Antennae approx. twice as long as thorax. Scape and pedicel with several setae on distal third. Flagellomeres cylindrical, densely clothed with fine trichia. First flagellomere almost twice as long as pedicel. Thorax. Antepronotum with four strong setae. Scutum covered with uniform small, pale setae; strong prealar and postalar setae. Discal bristles absent. Scutellum with two strong bristles. Laterotergite with five minute setae. Other lateral sclerites bare. Legs. All tibiae with short setae arranged in rows. Mid tibia with six long anterodorsal and numerous short posterodorsal bristles. Hind tibia with five anterodorsal and four posterodorsal bristles. Wings. Sc short, ending in R. Length of rm slightly shorter than stem of posterior fork. Base of anterior fork opposite base of posterior fork. R1 with setae, R5 without. Male terminalia. Tergite IX medially divided, each part rounded, covered with minute tricha, with one strong apical bristle and several small setae. Hypandrial lobe elongated. Gonostylus with dorsal lobe spatula-shaped, with several setae on outer surface; posterior border slightly concave. Median lobe broad, sub-quadrate with several long setae along posterior border, distinctly pointed posterodorsally. Ventral lobe of gonostylus elongated, club-shaped, with four setae apically. Basal part of gonostylus with distinct elongated protuberance, about half the length of median lobe; with four setae apically. Internal part of gonostylus with long, caudally projecting spike.
Etymology. From Latin spathulatus, spatula-like, referring to outline of the dorsal lobe of the gonostylus.
Remarks. Only two specimens of this species are present in the material and the terminalia were fragile and difficult to dissect. Several setae of the gonostylus were therefore lost in the dissection, but their bases are depicted (Fig. 2D). The species is superficially similar to A. zaitzevi Kurina, 1997 andA. pyxidiiformis Zaitzev, 1983, but the dorsal lobe of the gonostylus is much more flattened, forming a distinct spatulashape with pronounced edges. Compared to other Himalayan species, it most closely resembles A. horologia, but this species has a less pronounced protuberance in the basal part of the gonostylus, and the dorsal lobe is broader and more heavily sclerotised. Description. Body length ca. 3 mm; wing length 2.7 mm. Colouration. Head and clypeus brown. Mouthparts brown, palpomeres yellow. Antennae brown, with scape and pedicel, and basal half of first flagellomere yellow. Scutum brown, with yellow lateral area, from humerus towards wing base. Antepronotum yellow, other lateral sclerites brown. Wings clear, without markings. Halteres yellow. Legs yellow. Abdomen dark brown. Terminalia dark yellow. Head. Three ocelli present, median ocellus smaller than laterals, lateral ocelli touching eye margin. Head covered with fine trichia. Antennae approx. twice as long as thorax. Scape and pedicel with multiple dorsal setae. Flagellomeres cylindrical, densely clothed with fine trichia. First flagellomere twice as long as pedicel. Thorax. Antepronotum with four setae. Scutum covered with uniform, small, pale setae; strong prealar and postalar setae. Discal bristles absent. Scutellum with two strong bristles. Laterotergite with few short setae. Other lateral sclerites bare. Legs. All tibiae with short setae arranged in rows. Mid tibia with six long anterodorsal and 15 short posterodorsal bristles. Hind tibia with six long anterodorsal and six long posterodorsal bristles. Wings. Sc short, ending in R. Length of rm equal to stem of posterior fork. R1 with setae, R5 without setae. Male terminalia. Tergite IX medially divided, each part rounded, covered with minute trichia, two strong apical bristles. Hypandrial lobe heavily sclerotised and elongated. Gonostylus with dorsal lobe heavily sclerotised, flattened and hourglass-shaped with multiple outer setae near basis of lobe. Median lobe of gonostylus distinctly pointed posterodorsally, and with rounded posteroventral part; dorsal edge slightly sigmoid; several long setae on posterior margin, two short setae on internal surface of lobe. Ventral lobe club-shaped, with four long setae sub-apically. Basal part of gonostylus with projecting protuberance with several long setae apically. Internal part of gonostylus with long, caudally projecting process.

Allodia horologia
Etymology. From Latin horologium, timepiece, i.e. a device to show progress of time; here referring to the outline of the dorsal lobe of the gonostylus having the shape of a hourglass.
Remarks. Allodia horologia is morphologically similar to A. spathulata, but can be separated based on the shape of the median lobe, see further remarks under A. spathulata.
Allodia himalayensis Magnussen, sp. n. http://zoobank.org/2A765559-DB82-45AC-97B9-3CAFFFDE94E4 Fig. 3A Diagnosis. The narrow, elongated dorsal lobe of the gonostylus, together with the triangular-shaped median lobe makes this species separate from other described Three ocelli present, median ocellus smaller than laterals, lateral ocelli touching eye margin. Head covered with fine trichia, except for longer setae near eye margin and between eyes. Antennae almost twice as long as thorax. Scape and pedicel with several setae on distal third. Flagellomeres cylindrical, densely clothed with fine trichia. First flagellomere approx. twice as long as pedicel. Thorax. Antepronotum with five long setae. Scutum covered with uniform small, pale setae; strong prealar and postalar setae. Discal bristles absent. Scutellum with two strong bristles. Lateral sclerites bare. Legs. All tibiae with short setae arranged in rows. Mid tibia with four long anterodorsal and 23 short posterodorsal bristles. Hind tibia with five strong anterodorsal and six strong posterodorsal bristles. Wings. Sc short, ending in R. Length of rm almost twice as long as length of posterior fork. Base of anterior fork before base of posterior fork. R1 and R5 with setae. Male terminalia. Tergite IX medially divided, each part rounded, covered with minute trichia, one short and one long apical bristle. Hypandrial lobe heavily sclerotised and elongated. Gonostylus with dorsal lobe straight, long and slender, posteriorly blunt, pointed posterodorsally; outer surface with multiple long setae. Median lobe sub-triangular, posterior margin slightly serrated with several long and few shorter setae, distinctly prolonged porsterodorsally; ventral margin with one long seta. Ventral lobe of gonostylus nearly club-shaped, with several long setae apically. Basal part of gonostylus large, rounded, with broad protuberance bearing numerous short setae distally. Internal part of gonostylus without projecting process.
Etymology. Named after the Himalayan mountain region of the type locality.
Remarks. Allodia himalayensis is superficially similar to A. thudamensis, but the dorsal lobe of the gonostylus is much more elongated, and narrower, than in A. himalayensis. There is also a certain similarity to A. ornaticollis (Meigen, 1818), but A. ornaticollis has a projecting spike from the internal part of the gonostylus, which is absent in A. himalayensis.

Allodia nepalensis Magnussen, sp. n.
http://zoobank.org/61117AC7-B15B-4B23-BD73-8937D5957EBC Fig. 3B Diagnosis. The dorsal lobe of the gonostylus is posteroventrally rounded, with an apical, membranous pouch-like structure. The median lobe is narrow, with several long setae, also on the surface of the lobe. In combination these characters make this species distinct, compared to other Allodia species. Head. Three ocelli present, median ocellus smaller than laterals, lateral ocelli touching eye margin. Head covered with fine trichia, several longer setae above eye margin. Antennae ca. 1.5 times longer than thorax. Scape and pedicel with several small setae dorsally. Flagellomeres cylindrical, densely clothed with fine trichia. First flagellomere almost twice as long as pedicel. Thorax. Antepronotum with four long setae. Scutum covered with small, pale setae; few, strong prealar and postalar setae. Discal bristles absent. Scutellum with two strong bristles. Laterotergite with two strong and four small setae. Other sclerites bare. Legs. All tibiae with short setae arranged in rows. Mid tibia with five and approximately 15 short posterodorsal bristles. Hind tibia with seven anterodorsal and five posterodorsal bristles. Wings. Sc short, ending in R. Length of rm twice as long as length of stem of posterior fork. Base of anterior fork opposite base of posterior fork. R1 and R5 with setae. Male terminalia. Tergite IX medially divided, each part rounded, covered with minute trichia, with one long and one short apical bristle. Hypandrial lobe sclerotzed and elongated. Gonostylus with dorsal lobe elongated, posteriorly rounded with small upturned hook; outer surface of lobe with numerous long setae, membranous pouch-like structure present apically. Median lobe rather narrow, broadening towards apex; several long setae on posterior edge, short setae also present on internal surface of lobe apically; ventral lobe of gonostylus nearly club-shaped, with one ventral seta, and several posterior setae. Basal part of gonostylus rounded, with numerous short setae. Internal part of gonostylus without projecting process.
Etymology. From Nepal, and Latin ending -ensis, belonging to Nepal. Remarks. Superficially the male terminalia resemble those of A. himalayensis, but the dorsal lobe of the gonostylus possesses a membranous, pouch-like structure apically, which is lacking in A. himalayensis. Description. Body length ca. 3.4 mm; wing length 3.3 mm. Colouration. Head and clypeus dark brown. Mouthparts and palpomeres yellow. Antennae brown, with scape, pedicel, and basis of first flagellomere yellow. Scutum brown. Antepronotum yellow. Other lateral sclerites brown. Wings clear without markings. Halteres whitish. Legs yellow. Abdomen brown. Terminalia yellow. Head. Three ocelli present, median ocellus smaller than laterals; lateral ocelli touching eye margin. Head covered with fine trichia. Antennae over twice as long as thorax. Scape and pedicel with small setae on distal third. Flagellomeres cylindrical, densely clothed with fine trichia. First flagellomere twice as long as pedicel. Thorax. Antepronotum with five strong setae. Scutum covered with uniform small, pale setae. A few posterior discal bristles present. Scutellum with two strong bristles and few smaller setae. Laterotergite with five setae. Other lateral sclerites brown. Legs. All tibiae with short setae arranged in rows. Mid tibia with four anterodorsal and 13 posterodorsal setae. Hind tibia with four anterodorsal and seven posterodorsal setae. Wings. Sc short, ending in R. Length of rm slightly longer than stem of posterior fork. Base of anterior fork opposite base of posterior fork. R1 with and R5 without setae. Male terminalia. Tergite IX medially divided, each part rounded, covered with minute trichia, with one long and one short apical bristle. Hypandrial lobe heavily sclerotzed and elongated. Gonostylus with dorsal lobe broad, short with flattened apex, with posterodorsal hook; outer surface with numerous long setae. Median lobe of gonostylus sub-triangular with broad, pointed posterodorsal corner; posterior margin with six strong setae, one small seta on surface of lobe. Ventral lobe of gonostylus club-shaped; with five apical setae. Basal part of gonostylus small, rounded; with multiple short setae. Internal part of gonostylus without projecting process.
Remarks. Allodia thudamensis resembles two Holarctic species, viz. A. embla Hackman, 1971 andA. anglofennica Edwards, 1921. It can be separated from both these species by the combination of having a subrectangular outline of the dorsal lobe, as opposed to a more sinusoid, skewed shape found in A. embla. A pointed posterodorsal corner of the medial lobe, as opposed to angular cut corner in A. anglofennica. Additionally, A. embla has numerous setae along the posterior edge of the median lobe of gonostylus, while only six strong setae are present in A. thudamensis. The median lobe of the gonostylus is differently shaped in A. thudamensis and A. anglofennica.
Description. Body length 3.0-3.4 mm; wing length 3.0-3.3 mm. Colouration. Head and clypeus brown. Mouthparts and palpomeres yellow. Antennae brown, with scape, pedicel and basal half of first flagellomere yellow. Scutum brown, with yellow lateral area, from humerus towards wing base. Antepronotum yellow. Other lateral sclerites brown. Wings clear without markings. Halteres whitish. Legs yellow. Abdomen brown. Terminalia yellow. Head. Three ocelli present, median ocellus smaller than laterals; lateral ocelli touching eye margin. Head covered with fine trichia. Antennae approx twice as long as thorax. Scape and pedicel with several setae at apex. Flagellomeres cylindrical, densely clothed with fine trichia. First flagellomere twice as long as pedicel. Thorax. Antepronotum with six strong setae. Scutum covered with uniform small, pale setae; strong prealar and postalar setae. Few posterior discal bristles present. Scutellum with two strong bristles, and several short setae. Laterotergite with five setae. Other lateral sclerites bare. Legs. All tibiae with short setae arranged in rows. Mid tibia with five long anterodorsal and numerous short posterodorsal setae. Hind tibia with seven long anterodorsal and seven long posterodorsal setae. Wings. Sc short, ending in R. Length of rm approx. twice as long as stem of posterior fork. Base of anterior fork just before base of posterior fork. Male terminalia. Tergite IX medially divided, each part rounded, covered with minute trichia, one short and one long apical bristle. Hypandrial lobe heavily sclerotised and elongated. Gonostylus with short dorsal lobe, with blunt posterodorsal corner and sharp, edgy posteroventral corner; multiple long setae on outer surface of lobe. Median lobe oblong and narrow, posterodorsal tip not prominent; with five long and three shorter setae on posterior edge. Ventral lobe nearly club-shaped, broad, apically with five small and one long setae. Basal part of gonostylus prominent, rounded, with slightly constricted basis, with several strong, but short setae apically. Internal branch of gonostylus without projecting process.
Etymology. From Latin scalprum, a knife or chisel, referring to the clean edge of the dorsal lobe of the gonostylus.
Remarks. Allodia scalprata is morphologically similar to A. shimai, and also to A. nepalensis. The dorsal lobe of the gonostylus is similar to A. shimai, but shorter and not so prominent. Additionally, A. shimai possesses a projecting process of the internal part of the gonostylus, which is lacking in A. scalprata. Allodia scalprata can also superficially resemble A. nepalensis, due to the short and broad dorsal lobe of the gonostylus, but the dorsal corner is differently shaped in the two species.

Discussion
The descriptions of the new species here presented are all founded on male holotypes, and considered as distinct species with good diagnostic characters in the outline of the male genitalia. They have been thoroughly compared to other known species of Allodia in the Holarctic and Oriental region, and found not to be conspecific to any of these. For the majority of species, including all species with a Holarctic distribution, this assumption is, above all, based on the distinct differences in the outline of the male genitalia.
Three species of Allodia are listed in "Catalog of the Diptera in the Oriental region" (Colless & Liepa 1973) A. micans Edwards, 1928from Malaysia, A. nigrofasciata Brunetti, 1912from northern India, and A. varicornis (Senior-White, 1922 from Sri Lanka. The description of A. micans and A. varicornis were both based on females, but we exclude the possibility that they could be conspecific with any of the new species as we find it improbable that their distribution will include the Himalayas. Moreover, details in the original descriptions of the two species, like the colouration of the abdomen, make it likely that the two belong to the subgenus Brachycampta. According to the known distribution, Allodia nigrofasciata is a more likely candidate to be found in the Himalayas. Brunetti (1912) based his description on type specimens from Shimla in the Himachal Pradesh district, but a female was also recorded from Mundali, Dehradun, in the Uttarakand district. We have not studied type material of this species as Brunetti's type material is today at best considered inaccessible (see e.g., Väisänen 1996). Edwards (1924) was given the opportunity to re-examine material of ca. 50 species described by Brunetti from India, but regrettably, A. nigrofasciata was not among those. After thoroughly reviewing the description of this species, we find it justified to transfer this species to the genus Brevicornu Marshall, 1896. The new combination, Brevicornu nigrofasciatum (Brunetti, 1912) comb. n., is based on the original description, including a line drawing of the wing. The illustrated wing venation with a rather sessile posterior fork, the description of small thoracic bristles intermingled among soft pale hairs, indicates Brevicornu as a more appropriate genus. Additionally, in the description of the male terminalia Brunetti (1912: 108) states that "the large basal joint of each clasper terminating in two narrow flexible finger-like appendages, and between the claspers a pair of branched black hook-like organs", which is a very strong indication that the species belongs to the genus Brevicornu Marshall, 1896 sensu Tuomikoski (1966). One should note, however, that at the time of Brunetti's work, Brevicornu was considered to be congeneric with Allodia s. l. (cf. Johannsen 1909).
More recently, Wu et al. (2003) have described seven Allodia species from the Oriental region. The material is collected in the provinces Zheijiang, Guangxi, and Guizhou in SE China, which are geographically distant from the Himalayas. The descriptions are accompanied by adequate line drawings, and we have studied the descriptions thoroughly. Despite questioning the affiliation to genera for some of the species, we definitely conclude that none of the seven species described by Wu et al. (2003) are conspecific with the species described here. This study has demonstrated a high species diversity in material consisting of a relatively small number of specimens. In the studied material no described species were found, which also indicates a high uniqueness of taxa in the area. This clearly emphasises the fact that the fauna of fungus gnats in the Himalayas still undoubtedly covers many undescribed and unrecorded species, and that more studies are needed to reveal the full extent of the diversity in this area.