A taxonomic review of the pericaline ground-beetles in Taiwan, with descriptions of new species (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini)

Abstract A taxonomic review of the known Taiwanese taxa of the pericaline Lebiini, this paper includes a key to the genera, keys to species, descriptions, and redescriptions of all species, illustrations, geographic range maps, re-rankings, and new synonymies. In total 34 species are treated, nine of which are described as new. A new genus and new species are as follows: Bellavalentisgen. n., (type species Dolichoctiskuzugamii Shibata, 1967); Amphimenesabsensacidussp. n.; Amphimenesbeichatiensissp. n.; Amphimenescarinacaulissp. n.; Catascopus(s. str.)asahartisp. n.; Catascopus(s. str.)viridiorchissp. n.; Coptodera (Coptoderina) occultasp. n.; Dolichoctisbadiadorsissp. n.; Dolichoctisdilatatasp. n.; Moctherusobscurabasissp. n. After close examination of the type material of several species, we were able to determine that Coptoderinachaudoirianguilipennis (Nakane and Okhura) is a junior synonym of Coptodera (Coptoderina) chaudoiri Andrewes, syn. n. and Coptoderanobilis Jedlička is also a junior synonym of C.chaudoiri, syn. n.Dolichoctisstriatusformosanus Habu is a junior synonym of Dolichoctisrotundata (Schmidt-Goebel), syn. n.Dolichoctis (Mochtherus) uenoi Habu is a junior synonym of Mochtherusluctuosus Putzeys, syn. n.Pericalusformosanus Dupuis was recently ranked as a subspecies of Pericalusornatusformosanus Dupuis. After consideration of the several consistent taxonomic characteristics and also considering its allopatric distribution with all other species of Pericalus, we believe Pericalusformosanus Dupuis to be a valid species, stat. resurr. The monobasic genus Pseudomenarus (type species Pseudomenarusflavomaculatus Shibata, 1964) is established as conspecific with members of the genus Formosiella Jedlička, 1951, comb. n. Species previously recorded from Taiwan that are not present here include: Amphimenespiceolus Bates; Catascopusaequatus Dejean; Catascopusfacialis (Wiedemann) Coptoderainterrupta Schmidt-Goebel Coptoderaflexuosa Schmidt-Goebel and Peripristusater (Laporte). The pericaline taxa of Taiwan are arranged in 14 genera, five subgenera, and 34 currently known species. Notes on collecting circumstances, habits, and habitat are included when known.


Introduction
During the past 130 years, few researchers have studied the ground-beetle fauna of Taiwan. Previous major taxonomic contributions include those of Miwa (1931), Jedlička (1932Jedlička ( , 1940Jedlička ( , 1963, Habu (1967Habu ( , 1978, Terada et al. 2005, andTerada 2006. Of these contributions, those restricted to Taiwan (Miwa and Terada et al.) are merely lists of taxon names. Various other, less extensive publications deal with elements of the Taiwanese pericaline fauna though most of these only include a species description of a specific taxon and are often not restricted to Taiwan in scope. The latest checklist of Carabidae from Taiwan has a total of 467 species belonging to 34 tribes have been described to date but acknowledges that additional taxa still await discovery in the rich landscape of Taiwan (Terada 2006). In that checklist there were 28 species of the subtribe Pericalina recorded.
After visiting all of the major carabid collections in Taiwan, in became clear that informed taxonomic work based on already collected specimens would be impossible. This was due to an inadequate numbers of specimens as well as a lack of a full and reliable reference collection. Reference collections that did exist were often based on damaged and/or misidentified material 1 . In fact, we estimate that fewer than half of all species of pericalines (and also carabids in general) recorded from Taiwan, existed in any Taiwanese collection. To add to the uncertainty, many of what would be considered important and valuable carabid specimens held at the Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute (previously the largest carabid holding in Taiwan) are erroneously labeled as cotypes and also misidentified at the species level. The material was examined and these specimens are not at all associated with the type material or the authors who described 1 WH became fascinated with the Taiwan insect fauna during a 3-year visit, in the early 2000's: experiences in the country, observing the huge diversity of life during that time inspired me to learn more so I visited the local National Chung Hsing University to see if there might be some learning opportunities for an undergraduate foreigner, such as myself. There I met friend, supervisor, and co-author, Dr Man Miao Yang. She provided me with literature, specimens, and the guidance to gain a cursory knowledge of the insect orders. I learned two important things during that time: I wanted to choose entomology as a field of study and my Mandarin was nowhere where it needed to be to pursue an undergraduate degree in Taiwan. I returned from Taiwan and began learning about carabid beetles from friend and mentor, Dr George E Ball (University of Alberta, Strickland Museum). Over the next several years I developed a particular interest in the lebiine ground beetles and a desire to return to the place where my entomological interests began. This provided the rationale for returning to Taiwan and taking on a review of the pericaline lebiines.
them. To exacerbate this, all label data have been stripped from them and all that remains is a small, circular paper that declares "cotype" and an additional small label with a reference number to a book that has been irretrievable since the death of the person who "organized" the collection. Sadly, we have concluded that the vast majority of carabid material with a "cotype" label from TARI is of no taxonomic value. And so, in an effort to increase collections and better know the Taiwan fauna, we collected for the next three years (2011)(2012)(2013)(2014) using several methods that included u.v. light, m.v. light, sweep netting, malaise trapping, pitfall trapping, sugar baits painted on tree trunks, hand collecting, and insecticidal fogging. Over the three-year period, we were able to substantially increase the collections of the Taiwan Carabidae. Also as a result of this fieldwork, a much better understanding of the pericalines represented in Taiwan was developed. This paper describes or re-describes 34 pericaline species (nine new), from 14 genera (one new), and five subgenera. Four new synonymies, one new combination, and one status resurrection are also recognized. Through this work we were also able to determine that some of the pericaline species previously recorded from Taiwan were misidentified by previous authors and are in fact not present here. These species include Amphimenes piceolus Bates, Catascopus aequatus Dejean, Catascopus facialis (Wiedemann), Coptodera interrupta Schmidt-Goebel, Coptodera flexuosa Schmidt-Goebel, and Peripristus ater (Laporte).

Materials and methods
This revision is based on the study of more than 1600 adult specimens representing 34 taxa belonging to the subtribe Pericalina. Specimens of many carabid taxa were collected from 2011 to 2014 and are housed at the entomology museum of National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan (NCHU). Additional adult specimens were borrowed from the collections of various individuals and institutions listed below, along with a four-letter or five-letter coden (Arnett et al. 1993) to identify sources of specimens. Names in parentheses below, indicate curator of collection.
Standard methods were used for mounting, dissecting, preparing genitalia, and other technical methods (Ball andHilchie 1983, Frania andBall 2007). Genitalia and other small structures were preserved in glycerine and stored in microvials that were pinned beneath the specimen from which they had been removed.
Photographs of species habitus were taken using a Nikon D7100 fitted with an AF-S VR Micro-NIKKOR 105mm f/2.8G IF-ED lens and mounted on a copy stand. Photographs of genitalia were taken with a Nikon D7100 mounted on an Olympus SZX16 trinocular stereoscopic microscope and layered together using Zerene Stacker (Zerene Systems LLC, Richland, WA). Line drawings of the female genital tracts and other external characters were prepared by taking photographs with a Nikon D7100 and then importing them into Adobe Illustrator 11.0 (Adobe Systems, Inc., Mountainview, CA). Plates were also prepared using Adobe Illustrator 11.0. All photographs taken in the field were taken by Dash Hwang.
Geographic range maps were prepared using a modified map from Ginkgo Maps (http://www.ginkgomaps.com); projection used is NAD Lambert Conformal Conic, 1983. Measurements were made at 25× with a Wild M5 stereoscopic microscope fitted with an ocular micrometer. Various measurements are expressed in the text by these abbreviations previously used by Ball and Shpeley (2005) and Hunting (2013). Terms used for structural characters follow Shpeley and Ball (1983), and Hunting (2008and Hunting ( , 2013 and other authors (see also Figure 1 and Legend for Figure 1). For some characters of the genital tract of both males and females, no nomenclature has been developed, so in these instances informal descriptive words or phrases are used.  (Dupuis) Legend for Figure 1 To indicate range of body size of each species, the overall body length (OBL) was measured from the apex of the extended mandibles, to the apex of the elytra of both the largest and smallest individual of the species (Frania and Ball 2007).
Size of male genitalia was determined by drawing a straight line between the apical area and the basal lobe of the phallus. Size of female genitalia was determined by drawing a straight line across the outside margin of widest portion of left lateral tergite to outside margin of widest portion of right lateral tergite.
To reduce repetition, character states of lower ranking taxa recorded in the descriptions of higher-ranking taxa are not repeated in the descriptions of the included lower ranking taxa. As such, a complete species description will require reading both the recognition of the genus as well as the species description.
For type material, information from each label is reproduced using ordinary type. Information on each label is contained in quotation marks, with a semicolon marking the end of each label. Information on color of paper (other than white), printing (other than black), form of paper (other than rectangular), and coden for the collection in which material is housed, is contained in square brackets. Luster. Head capsule and pronotum dull. Head. Mentum with single broad tooth; labium and palpi typical for genus Amphimenes.
Taxonomic notes. Jedlička (1963) recorded the type species, A. piceolus Bates from both Taiwan and Fukien, China. The type of A. piceolus from BMNH, London was examined as well as the material from both Taiwan and Fukien, China that Jedlička was referring to in his work at NMPC, Prague. After dissection and comparison of these specimens the example that Jedlička had from Taiwan was not A. piceolus, but rather A. carinacaulis sp. n. The specimen from Fukien, China, was also not A. piceolus, but something different from all other species examined from Asia and likely an undescribed species. After also examining the types of A. asahinai Nakane, A. ryukuensis Habu and undetermined material from several collections, it appears that A. piceolus is likely restricted to Japan only. One other specimen examined from Okinawa, Japan, on loan from NCHU, also appears to be an undescribed species.  Luster. Elytra moderately glossy to moderately dull; ventral thoracic sterna and abdominal sterna moderately dull.

Key to the Taiwanese species of the genus Amphimenes Bates
Head. Labrum bilobed; eyes somewhat flattened in appearance, following contour of head.
Legs. Meso-tibia with or without several shallow notches from mid-way to base along ventral surface.
Male genitalia. Fig. 3A-D. Length 1.36-1.64 mm. Phallus with several carinae from base to mid-phallus, decreasing in length from center to right of center when viewed ventrally; endophallus short, distinctive form, small internal endophallic sclerite near apex.
Habitat, habits, and seasonal occurrence. The known elevational range of A. asahinai is from 500 to 2290 meters. Only five specimens of the 455 collected were from below 1000 meters and most were collected at over 1800 meters. Adults of this species are found in mixed primary and secondary forest of montane areas. Adults are crepuscular or nocturnal with most activity observed on live tree trunks at night. Specimens have been collected all year round but are most commonly collected from March to October. Methods of collecting include u.v. light, m.v. light, sweep netting, sugar baits painted on tree trunks, hand collecting, and insecticidal fogging at night. Confirmed tree species that A. asahinai has been collected from includes: Pinus morrisonicola Hayata, Neolitsea variabilima (Hayata), Schima superba Gard. and Castanopsis eyrei (Champ ex. Benth).
Geographical distribution. Amphimenes asahinai is known only from Taiwan. See Figure 12.
Amphimenes absensacidus sp. n. http://zoobank.org/01478AFD-2061-453B-95EF-D82FF1FC73F1 Figs 4, 5A-D, 11B, 12 Specific epithet. From Latin, absens and acidus, in reference to the lack of cross striations on the intervals of the elytral disc, typical in many species of this genus and all other species known from Taiwan.
Type locality. Taiwan. Huisun Forest Station, Nantou county. Diagnosis. Specimens of this species are distinguished from other Taiwanese Amphimenes by lacking cross striations on the elytral disc.
Pilosity. Elytra with scattered micro-punctures, each bearing a small seta; not visible at 50× magnification.
Luster. Elytra moderately glossy to moderately dull; ventral thoracic sterna and abdominal sterna moderately glossy.
Head. Labrum more or less quadrate, few with slight indentation along apical margin but not bilobed; eyes distinctly convex, distinctly wider across than width of neck.
Hind wings. Macropterous. Legs. Meso-tibia with or without several shallow notches from mid-way to base along ventral surface.
Abdominal sterna. Abdominal sterna IV-VI with two to four irregular punctures between fixed apical setae; abdominal sternum VII deeply bilobed.
Habitat, habits, and seasonal occurrence. The known elevational range of A. absensacidus sp. n. is from 700 to 1850 meters. Adults of this species are found in mixed primary and secondary forest of montane areas. Adults are crepuscular or nocturnal with most activity observed on live tree trunks at night. Specimens have been collected from May to August. Methods of collecting include u.v. light and hand collecting at night.
Pilosity. Elytra with scattered punctures visible, each bearing a small seta not visible at 50× magnification.
Hind wings. Macropterous. Legs. Meso-tibia with several shallow notches from mid-way to base along ventral surface.
Male genitalia. Fig. 7A-C. Length 1.60 mm. Phallus with several carina from base (bpc), longer to shorter from center to right of center when viewed ventrally; ventral carina from median of shaft almost to ostium margin; endophallus with small internal endophallic sclerite near apex. Female genitalia. Female unknown. Habitat, habits, and seasonal occurrence. The single specimen was collected from a live tree trunk in a montane mixed secondary forest. It was hand collected one night in June, at an elevation of 1320 meters.
Geographical distribution. Known only from type locality. See Figure 12. This locality was not sampled well or often so it is possible that many more specimens will be collected in the near future.  Hind wings. Macropterous. Legs. Meso-tibia with or without several shallow notches from mid-way to base along ventral surface.
Male genitalia. Fig. 10A-D. Length 1.32-1.44 mm. Phallus with basal phallic carina (bpc) from base to mid-phallus, decreasing in length from center to right of center when viewed ventrally; left side of shaft moderately enlarged medially, with a strong preapical dorsolateral carina (pdc); endophallus with small internal endophallic sclerite near apex, few distinctive endophallic lobes (el).
Habitat, habits, and seasonal occurrence. The known elevational range of A. carinacaulis sp. n. is from 640 to 1850 meters. Adults of this species are found in mixed primary and secondary forest of montane areas. Adults are crepuscular or nocturnal with most activity observed on live tree trunks at night. Specimens have been collected from April to July. All known specimens were hand collected.
Geographical distribution. Amphimenes carinacaulis is known only from Taiwan. See Figure 12.
Recognition. Size small, elytra broadly rounded and distinctly convex, female genitalic characteristics very distinctive.
Included species and remarks. As of now, Bellavalentis includes only one species, B. kuzugamii. It appears to us that with further work, all species considered to be part of the "Dolichoctis striata complex" of Baehr (2013a) will form the genus Dolichoctis s.  . Line drawings of the female reproductive tract of species of the genus Amphimenes Bates, known from Taiwan, ventral aspect. A A. asahinai Nakane B A. absensacidus sp. n. C A. carinacaulis sp. n.. Legend: bc bursa copulatrix; co common oviduct; des dorsal ensiform setae; gc1 gonocoxite 1; gc2 gonocoxite 2; les lateral ensiform setae; lt lateral tergite; sg spermathecal gland; sgd spermathecal gland duct; sp1 spermatheca 1; sp2 spermatheca 2. Scale bars 0.5 mm. str. and other species currently included in the genus Dolichoctis will be designated to other taxons.
While there is some variation throughout the genus, the somewhat flattened and at least slightly elongate body form of Dolichoctis appears thoughout the striata complex. Additionally, the female genitalic features of Dolichoctis ( Fig. 71A-D) appear to be very consistent. This type of consistency exists as a general rule, throughout the pericaline lebiines. Bellavalentis kuzugamii has gentalic characteristics ( Fig. 15A) that are markedly different from all species of Dolichoctis encountered.
Material of B. kuzugamii labeled by HE Andrewes as being "very near D. angulicollis Chaudoir" (1869) was examined. The description of D. globosa Andrewes (1930) fits well with the general body form of B. kuzugamii. Dissections of the females of these species and others that share similarities in external morphology will be very helpful in determining their placement within these genera.
Macrosculpture. Dorsum of head smooth; pronotum with shallowly rugulose to smooth, disc with one small circular impression medially on each side; elytra with intervals somewhat flat.
Fixed setae. Two pairs of supraorbital setae; clypeus with two lateral setae; labrum with six setae along apical margin; one pair of suborbital setae; pronotum with two pairs of setae, one at base of lateral margin and one on lateral margin at pronotum max width; elytra with two setae in stria 2, one just before mid-length of elytra and one in apical 1/5; 16 lateral (umbilical) setae in interval 9; Ventral surface with fine, scattered setigerous punctures, two setae on each of abdominal sterna III to VI; two setae along apical margin of sternum VII in males, females with four setae near apical margin of sternum VII.
Luster. Head capsule and pronotum moderately glossy; elytra glossy; ventral thoracic sterna and abdominal sterna moderately glossy.
Pronotum. At least 1.5× wider than long. Disc with one round shallow depression on either side; anterior transverse impression shallow; posterior transverse impression moderately shallow; median longitudinal impression moderately shallow; lateral margins somewhat explanate, apical edge highly emarginate and apico-lateral margins acutely rounded forming distinctive lobes, posterio-lateral margins slightly sinuate, obtuse.
Elytra. Humeri broadly rounded, disc distinctly rounded and convex in lateral profile; lateral margins slightly explanate.
Male genitalia. Fig. 14A-C. Length 0.40 -0.44 mm. Ostium anopic. Phallus cylindrical but somewhat flattened dorso-ventrally, apical area with very short, bluntly  (Shibata). A right lateral aspect B ventral aspect C left lateral aspect. rounded apex, positioned to the right of center in ventral view, endophallus not observed due to small size.
Female genitalia. Fig. 15A. Width 0.44 -0.56 mm. Gonocoxite 2 (gc2) wide at base, narrowing significantly and slightly curved towards apex; two lateral ensiform setae (les) and one dorsal ensiform seta (des) present. Sensory furrow, furrow pegs and associated nematiform setae not observed. Our interpretation of the following characters of this species is based on similar species within the percalines. One diverticulum (div), curled along length and attached to base of spermathecal base; one spermatheca (sp1), narrowing sharply into long, narrow tube-like apex; one spermathecal accessory gland (sg) with attachment site near the narrowing point of the spermatheca.
Habitat, habits, and seasonal occurrence. The known elevational range of B. kuzugamii is from 640 to 850 meters. Adults of this species are found in mixed forest of montane areas, and many specimens of this species were all found on deadwood. Specimens have been collected in April and August in Taiwan and the only known method of collection has been hand collecting.

Genus Brachichila Chaudoir
Notes on variation. Southern specimens are typically lighter in dorsal coloration. Male genitalia typically less sclerotized but this is somewhat variable within populations. Females similar throughout range.
Pilosity. Dorsum of head and pronotum glabrous, ventral surface of head with some to no fine seta visible; striae with punctures each bearing a fine seta hardly visible at 50× magnification; thoracic sclerites and abdominal sterna with scattered fine setae throughout, punctures not visible.
Fixed setae. Two pairs of supraorbital setae; clypeus with two lateral setae; labrum with six setae along apical margin; one pair of suborbital setae; ligula with six setae on apical margin between lobes; pronotum with two setae along each margin; elytra with one seta near apex of interval 2; 19 lateral (umbilical) setae in interval 9; two setae on each of abdominal sterna III to VI, two setae along apical margin of sternum VII in males, females with four setae near apical margin of sternum VII.
Luster. Head capsule and pronotum moderately dull; elytra moderately glossy to moderately dull; ventral thoracic sterna and abdominal sterna moderately dull.
Abdominal sterna. Males with abdominal sternum VII faintly emarginate. Male genitalia. Figs 18A-D, 19A-C. Length 1.60 -1.74 mm. Ostium left pleuropic. Phallus base cylindrical, narrowing and distinctly curved medially toward apex in lateral view; expanded on both left and right side from median towards apex in ventral view, constricted again before apex; endophallus with several distinctive lobes, no sclerites.
Habitat, habits, and seasonal occurrence. The known elevational range of B. hypocrita in Taiwan is from 200 to 1000 meters. Adults of this species are found in mixed primary and secondary forest of montane areas, as well as disturbed areas. They are crepuscular or nocturnal with most activity observed on tree trunks and  deadwood at night. Several specimens were collected from the underside of fallen trees. Specimens have been collected all year round but are most commonly collected from May to October. They readily come to u.v. light. Other methods of collecting include flight intercept trap, malaise trap, sweep netting, hand collecting, and insecticidal fogging at night. Several individuals of B. hypocrita were fogged from Pinus morrisonicola Hayata at night.
Geographical distribution. Brachichila hypocrita is apparently diffuse in Asia. It has been recorded in Japan from Okinawa, the Ryukus (Irimote Island). From Hong Kong, Vietnam, India, and Taiwan. For Taiwan collecting localities see Figure 20.

Color. Various.
Fixed setae. Two pairs of supraorbital setae; clypeus with two lateral setae; labrum with six setae along apical margin; one pair of suborbital setae. ; 16-17 lateral (umbilical) setae in interval 9; two setae on each of abdominal sterna III to VI, two setae along apical margin of sternum VII in males, four setae along apical margin of sternum VII in females.
Head. Mandibles curved, left mandible slightly more curved and pointed at apex then right mandible, right mandible with additional, small tooth on inside cutting surface near mid-length of mandible; labrum bilobed; mentum with single broad tooth; eyes convex; palpi cylindrical, elongate.
Male genitalia. Ostium left pleuropic. Phallus cylindrical. Female genitalia. Gonocoxite 2 (gc2) wide at base, narrowing sharply toward apex, moderately curved. Sensory furrow, furrow pegs and associated nematiform setae not observed. Diagnosis. Specimens of this species are easily distinguished from all other described species by a combination of the almost flat elytral intervals, except interval 6 which is carinate on the inside margin; and distinctly flat striae.
Macrosculpture. Dorsum of head, clypeus and pronotum disc with very fine, randomly scattered setigerous punctures, setae almost not visible in side view, at 50×; pronotum with anterior transverse impression very shallow; elytra with interval 7 carinate on inside margin nearest to stria 6, from just behind base to 5/6 of the elytra length; carinate the entire length; all other intervals distinctly flat, with very fine, randomly scattered, setigerous punctures throughout; striae faintly impressed, more visible due to being evenly punctate along length. Ventrally with very fine, randomly scattered setigerous punctures. Fixed setae. Pronotum with two pairs of setae, one at base of lateral margin and one on lateral margin at pronotum max width; elytra with one seta at basal quarter of interval 3, one seta in interval 3 just beyond mid-length, one seta in apical quarter of interval 3; femur of meso-leg with several moderately long seta on dorsal surface and two long setae ventrally in males.
Metepisternum. Elongate, at least 2× longer than wide. Male genitalia. Fig. 22A-D. Length 1.52 mm. Phallus width consistant along length; apical area, short with rounded point at apex; endophallus moderately long, with distinctive widening from base to apex.
Female genitalia. Unknown Habitat, habits, and seasonal occurrence. The known elevation of C. asaharti sp. n. is 2000 meters. Adults of this species are found in mixed forest of montane areas. Little is known of the habits of this species. Adults are crepuscular or nocturnal and both specimens of the species were collected on a single night in the month of May. One was collected from a u.v. light sheet and the other was collected from a bridge  light approximately one kilometer away. During a three-year period, more than 60 collection times did not reveal any more specimens.
Type locality. Japan: "Yuyama and Konose". Taxonomic notes. Catascopus aequatus was previously recorded from Taiwan (Kano 1930;Miwa 1931) but is not present and was likely mistaken for C. ignicinctus, which is present in Taiwan and similar in general form but easily distinguished from C. aequatus by the smoothly rounded elytral apices (C. aequatus having distinctive spines).
Diagnosis. Specimens of this species are easily distinguished from other species of Taiwanese Catascopus by the typically metallic purple dorsal coloration and having both intervals 5 and 7 with broadly convex to carinate portions along the length of the elytra.
Green morph. The green morph of this species is identical in all characters except coloration of head, dorsum of pronotum, and disc of elytra are all metallic green. Microsculpture. Dorsum of head with microsculpture faintly visible at 50× magnification, isodiametric; pronotum with transverse mesh pattern faintly visible at 50× magnification; elytra with shallow, moderately transverse sculpticells; ventral surface of head with microsculpture transverse, faintly visible at 50×; prosternum, proepipleuron, mesepisternum, and metepisternum with sculpticells forming a shallow transverse mesh.
Macrosculpture. Dorsum of head with disc smooth centrally, shallow impressions between eyes, few shallow furrows from front of eye to behind clypeus base, one-two deep furrows along contour of eye, longest ending at basal supraorbital setae; scattered punctation from clypeus to constriction of head, shallower centrally, not confluent; pronotum with several shallow lateral impressions from apex to baso-lateral depression, fine scattered punctures throughout; elytra with intervals 1-4 and 6 moderately flat, interval 5 broadly convex from behind shoulder down ¾ of elytra length, interval 7 carinate on inside margin nearest to stria 6; striae punctate along length; ventrally: prosternum, prosternal process, mesosternum, mesocoxa and mesosternal intercoxal process and hind coxa with scattered, shallow punctures; baso-lateral portion of metasternum with deeper, scattered punctures; abdominal sterna with scattered, shallow punctures.
Fixed setae. Two pairs of supraorbital setae; clypeus with two lateral setae; labrum with six setae along apical margin; one pair of suborbital setae; fore femur of males and females with two fixed setae in basal half; pronotum with two pairs of setae, one at base of lateral margin and one on lateral margin at pronotum max width; elytra with one seta at basal quarter of interval 3, one seta in interval 3 at mid-length, one seta in apical quarter of interval 3.
Luster. Head capsule, pronotum and elytra moderately glossy to glossy; ventral thoracic sterna and abdominal sterna moderately glossy.
Head. Labrum bilobed, left lobe slightly longer than right lobe in some specimens. Pronotum. No more than 1.41× wider than long. Anterior transverse impression shallow; posterior transverse impression and median longitudinal impression moderately deep; apical margin narrowly curved forming short, acute latero-apical lobes; lateral margins constricted in basal 1/3; posterio-lateral margins almost right-angled.
Male genitalia. Fig. 25A-C. Length 2.20 -2.44 mm. Ostium with relatively large opening. Phallus narrowest at base of shaft, somewhat expanded on left side from median towards ostium in ventral view; apical area, a short rounded point, somewhat narrow, slightly curved ventrally; endophallus not observed in detail as both males available were too teneral to evert.
Habitat, habits, and seasonal occurrence. The known elevational range of C. ignicinctus is from 480 to 700 meters. Adults of this species are found in mixed primary and secondary forest of montane areas. Adults are crepuscular or nocturnal with most activity observed on trunks of fallen or dying trees at night. Specimens have been collected from July to late September. Methods of collecting include m.v. light sheet and hand collecting.
Macrosculpture. Dorsum of head rugulose laterally between eyes from basal supraorbital setae to clypeus, smooth centrally, deep scattered punctation from apical lateral setae to constriction of head, some confluent; pronotum rugulose, several lateral striations from apex to baso-lateral depression, fine scattered punctures throughout; elytra with one impression in basal 1/3 of disc, laterally from basal fixed setae of interval 3 to middle fixed setae of interval 3, horizontally from first stria to carina of interval 5; most intervals moderately flat, interval 5 carinate from just beyond basal fixed seta of interval 3 to apical fixed setae of interval 3, interval 7 carinate in basal third, intervals 7 and 8 distinctly carinate and rounded at apical 1/4, disrupting normal contour of elytra; striae punctate along length; ventrally: prosternum, prosternal process, mesosternum, mesocoxa and mesosternal intercoxal process, basal portion of metasternum and hind coxa with shallow, scattered, setigerous punctures; abdominal sterna with scattered, shallow punctures.
Fixed setae. Fore femur of males and females with two fixed setae in basal 1/3; pronotum with one seta at base of lateral margin; elytra with one seta at basal quarter of interval 3, one seta in interval 3 at mid-length, one seta in apical quarter of interval 3.
Luster. Head capsule, pronotum and elytra moderately glossy to glossy; ventral thoracic sterna and abdominal sterna moderately glossy.
Elytra. Humeri broadly rounded; elytral margin shallowly impressed in basal 1/3, elytral apices each with one small lateral spine and two apical spines, inside apical spine always longer than outside apical spine.
Male genitalia. Fig. 27A-D. Length 2.70 -3.20 mm. Phallus narrowest at base of shaft, somewhat expanded on left side from median towards ostium in ventral view; apical area, long and narrow, sharply curved ventrally, curve visible in left and right view; apex distinctive, most constricted just before apex, tip curved and flattened; endophallus relatively long, some sclerotization evident on basal endophallic lobe when viewed from left lateral aspect; one large microtrichial field (mtf ) on dorsal surface, from midway of endophallus to just beyond apical endophallic lobe; microtrichia fine and densely packed.
Habitat, habits, and seasonal occurrence. The known elevational range of C. sauteri is from 500 to 1275 meters. Only a few specimens have been collected over 1000 meters with the majority being collected between 600 and 800 meters. Adults of this species are found in mixed primary and secondary forest of montane areas. Adults are crepuscular or nocturnal with most activity observed on trunks of fallen or dying trees at night. Specimens have been collected from March to December but are most commonly collected from July to December. Methods of collecting include light trap, u.v. light and hand collecting. Adults are very fast runners and it was observed that when they are lit by flashlight or headlamp at night, they will quickly run to the dark side of the tree.
Geographical distribution. Catascopus sauteri is known only from Taiwan. For collecting localities see Figure 35.  Diagnosis. This species is closely allied to Catascopus elegans philippinus Baehr but can be distinguished by the darker green, less cupreous elytra; deeper, more pronounced fovea associated with the three pairs of fixed setae in interval 3; distinctively short and angled apex of phallus and form of endophallus (when viewed dorsally).
Teneral specimen. This species is known from only two specimens, one male and one female. The female specimen is teneral. Dorsum of the head is a metallic blue-black; pronotum bicolored with apical margin of the pronotum to the anterior transverse impression being rufo-brunneous and the remaining dorsal surface metallic blue-black; dorsal surface of the elytra rufo-brunneous with cupreous to metallic green lateral margins. Microsculpture. Dorsum of head with microsculpture faintly visible at 50× magnification, isodiametric; pronotum with transverse mesh pattern faintly visible at 50× magnification; elytra with shallow, transverse sculpticells; ventral surface of head with microsculpture transverse, faintly visible at 50×; prosternum, proepipleuron, mesepisternum, and metepisternum with sculpticells forming a shallow transverse mesh.
Macrosculpture. Dorsum of head, clypeus and pronotum disc with fine, randomly scattered setigerous punctures; two deep furrows along contour of eye, longest ending at basal supraorbital setae; pronotum with several shallow lateral impressions from apex to baso-lateral depression; elytra with interval 7 carinate on inside margin nearest to stria 6, from just behind base to 5/6 of the elytra length, most carinate in basal half but diminishing and becoming more flattened and rounded along length; striae evenly punctate along length; intervals with fine, randomly scattered, setigerous punctures throughout; ventrally: prosternum, prosternal process, mesosternum, mesocoxa and mesosternal intercoxal process and hind coxa with scattered, shallow setigerous punctures; abdominal sterna with scattered, shallow setigerous punctures, setae slightly longer medially.
Fixed setae. Pronotum with two pairs of setae, one at base of lateral margin and one on lateral margin at pronotum max width; elytra with one seta at basal quarter of interval 3, one seta in interval 3 at mid-length, one seta in apical quarter of interval 3.
Luster. Head capsule and pronotum glossy; elytra moderately glossy; ventral thoracic sterna and abdominal sterna moderately glossy.
Pronotum. Anterior transverse impression shallow; posterior transverse impression deep, median longitudinal impression moderately deep; lateral margins constricted just before mid-way toward apex, becoming parallel at ¾ length; posterio-lateral margins almost right-angled.
Male genitalia. Fig. 29A-D. Length 1.88 mm. Phallus narrowest at base of shaft, slightly expanded on left side from median towards ostium in ventral view; apical area, a relatively short, rounded point, somewhat narrow, distinctively angled to the right when viewed from ventral aspect; endophallus long, relatively narrow, one basal endophallic lobe and two additional lobes towards apex.
Habitat, habits, and seasonal occurrence. The known elevational range of C. viridiorchis sp. n. is from 35 and 160 meters. The two adults of this species were found in mixed forest of montane areas. Little is known of the habits of this species. The specimens were collected in July and August and methods of collecting include u.v. light trap and hand collecting.
Geographical distribution. Catascopus viridiorchis is known only from Orchid Island, Taiwan. See Figure 35.

Type species. Catascopus mirabilis Bates 1892 (by original designation).
Type locality. Southeast Asia (Myanmar and the Malay Peninsula). Taxonomic notes. In a short footnote, Habu (1967) introduced the subgenus Catascopoides. His rationale for this subgenus included both unique mandibular form ( Fig. 23B) and distinctive pubescence on the ventral surface of the fore and mid femora. Later, and apparently unaware of Habu's short treatment, Straneo (1994), erected the now synonymized subgenus Dentiscopus, that was based largely on the same characters. These characteristics are indeed unique within the Catascopus s. l. and the three currently known species appear to be quite closely related. Type locality. "Formosa, Sokutsu". Formosa is the old name for Taiwan and Sokutsu refers to Hsiaolin, Kaohsiung county.

Catascopus (Catascopoides) horni Jedlička
Taxonomic notes. Both C. (C.) mirabilis and C. (C.) horni were recorded from Taiwan (Taiwan being the type locality of C. (C.) horni Jedlička). From the images and illustrations, it appeared that two species were superficially very similar so it is possible that they might be conspecific. All of the major collections in Taiwan were examined, and most known Taiwanese material was borrowed. Fresh material was collected from the wild. The holotype of C. (C.) horni and three paratypes of C. (C.) mirabilis are deposited SDEI, Germany where, upon examination, it was clear that the species could be distinguished from one another but that it was more of a total collection of subtleties than any one obvious external character that set them apart. Catascopus (C.) mirabilis differs from C. (C.) horni in that it has slightly larger eyes, a slightly more cupreous sheen, apical and basal angles of pronotum that are that are slightly more lobed and explanate, elytral microsculpture that is more granulate and raised, giving a duller appearance, and broken striae (primarily 3, 5, 7) that are somewhat more raised. All of these characters are slightly variable and difficult to define so it became clear that without a lot of material to compare, confusing these two species would be easy. After going through the material however, a few good characters were consistent and allowed for discrimination of species. C. (C.) mirabilis has females with the ventral surface of the fore-femur with a dense field of yellow setae (more than 20), while C. (C.) horni only has a field of ~twelve setae. Females of C. (C.) mirabilis also have a genitalic character, the bursa copulatrix sclerite (bsc, Fig. 33C), that makes them easily distinguishable from C. (C.) horni. After dissecting the available material including the specimens that were examined and thought to be C. (C.) mirabilis by both Jedlička (1963) and Habu (1967), it seems apparent that C. (C.) horni is restricted to Taiwan while C. (C.) mirabilis is known from Vietnam, Laos and China. See also "Geographical distribution".
Diagnosis. Specimens of this species are easily distinguished from other pericalines by the distinctly asymmetrical mandibles and metallic black dorsal coloration.
Microsculpture. Dorsum of head with microsculpture not visible at 50× magnification; pronotum with transverse mesh pattern faintly visible at 50× magnification; elytra with shallow, transverse sculpticells on majority of disc, lower depressions of striae are nearly isodiametric, easily visible at 50× magnification; ventral surface of head, prosternum, proepipleuron, mesepisternum, and metepisternum with sculpticells forming a shallow transverse mesh.
Macrosculpture. Dorsum of head with scattered punctures laterally in front of eye to mid-way between basal supraorbital setae and pronotum apex, punctures near base of head are deep and confluent, more separated and shallow towards apex; pronotum rugulose; elytra with 3-4 diagonal impressions on disc, impressions evenly spaced with first impression near lateroapical angle of elytral base to suture, joining suture ~1/3 from base, first and third impressions deeper than others; intervals carinate, intervals 3,5,7, more strongly carinate in basal half than others, intervals convex to flat where interrupted by diagonal impressions; intervals 7 and 8 distinctly carinate and rounded at apical 1/4, disrupting normal contour of elytra; striae punctate along length; ventrally: prosternum, prosternal process, mesosternum, mesocoxa, and mesosternal intercoxal process, metasternum, hind coxa and base of abdominal sternite 3 with scattered and deep punctation, often confluent and rugulose in appearance; metasternum with several lateral striations on either side of suture (comb-like in appearance); abdominal sterna with scattered, shallow punctures; fore femur of males with more than twenty deep punctures in basal half of ventral surface, females with less (eight to fifteen), not all bearing setae.
Pilosity. Fig. 31. Dorsum of head, pronotum and disc of elytra with scattered micro-punctures; ventrally: prosternum, prosternal process, mesosternum, mesocoxa, and mesosternal intercoxal process and metasternum with moderate to long, blonde, setae associated with deep punctures; fore and mid femora of males with long, blonde setae associated with each puncture; fore and mid femora of females with several (fewer than males) blonde setae of various lengths in most punctures, some punctures without setae.
Fixed setae. Two pairs of supraorbital setae; clypeus with two lateral setae; labrum with six setae along apical margin; one pair of suborbital setae; pronotum with one seta at base of lateral margin; elytra with one seta at basal quarter of interval 3, one seta in interval 3 at mid-length, one seta in apical quarter of interval 3; 16-17 lateral (umbilical) setae in interval 9; two setae on each of abdominal sterna III to VI, two setae along apical margin of sternum VII in males, four setae along apical margin of sternum VII.
Luster. Head capsule, pronotum and elytra moderately glossy to glossy; ventral thoracic sterna and abdominal sterna moderately glossy.
Head. Fig. 23B. Mandible long and almost straight, obtuse tooth near apex of inside margin of each mandible, tooth of left mandible larger and situated lower than right, left mandible with additional tooth on inside cutting surface above mid-length of mandible; labrum unevenly bilobed, right lobe always longer that left; mentum with single broad tooth; eyes convex; palpi cylindrical, elongate.
Elytra. Humeri broadly rounded; elytral margin shallowly impressed in basal 1/3; elytral apices each with one small lateral spine and two apical spines, outside apical spine always longer than inside apical spine.
Hind wings. Macropterous. Legs. Tarsal claws smooth. Males with adhesive vestiture ventrally, two rows of squamo-setae on tarsomeres 1-3 of fore-leg.  Female genitalia. Figs 33A, 34D. Width 1.84 -2.12 mm. Gonocoxite 2 (gc2) wide at base, narrowing sharply toward apex, highly curved; two lateral ensiform setae (les) and one dorsal ensiform seta (des) present (not visible from dorsal view). Sensory furrow, furrow pegs and associated nematiform setae not observed; Bursa copulatrix highly textured with many infoldings; large, distinctively shaped sclerite (bsc) (type 1) internally at base, between apex of lateral tergites (not visible from dorsal view), differing from the bursal sclerite of Horniulus andrewesi Jedlička (Fig. 94B ) in that the sclerite appears to be inside the tissue of the dorsal surface of the bursa and not open to the interior cavity; one spermatheca (sp1) long and narrow; One spermathecal accessory gland (sg) long and narrow; spermathecal gland duct (sgd) very long and narrow, attachment site at base of spermatheca.
Habitat, habits, and seasonal occurrence. The known elevational range of C. horni is from 300 to 2000 meters. Only two specimens have been collected below 1000 meters altitude, with most specimens being collected from 1500 to 2000 meters. Adults of this species are found in mixed primary and secondary forest of montane areas. Adults are crepuscular or nocturnal with most activity observed on trunks of fallen or dying trees at night. Specimens have been collected from March to December but are most commonly collected from March to June. Methods of collecting include u.v. light, sugar baits painted on tree trunks (have not been observed at actual bait, only near), hand collecting and malaise trap. The only confirmed tree species from which C. (C.) horni has been collected is Pinus morrisonicola Hayata. Adults are very fast runners and when they are lit at night, they will quickly run to the dark side of the tree.
Geographical distribution. Catascopus horni is known only from Taiwan. See Figure 35.
Taxonomic notes. All species from the Oriental Region belong to the subgenus Coptoderina Jeannel, 1949. They are distinguished by the median lobe of males with ostium catopic. Diagnosis. Specimens of this species are distinguished from other species of Taiwanese Coptodera by a combination of having two setae in the basal 1/3 of stria 3, a head that is smooth or only slightly rugulose between eyes and males with adhesive vestiture on tarsomeres 1-3 of mid-leg (all others with only 1-2).
Macrosculpture. Dorsum of head faintly rugulose to smooth between eyes, clypeus faintly rugulose to smooth, both head and clypeus with relatively dense, fine and scattered setigerous punctures, punctures not visible and setae hardly visible at 50×; pronotum with disc rugulose, entire surface with fine and scattered setigerous punctures, punctures not visible but setae visible in side view at 50×; elytra with intervals rounded, fine scattered setigerous punctures on entire dorsal surface, hardly visible in lateral view at 50×, striae relatively wide (three to four cells), concave and blending into intervals smoothly, punctate, with single row of fine scattered setigerous punctures, hardly visible in lateral view at 50×; ventrally, thoracic and abdominal sclerites with scattered setigerous punctures throughout.
Fixed setae. Elytra with two setae in apical half of stria 2, two setae in basal 1/3 of stria 3.
Head. Mandibles somewhat curved at apex, somewhat long and narrow in form; labrum bilobed, widely emarginate, broadly rounded and relatively short.
Legs. Two rows of small squamo-setae on tarsomeres 1-3 of mid-leg, males with one notch apically on ventral side of mid-tibia.
Male genitalia. Figs 37A, B, 38A-C. Length 1.28 -1.58 mm. Ostium catopic, positioned slightly more to left side of dorsal surface. Phallus cylindrical, distinctively curved to the left from mid-length to apex in ventral view, apical area short, apex broadly rounded; endophallus wide and straight, two rows of spines (esp) from midlength towards apex, joining before apex, spine rows variable, some specimens with more sclerotized spines and additional spines where rows become confluent.
Habitat, habits, and seasonal occurrence. The known elevational range of C. chaudoiri is from 250 to 1125 meters with the majority of specimens collected from 480 to 750 meters. Adults of this species are found in mixed forest of montane areas and are crepuscular and can be found on trunks of live trees, and on bracket fungus. Specimens have been collected from May to September. Methods of collecting include u.v. light sheet, sweep netting near lights at night and hand collecting.
Geographical distribution. Coptodera chaudoiri is known from Japan and Taiwan. For Taiwan localities see Figure 59.   Nakane & Ohkura, 1956: 46;Habu 1959: 259;1961: 45;Jedlička 1963: 350;Shibata 1964: 40. Coptodera madara Habu, 1957: 114;Jedlička 1963 Jedlička (1963) suggested that there was a unique form of C. eluta from Taiwan that he called ab. unicolor. His justification was that specimens he observed had elytra with no maculae visible basally and only small maculae apically. This pattern of coloration falls within the normal variability of coloration in C. eluta and because of this his delineation has no taxonomic value.
Diagnosis. This species is easily distinguished from other Taiwanese Coptodera by a combination of small size, spined elytral apex, and elytra with two setae in basal 1/3 of stria 3.
Color. Fig. 39. Various. Dorsum of head and clypeus rufo-brunneous to piceous, labrum, antennae, and palpi rufo-brunneous; disc of pronotum rufo-brunneous to brunneous, lateral margins somewhat translucent, rufo-brunneous to testaceous; elytral disc brunneous to brunneo-piceous, with six testaceous to rufo-testaceous maculae, two anterior, two meso-posterior and two posterior, anterior macula variable, just above the second fixed seta of stria 3 and centered in interval 4, this can range from a hardly visible light spot, to a stretched ovoid shape in interval 4 only, to a larger ovoid shape extending into interval 3 and 5, meso-posterior macula variable, +/-half-crescent shape with crescent open towards apex of elytra, extended from stria 3-7, widest in interval 4 and 5, posterior macula variable, a small patch extended across intervals 2 and 3 but uneven, portion of macula on interval 2, shorter then portion on interval 3; margins of elytra somewhat translucent, rufobrunneous to testaceous; ventral surface brunneous to brunneo-piceous with exception of proepipleuron and elytral epipleuron which are brunneous to testaceous; legs with trochanter and femora brunneous to rufo-brunneous, tibia rufo-brunneous to rufo-piceous.
Macrosculpture and pilosity. Dorsum of head finely rugulose medially, with finely scattered setigerous punctures, visible only in side view at 50×, 2-3 furrows along contour of eye; pronotum with finely scattered setigerous punctures, visible in side view at 50×, outside margin of disc to lateral margin shallowly rugulose; elytra with intervals broadly rounded, single row of fine setigerous punctures in the center of each interval, striae narrow, single row of setigerous punctures in each stria, hardly visible at 50×.
Luster. Head capsule and pronotum moderately dull; elytra moderately glossy; ventral thoracic sterna and abdominal sterna moderately glossy.  Head. Mandibles curved at apex, relatively short and narrow in form, mostly covered by labrum; labrum bilobed, emargination triangular in form, somewhat elongate and rounded towards apex.
Pronotum. Disc with one round shallow depression on either side; anterior transverse impression shallow; posterior transverse impression deep, median longitudinal impression moderately deep; lateral margins explanate, apico-lateral margins broadly rounded and curled up at margin, posterio-lateral margins slightly sinuate, obtuse.
Elytra. Apex with small spine. Legs. A few small squamo-setae on tarsomere 2 of mid-leg, males with one notch apically on ventral side of mid-tibia.
Male genitalia. Fig. 40A-C. Length 1.16 mm. Ostium left pleuropic. Phallus cylindrical, distinctively wide medially, apical area with short, bluntly rounded apex, curved to the right when viewed from ventral aspect; endophallus only viewed through phallus, one basal endophallic spine apparent (es), other sclerotized areas may also be present but have not been confirmed. Habu (1961) suggested that the endophallus contained "two small copulatory pieces".
Female genitalia. Fig. 57B. Width 1.00 -1.04 mm. One spermatheca (sp1), cylindrical, ribbed laterally along length; one spermathecal accessory gland (sg), large and somewhat cylindrical, from apex of duct appears as two chambers, a small chamber followed by a constriction approximately the width of the gland duct, to a larger apical chamber; spermathecal gland duct (sgd) more than twice as long as length of spermatheca, attachment site medially on large diverticulum (div) of spermatheca; bursa copulatrix (bc) with distinctive sac at apical end, large and somewhat cylindrical, coming to a point at the apex (bs).
Habitat, habits, and seasonal occurrence. The known elevational range of C. eluta is from 100 to 220 meters. Adults of this species are found in mixed forest of montane areas. Little is known of the habits of this species. Specimens have been collected from June and September in Taiwan and methods of collecting include "at light" and hand collecting.
Geographical distribution. Coptodera eluta has a wide, Asian distribution. It is known from Japan, Korea, the Philippines, Indo-China, Malaysia, Thailand, Myanmar, Ceylon, India, and Taiwan. For Taiwan collecting localities see Figure 59.
Type locality. Japan: Kyushu (Kiushiu). Diagnosis. Specimens of this species are easily distinguished from other Taiwanese Coptodera by a combination of elytra with a seta in the apical 1/3 of stria 2 and black lateral margins.
Microsculpture. Dorsum of head with microsculpture somewhat granulate and isodiametric, easily visible at 50× magnification; pronotum somewhat granulate, isodiametric to somewhat transverse mesh pattern easily visible at 50×; elytral intervals with transverse sculpticells, center of striae with isodiametric sculpticells a few cells wide; ventral surface of head with microsculpture transverse, faintly visible at 50×; prosternum, proepipleuron, mesepisternum and metepisternum with sculpticells forming a shallow transverse mesh.
Macrosculpture and pilosity. Dorsum of head and clypeus smooth, with relatively dense, fine, scattered setigerous punctures, setae hardly visible at 50×; pronotum with relatively dense, fine and scattered setigerous punctures, visible in side view at 50×, disc shallowly rugulose; elytra with intervals broadly rounded, single row of fine setigerous punctures in the center of each interval, these punctures larger than additional scattered setigerous punctures throughout disc, striae with single row of fine setigerous punctures hardly visible in lateral view at 50×; ventrally, thoracic and abdominal sclerites with scattered setigerous punctures throughout.
Fixed setae. Elytra with two setae in apical 1/3 of stria 2, one seta near base in stria 3. Luster. Dorsal and ventral surfaces moderately glossy. Head. Mandibles somewhat curved at apex, relatively long and narrow in form, when measured on outside diameter, visible portion longer than length of labrum; labrum relatively stout and rounded, slightly wider than clypeus at max width, broadly bilobed to almost flat apically.
Legs. Two rows of small squamo-setae on tarsomeres 1-2 of mid-leg; males with two notches apically on ventral side of mid-tibia. Note: one individual with two notches on left mid-tibia and three notches on right mid-tibia has been observed.
Male genitalia. Figs 42, 43A-C Length 1.86 -1.92 mm. Ostium catopic, positioned slightly to right when viewed ventrally, phallus cylindrical, slanting right from base of ostium towards apex when viewed ventrally, apical area with short, bluntly rounded apex; endophallus long and narrow, positioned to right of phallus when everted and viewed ventrally, microtrichia dispersed evenly and rather divergently on most  of surface, one large and typically more dense microtrichial field (mtf ) present on left side of phallus, just before apical constriction, sclerotized ring of spines (esr) at narrowest portion of apical constriction.
Female genitalia. 57C. Width 1.28 mm. One spermatheca (sp1), cylindrical and long, ribbed laterally along length, distinctively curved at base; one spermathecal accessory gland (sg), large and bulbous; spermathecal gland duct (sgd) only slightly longer than length of spermatheca, slightly swollen at apical end, just before gland, attachment site medially on distinctively shaped diverticulum (div) of spermatheca; bursa copulatrix (bc) with distinctive sac at apical end (bs), highly constricted near opening to common oviduct, then expanding out into and oblong mushroom top shaped chamber.
Habitat, habits, and seasonal occurrence. The known elevational range of C. japonica is from 640 to 2770 meters. Adults of this species are found in mixed forest of montane areas. Little is known of the habits of this species but one specimen of this species was collected on shelf fungus. Specimens have been collected from April to October in Taiwan and methods of collecting include u.v. light, malaise trap, and hand collecting. Coptodera formosana var. maculata Dupuis, 1912: 329. Coptodera maculata Dupuis: Nakane and Ohkura 1956: 48;Jedlička 1963: 342. Types and other material examined. Holotype (female) labeled: "Hoozan/ Formosa/H. Sauter II 10"; "TYPUS" [rectangular, red paper]; "DUPUIS DET."; "Coptodera/formosana D/maculata D". One paratype and six other specimens of C. maculata: five males and one female. For further details see EH Strickland Virtual Entomology Museum Database.
Diagnosis. Specimens of this species are easily distinguished from other Taiwanese Coptodera by a combination of elytra with one seta in apical 1/4 of stria 3, one seta in apical 1/3 of stria 2, light lateral margins, and an apical macula that extends to suture.
Microsculpture. Dorsum of head with sculpticells granulate and isodiametric, easily visible at 50× magnification; pronotum somewhat granulate, transverse mesh pattern easily visible at 50×; elytral intervals with transverse sculpticells, center of striae with isodiametric sculpticells, one to two cells wide; ventral surface of head, smooth with microsculpture not visible at 50×; prosternum, proepipleuron, mesepisternum and metepisternum with sculpticells forming a shallow, somewhat transverse to transverse mesh. Macrosculpture. Dorsum of head and clypeus faintly rugulose to smooth, with relatively dense, fine and scattered setigerous punctures, setae hardly visible at 50×; pronotum with fine and scattered setigerous punctures, visible in side view at 50×, disc shallowly regulose; elytra with intervals broadly rounded, single row of fine setigerous punctures in the center of each interval, these punctures larger than additional scattered setigerous puncture throughout disc, striae with single row of fine setigerous punctures hardly visible in lateral view at 50×; ventrally, thoracic and abdominal sclerites with scattered setigerous punctures throughout.
Luster. Dorsal and ventral surfaces moderately glossy.
Head. Mandibles somewhat curved at apex, somewhat long and narrow in form, when measured on outside diameter, visible portion shorter than length of labrum; labrum slightly wider than clypeus at max width, broadly bilobed.
Legs. Two rows of small squamo-setae on tarsomeres 1-2 of mid-leg; males with two notches apically on ventral side of mid-tibia.
Male genitalia. Figs 45A-C, 46A. Length 1.08 -1.44 mm. Ostium catopic. Phallus cylindrical, right side straight along length, left side curving slightly from mid-length to apex when viewed ventrally, distinctively wide medially in lateral view, apical area very short and bluntly rounded apex, slightly curved upwards in lateral view; endophallus, relatively short and stout, one large and distinctive microtrichial field, microtrichia longer and more dense on right side, sclerotized ring of distinctively large spines (esr) at narrowest portion of apical constriction.
Female genitalia. Fig. 57D. Width 0.96 mm. One spermatheca (sp1), cylindrical, ribbed laterally along length; spermathecal accessory gland not observed; spermathecal gland (sgd) duct broken before apex but distinctively swollen along length, attachment site near apex of large diverticulum (div) of spermatheca; bursa copulatrix (bc) with distinctive sac at apical end (bs), large and somewhat cylindrical, coming to a point at the apex.
Habitat, habits, and seasonal occurrence. The known elevational range of C. maculata is from 100 to 950 meters. Adults of this species are found in mixed forest of montane areas. Little is known of the habits of this species. Specimens have been collected from January to September with the most being collected in June. Methods of collecting include u.v. light sheet, light trap, and hand collecting.
Diagnosis. Specimens of this species are easily distinguished from other Taiwanese Coptodera by a combination of elytra with one seta in apical 1/4 of stria 3, one seta in apical 1/3 of stria 2, light lateral margins and an apical macula that does not extend to suture.
Microsculpture. Dorsum of head with microsculpture somewhat granulate and isodiametric on center of head and towards neck, outer portions less granulate to almost flat, easily visible at 50×; pronotum somewhat granulate, isodiametric to somewhat transverse mesh pattern easily visible at 50×; elytral intervals with transverse sculpticells, center of striae with isodiametric sculpticells a few cells wide; ventral surface of head with microsculpture transverse, faintly visible at 50×; prosternum, proepipleu- ron, mesepisternum and metepisternum with sculpticells forming a shallow, somewhat transverse to transverse mesh.
Macrosculpture and pilosity. Dorsum of head and clypeus faintly rugulose, with relatively dense, fine, scattered setigerous punctures, setae hardly visible at 50×; pronotum with relatively dense, fine and scattered setigerous punctures, visible in side view at 50×, disc shallowly rugulose; elytra with intervals broadly rounded, single row of fine setigerous punctures in the center of each interval, these punctures larger than additional scattered setigerous puncture throughout disc, striae with single row of fine setigerous punctures hardly visible in lateral view at 50×; ventrally, thoracic and abdominal sclerites with scattered setigerous punctures throughout.
Luster. Dorsal and ventral surfaces moderately glossy.
Head. Mandibles somewhat curved at apex, somewhat long and narrow in form, when measured on outside diameter, visible portion always shorter than length of labrum; labrum slightly wider than clypeus at max width, broadly bilobed.
Male genitalia. Figs 46B, 48A-C. Length 1.54 -1.64 mm. Ostium catopic, opening positioned slightly left of center. Phallus cylindrical, right side straight along length, left side curving from mid-length to apex when viewed ventrally, apical area with short, bluntly rounded apex; endophallus long and narrow, with constriction near base, two distinctive microtrichial fields, one large one towards apical end, one smaller and more dense one (esp) between basal constriction and larger microtrichial field, sclerotized ring of spines at narrowest portion of apical constriction.
Female genitalia. Fig. 58A. Width 1.38 mm. The single female specimen dissected was in very poor condition and all other accessory organs were destroyed in prep.
Habitat, habits, and seasonal occurrence. The known elevational range of C. marginata is from 1000 to 1200 meters. Adults of this species are found in mixed forest of montane areas. Little is known of the habits of this species. Specimens have been collected from April to September in Taiwan and methods of collecting include malaise trap and hand collecting.
Geographical distribution. Coptodera marginata is known from Japan and Taiwan. For Taiwan collecting localities see Figure 60. Type locality. Taiwan. Lanren River area, Pingdong county. Diagnosis. This species is most similar to C. japonica but is easily distinguished by the testaceous margin of the pronotum (black or just slightly lighter in color in C. japonica) and the almost straight elytral apex.
Microsculpture. Dorsum of head with microsculpture somewhat granulate and isodiametric, easily visible at 50× magnification; pronotum somewhat granulate, transverse to almost isodiametric in margins, mesh pattern easily visible at 50×; elytral intervals with transverse sculpticells, center of striae with isodiametric sculpticells a few cells wide; ventral surface of head with microsculpture not visible at 50×; prosternum, proepipleuron, mesepisternum and metepisternum with sculpticells forming a shallow transverse to nearly isodiametric mesh.
Macrosculpture. Dorsum of head and clypeus smooth, with fine and scattered setigerous punctures, setae hardly visible at 50×; pronotum with fine, scattered setigerous punc-tures, visible in side view at 50×, disc shallowly rugulose; elytra with intervals rounded, single row of fine setigerous punctures in the center of each interval, these punctures larger than additional scattered setigerous puncture throughout disc, striae punctate, with single row of fine setigerous punctures hardly visible in lateral view at 50×; ventrally, thoracic and abdominal sclerites with scattered setigerous punctures throughout.
Luster. Dorsal and ventral surfaces moderately glossy. Head. Fig. 50A. Mandibles somewhat curved at apex, relatively long and narrow in form, when measured on outside diameter, visible portion shorter than length of labrum; labrum stout and rounded, slightly wider than clypeus at max width, broadly bilobed and widely emarginated.
Legs. Two rows of small squamo-setae on tarsomeres 1-2 of mid-leg, males with two notches apically on ventral side of mid-tibia.
Male genitalia. Fig. 51A-D. Length 1.32 -1.34 mm. Ostium slightly left pleuropic. Phallus cylindrical, right side straight along length, left side curving slightly from mid-length to apex of ostium when viewed ventrally, apical area with short, bluntly rounded apex; endophallus moderately short and stout, microtrichia dispersed some-  what evenly in apical portion (mtf ), small microtrichia in basal 1/3 and increasing in length towards apex, sclerotized ring of spines (esr) near apex .
Female genitalia. Fig. 58B. Width 1.04 mm. One spermatheca (sp1), cylindrical and long, ribbed laterally along length; one spermathecal accessory gland (sg), large and distinctively elongate; spermathecal gland duct (sgd) longer than length of spermatheca, slightly swollen at apical end, just before gland, attachment site on apex of bilobed diverticulum (div) of spermatheca; bursa copulatrix (bc) with distinctive, sac at apical end (bs), constricted near opening to common oviduct, then expanding out into a distinctively large chamber.
Habitat, habits, and seasonal occurrence. The known elevational range of C. occulta sp. n. is from 200 to 640 meters. Adults of this species are found in mixed forest of montane areas. Little is known of the habits of this species. Specimens have been collected from March to September in Taiwan and methods of collecting include u.v. light, light trap, flight intercept trap, and hand collecting.
Geographical distribution. Coptodera occulta is known only from Taiwan. See Figure 60. Type locality. Taiwan. Diagnosis. Specimens of this species are easily distinguished from other Taiwanese Coptodera by a combination of elytra with one seta in apical 1/4 of stria 3 and no setae in stria 2.
Microsculpture and pilosity. Dorsum of head with microsculpture somewhat granulate and +/-isodiametric, easily visible at 50× magnification; pronotum variable, transverse on disc to almost isodiametric near margins; elytral intervals with transverse sculpticells, center of striae with isodiametric sculpticells, one to two cells wide; ventral surface of head, smooth with microsculpture not visible at 50×. Prosternum, proepipleuron, mesepisternum and metepisternum with sculpticells forming a shallow, somewhat transverse to transverse mesh.
Macrosculpture. Dorsum of head somewhat rugulose between eyes, clypeus faintly rugulose to smooth, both head and clypeus with relatively dense, fine and scattered setigerous punctures, setae hardly visible at 50×; pronotum with fine and scattered setigerous punctures, visible in side view at 50×, disc shallowly rugulose to smooth; elytra with intervals somewhat flat, entire dorsal surface with fine scattered setigerous punctures, hardly visible in lateral view at 50× , striae impunctate; ventrally, thoracic and abdominal sclerites with scattered setigerous punctures throughout.
Fixed setae. Elytra with one seta near apex of stria 2, one seta near base in stria 3; ventrally, prosternal process with dense, circular patch of setae at base in males.
Luster. Dorsal and ventral surfaces moderately glossy. Head. Mandibles somewhat curved at apex, somewhat long and narrow in form, when measured on outside diameter, visible portion approximately half the length of the labrum; labrum bilobed, right lobe occasionally slightly longer than left.
Legs. Fig. 53. Two rows of small squamo-setae on tarsomeres 1-2 of mid-leg, finer and more difficult to observe than other species, males with one meso-tibial notch (mtn) apically on ventral side of meso-tibia.
Male genitalia. Fig. 54A-D. Length 1.80 -1.92 mm. Ostium left pleuropic. Phallus cylindrical, right side straight along length, left side curving slightly from midlength to apex of ostium when viewed ventrally, apical area distinctively long and narrow along length, rounded apex, slightly curved upwards in lateral view; endophallus, relatively short and stout, distinctive form, bent medially, one large field of long spines (esp) on outer surface of medial bend.
Female genitalia. Fig. 58C. Width 1.20 mm. One spermatheca (sp1), cylindrical, ribbed laterally along length, bent medially; one spermathecal accessory gland, relatively long and narrow in form; spermathecal gland (sgd) duct slightly swollen in apical half, attachment site near apex of diverticulum (div) of spermatheca; bursa copulatrix (bc) with bursa split into two portions basally, left side with large bursal diverticulum (bd) of similar width as remaining bursa on right side, main duct of bursa with distinctive sac at apical end ( bs), large and somewhat spherical in form, additional tissue behind chamber with many infoldings.
Habitat, habits, and seasonal occurrence. The known elevational range of C. proksi is from 640 to 2095 meters. Notably, only one of the 54 specimens collected was found at 640 meters, all remaining specimens were collected from 1400 to 2095  meters. Adults of this species are found in mixed forest of montane areas. This species is crepuscular and found on both trunks of live trees and recently dead or dying trees as night. Specimens have been collected from May to September with most being collected in July. Methods of collecting include u.v. light sheet, m.v. light sheet, light trap, at sugar bait, and hand collecting.
Geographical distribution. Coptodera proksi is known only from Taiwan. See Figure 60.
Color. Fig. 55. See notes on coloration below. Dorsum of head piceous with faint metallic sheen, clypeus rufo-brunneous to rufo-piceous, always lighter than head, labrum rufo-brunneous to rufo-piceous, always slightly lighter than clypeus, contrasting with testaceous mandible base, antennae and palpi testaceous to rufo-brunneous; disc of pronotum brunneo-piceous to piceous, with faint metallic sheen, lateral margins testaceous to rufo-brunneous, always lighter then disc; disc of elytra black, with four testaceous macula, two anterior and two posterior, variable, anterior macula from interval 2 or 3 to 6 or 7, closest to base of elytra in interval 6 (when reduced, sometimes 4), closest to apex of elytra in interval 4, macula distinctively long in interval 4 compared to other intervals; posterior macula from suture (few specimens from interval 1) to interval 8 (few specimens to interval 7), closest to base of elytra in interval 5, closest to apex of elytra in interval 3; margins of elytra brunneous to rufo-brunneous; ventral surface with thoracic and abdominal tergites rufo-brunneous to rufo-piceous, margins of abdominal tergites and metepisternum darker; legs contrastingly lighter, with trochanter and femora and tarsi testaceous to brunneo-testaceous, tibia rufo-brunneous to darker on dorsal surface.
Notes on coloration. In certain light conditions this species appears to have a metallic green to cupreous head and pronotum and elytra with a faint cupreous sheen. This is so in the habitus photograph as well as our experience with them in the field, under a bright LED headlamp. Other light sources such as the Wild M5 incandescent bulb source show no apparent metallic sheen to only a faint metallic sheen. The above description is what you will typically see through a microscope.
Macrosculpture. Dorsum of head somewhat rugulose between eyes, clypeus faintly rugulose to smooth, both head and clypeus with relatively dense, fine and scattered setigerous punctures, punctures not visible and setae hardly visible at 50×; pronotum with fine and scattered setigerous punctures, punctures not visible but setae visible in side view at 50×, disc faintly rugulose to smooth; elytra with intervals somewhat flat, +/-single row of fine scattered setigerous punctures in center of each interval, hardly visible in lateral view at 50×; striae narrow, appear impunctate when viewed dorsally but with single row of fine scattered setigerous punctures, hardly visible in lateral view at 50×; ventrally, thoracic and abdominal sclerites with scattered setigerous punctures throughout.
Fixed setae. Elytra with two setae in apical 1/3 stria 2, one seta near base in stria 3; ventrally, prosternal process with dense, circular patch of setae at base in males.
Luster. Dorsal surface of head and pronotum moderately shiny; elytra shiny.
Head. Mandibles somewhat curved at apex, somewhat long and narrow in form, when measured on outside diameter, visible portion approximately half the length of the labrum; labrum bilobed, right lobe occasionally slightly longer than left.
Male genitalia. Fig. 56A-D. Length 1.00 -1.14 mm. Ostium catopic, positioned on left side of dorsal surface. Phallus cylindrical, right side straight along length, left side curving slightly from mid-length to apex of ostium when viewed ventrally, apical area somewhat elongate, apex bluntly rounded, slightly curved upwards in lateral view; endophallus, relatively short, stout and bulbous, distinctive form, sclerotized ring (esr) at narrowest portion of apical constriction, spines no evident.
Female genitalia. Fig. 58D. Width 0.96 mm. One spermatheca (sp1), cylindrical, ribbed laterally along length; one spermathecal accessory gland (sg), large and somewhat cylindrical, from apex of duct appears as two chambers, a small chamber followed by a constriction approximately the width of the gland duct, to a larger apical chamber; spermathecal gland duct (sgd) attachment site apically on large diverticulum (div) of spermatheca; bursa copulatrix (bc) with distinctive sac at apical end (bs), large and somewhat cylindrical, coming to a rounded point at the apex.
Habitat, habits, and seasonal occurrence. The known elevational range of C. taiwana is from 100 to 1150 meters. Adults of this species are found in mixed forest of montane areas. This species is crepuscular and specimens can occasionally be found on trunks of live trees but is most commonly collected on deadwood. Specimens have been collected from March to December. Methods of collecting include u.v. light sheet, light trap, sweep netting, hand collecting, and insecticidal fogging of Pinus morrisonicola Hayata.
Geographical distribution. Coptodera taiwana is known from Japan and Taiwan. For Taiwan collecting localities see Figure 60. Microsculpture. Elytra with shallow, transverse sculpticells; ventral surface of head with microsculpture transverse, visible at 50×; prosternum, proepipleuron, mesepisternum and metepisternum with sculpticells forming a shallow transverse to almost isodiametric mesh.

Genus Dolichoctis Schmidt-Goebel
Macrosculpture and pilosity. Dorsum of head smooth. Fixed setae. Two pairs of supraorbital setae; clypeus with two lateral setae; labrum with six setae along apical margin; one pair of suborbital setae; pronotum with two pairs of setae, one at base of lateral margin and one on lateral margin at pronotum max width; 16 lateral (umbilical) setae in interval 9; ventral surface with fine, scattered setigerous punctures, two setae on each of abdominal sterna III to VI; two setae along apical margin of sternum VII in males, females with four setae near apical margin of sternum VII.
Female genitalia. Gonocoxite 2 (gc2) wide at base, narrowing and curving outwards from mid-length; two lateral ensiform setae (les) and one dorsal ensiform seta (des) present. Sensory furrow, furrow pegs and associated nematiform setae not observed. Anterior and posterior maculae near circular, smaller, anterior macula from interval 5 (sometimes into 4) to interval 8, posterior macula, extended from interval 3 to interval 5 or less (rarely from interval 2 to 6) .. Type locality. Taiwan. Nantou county, Dakeng Scenic Area. Taxonomic note. Dolichoctis badiadorsis appears to be closely related to D. jacobsoni Anderewes (1929), which is known from Vietnam, Sumatra, Java, and Borneo. It is easily distinguished from D. jacobsoni by the following differences: pronotum brunneo-testaceous to rufo-brunneous and with basal and apical width equal in length; elytra with faint apical macula extending to suture (2 nd to 5 th interval in D. jacobsoni); phallus with shaft uniformly narrowing towards apex in lateral view, apex in the form of a more spatulate hook; endophallus with spines of spine patch with different placement and number of spines. Diagnosis. Specimens of this species are easily distinguished from other species of Dolichoctis by a combination of the absence of elytra with only very faintly visible macula and a head and pronotum that is only somewhat lighter in coloration than head.
Microsculpture. Dorsum of head with microsculpture granulate, almost isodiametric in front of eyes, somewhat transverse behind eyes, easily visible at 50× magnification; pronotum with shallow, transverse mesh pattern.
Macrosculpture. Elytra with intervals somewhat convex. Fixed setae. Elytra with interval 3 with two punctures bearing fine setae, first near mid-length and second ~2/3 to apex.
Elytra. Hind angles nearly truncate. Male genitalia. Figs 62A-D, 63. Length 0.88 -0.96 mm. Ostium left pleuropic. Phallus cylindrical at base but flattened dorso-ventrally in apical half, phallus apex with distinctive form, hooked to the left when viewed ventrally; endophallus straight and wide, with two rows of 5-7 moderately large spines (esp) from mid-length towards apex.
Habitat, habits, and seasonal occurrence. The known elevational range of D. badiadorsis is from 310 to 1400 meters with most being collected between 475 and 800 meters in elevation. Adults of this species are found in mixed forest of montane areas. Many specimens have been collected both from deadwood and trunks of live trees. Specimens have been collected from April to December in Taiwan with the majority being collected in May. Methods of collecting include u.v. light, m.v. light, sweep netting, hand collecting, and malaise trap.
Fixed setae. Elytra with interval 3 with two punctures bearing fine setae, first near mid-length and second ~2/3 to apex.
Luster. Head capsule and pronotum moderately dull; elytra moderately glossy; ventral thoracic sterna and abdominal sterna moderately glossy.
Head. Mandibles almost entirely covered by pronotum; labrum more or less rectangular.
Elytra. Hind angles slightly sinuate. Male genitalia. Figs 65A-D, 66. Length 0.88 -0.96 mm. Ostium left pleuropic. Phallus cylindrical, narrowing from mid-length to apex, apex somewhat elongate and slightly spatulate, rounded at apex and with slight constriction before apex, in ventral view; endophallus, short, slightly curved just above mid-length, with two large spine fields present, one row of vertical spines basally on side closest to phallus base, one larger, vertical spine field on apical side from below mid-length to endophallus apex.
Habitat, habits, and seasonal occurrence. The known elevational range of D. dilatata is from 475 to 740 meters. This species in only known from three specimens. One specimen was collected during the day while sweeping vegetation along a walking trail. The other two were collected at night from live tree trunks. Adults of this species are found in mixed forest of montane areas. Specimens have been collected in May, July, and October in Taiwan. Methods of collecting include sweep netting and hand collecting.
Geographical distribution. Dolichoctis dilatata is known only from Taiwan. See Figure 72.
Macrosculpture and pilosity. Pronotum shallowly rugulose near base; elytra with intervals somewhat flat, interval 3 with two punctures visible, no setae apparent, first near mid-length and second in apical macula, occasionally other punctures apparent but not as distinctive as the two in interval 3.
Luster. Head capsule moderately glossy; pronotum and elytra glossy; ventral thoracic sterna and abdominal sterna moderately glossy.
Head. Mandibles relatively short, mostly covered by labrum; labrum more or less rectangular, rounded at apex.
Habitat, habits, and seasonal occurrence. The known elevational range of D. rotundata is from 61 to 725 meters. Adults of this species are found in mixed forest of montane areas. Many specimens of this species were collected both from deadwood and trunks of live trees. Specimens have been collected from March to December in Taiwan. Methods of collecting include u.v. light, sweep netting, hand collecting, malaise trap, flight intercept trap, and insecticidal fogging the canopy of tree species Ficus irisana Elmer, at night.

Dolichoctis taiwanensis Baehr
Diagnosis. Specimens of this species are distinguished from other species of Dolichoctis by elytra with small and circular maculae with anterior macula typically from only extending from interval 5 to 8.
Macrosculpture. Pronotum shallowly rugulose near base; elytra with intervals somewhat flat, interval 3 with two punctures visible, no setae apparent, first near mid-length and second in apical macula, occasionally other punctures apparent but not as distinctive as the two in interval 3.
Luster. Head capsule moderately glossy; pronotum and elytra glossy; ventral thoracic sterna and abdominal sterna moderately glossy.
Head. Mandibles relatively short, mostly covered by labrum; labrum more or less rectangular, rounded at apex.
Habitat, habits, and seasonal occurrence. The known elevational range of D. taiwanensis is from 170 to 2069 meters. Only two specimens have been collected at over 1000 meters, with the most being collected between 600 and 800 meters in elevation. Adults are found in mixed forest of montane areas. Many specimens    Formosiella Jedlička, 1951: 112;Kirschenhofer 1994Kirschenhofer : 1027Lorenz 2005: 460. Type species. Formosiella brunnea Jedlička, 1951 (monobasic). Fixed setae. Two pairs of supraorbital setae; clypeus with two long, lateral setae; labrum with six setae along apical margin; one pair of suborbital setae; ventral surface with two setae on each of abdominal sterna III to VI; four setae along apical margin of sternum VII in females, two setae along apical margin of sternum VII in males.
Microsculpture. Remaining dorsal surface with microsculpture not visible at 50×; ventral surface of pronotum and lateral margins of abdominal segments with faint transverse microsculpture; metepisternum with contrasting granulate and easily visible isodiametric microsculpture. Remaining ventral surface with microsculpture not visible or hardly so at 50×.
Macrosculpture and pilosity. Dorsum of head and clypeus with fine, scattered setigerous punctures, punctures easily visible but setae hardly so at 50×; pronotum with fine, scattered setigerous punctures, setae of two lengths, longer setae more sparsely dispersed over surface, margin with evenly spaced setae along border; elytra with intervals somewhat convex, entire surface with fine, scattered setigerous punctures with setae hardly visible at 50×, intervals 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9 with rows of longer setae with larger punctures, +/evenly spaced along length of interval apex, striae punctate, margin with evenly spaced setae along border; ventral surface with several randomly scattered setigerous punctures.
Fixed setae. Pronotum with two pairs of setae, one at base of lateral margin and one on lateral margin at pronotum max width; 16-17 lateral (umbilical) setae in interval 9; elytra with interval 3 with three punctures not bearing setae, first on outside of interval in basal 1/6, second on inside of interval at mid-length, third on inside of interval in apical 1/6.
Male genitalia. Fig. 74A-D. Length 1.08 -1.20 mm. Phallus narrowest at base and widening towards apex in lateral view, apex narrow and pointed; endophallus short, with one microtrichial field (esp) present near mid-length on left side.
Habitat, habits, and seasonal occurrence. The known elevational range of F. brunnea is from 700 to 2230 meters, with the majority being collected from between 1830 and 2000 meters. Most specimens collected have come from trees that have recently fallen or been uprooted and are dying. Adults are nocturnal or crepuscular and are found in mixed forest of both primary and disturbed secondary forests. Specimens have been collected from March to September. Methods of collecting include u.v. light sheet, m.v. light, sugar baiting tree trunks and hand collecting.
Type locality. Japan. Okinawa Island. Diagnosis. Specimens of this species are easily distinguished from the only other Taiwanese species of the genus by the elytral disc having four diffuse maculae.
Microsculpture. Remaining dorsal surface with microsculpture not visible at 50×; ventral surface with microsculpture of metepisternum and lateral margins very faintly and shallowly transverse, all other surfaces with microsculpture not visible at 50×.  (Shibata). A dorsal aspect, endophallus everted B right lateral aspect C ventral aspect D left lateral aspect. Legend: el endophallic lobe; mtf microtrichial field.
Macrosculpture. Dorsum of head with, scattered, setigerous punctures, punctures easily visible at 50×, setae very short in comparison to pronotum and elytra; pronotum disc with single, shallow depression medially on each side, lateral margins shallowly rugulose, entire surface with scattered, setigerous punctures, some bearing longer setae, easily visible in lateral view; elytra with intervals somewhat flat, entire surface with scattered, setigerous punctures, punctures relatively large and dense, some confluent, some punctures with longer setae (typically at center of intervals), easily visible in lateral view, striae with fine setigerous punctures along length; ventral surface of body, except base of head, with scattered setigerous punctures, easily visible at 50×.
Fixed setae. Pronotum with one pair of setae at base of lateral margin; 15-16 lateral (umbilical) setae in interval 9; elytra with interval 3 with three setae, one seta in basal 1/4, one seta at mid-length, one seta in apical 1/4, these setae can be difficult to observe in some specimens.
Luster. Dorsal and ventral surface moderately glossy.
Elytra. Broadly rounded, hind angles truncate. Legs. Males with adhesive vestiture ventrally, few squamo-setae at apex of tarsomeres 2 and 3 of fore-leg; males with one notch apically on ventral side of mid-tibia.
Male genitalia. Fig. 80A-D. Length 0.88 -1.00 mm. Phallus short and distinctly wide medially, apex short, rounded at tip; endophallus with base distinctively wide and somewhat triangulate, narrowing to approximately basal 1/3 and then expanding again somewhat towards apex, two somewhat sclerotized and elongate endophallic flagellum (ef ), laterally on each side of triangular basal lobe, one from base to constriction, one from base and well beyond constriction.
Habitat, habits, and seasonal occurrence. The known elevational range of F. flavomaculata is from 500 to 1610 meters, with only one specimen known from over 920 meters. Adults are crepuscular or nocturnal and found in mixed primary and secondary forest of montane areas. Little is known about the habits of this species. Seven of the eleven known specimens were collected in disturbed forest from discrete hiding spots or under bark of deadwood by WH. Specimens have been collected from August to December. Known methods of collection are m.v. light sheet and hand collecting.
Geographical distribution. Formosiella brunnea is known from Japan (Ryukus and Okinawa Islands) and Taiwan See Figure 78.
Color. Fig. 79. Varies depending on lighting and angle of observation. Dorsum of head and clypeus metallic blue to violaceous, dark, labrum metallic green to cupreous, antennae and palpi brunneo-piceous; disc of pronotum metallic blue to violaceous, some specimens with basal fovea and lateral margins metallic green; elytral disc metallic blue to metallic green, some specimens slightly violaceous; ventral surface piceous; legs brunneo-piceous to piceous.
Microsculpture. Head with very shallow microsculpture, almost isodiametric to isodiametric; pronotum with very shallow microsculpture, transverse; disc of elytra with transverse microsculpture, some places near suture approaching isodiametric, easily visible at 50×; ventral surface with transverse microsculpture.  Macrosculpture and pilosity. Dorsum of head and pronotum with scattered setigerous punctures, punctures easily visible but setae hardly so at 50×, pronotum faintly rugulose laterally; elytra with shallow lateral depression at basal 1/5, interval 7 carinate in basal half, other intervals moderately flat, each interval with a single row of setigerous puncture centrally; ventral surface with randomly scattered punctures, some bearing setae.
Fixed setae. Two pairs of supraorbital setae; clypeus with two long, lateral setae; labrum with six setae along apical margin; one pair of suborbital setae; pronotum with two pairs of setae, one at base of lateral margin and one on lateral margin at pronotum max width; 15-16 lateral (umbilical) setae in interval 9; elytra with interval 3 with three setae, first on outside of interval in basal 1/5, second on outside of interval at mid-length, third on inside of interval near apex; ventral surface with two setae on each of abdominal sterna III to VI; four setae along apical margin of sternum VII; legs with ventral surface of fore-femur with dense brush of long setae, less so in females.
Legs. Tarsal claws denticulate, three to four denticles per claw, claws relatively short; males with adhesive vestiture ventrally, two rows squamo-setae on tarsomeres 1-3 of fore-leg, males with several shallow notches apically on ventral side of mid-tibia.
Habitat, habits, and seasonal occurrence. From the few specimens examined, it appears that this is a low-land species. It is possible that this species is diurnal because in three years of night collecting, we have not encountered it. Specimens have been collected in April and May. All known specimens were hand collected.
Geographical distribution. Holcoderus formosanus is known only from Taiwan. See Figure 81.
Macrosculpture. Dorsum of head with center of disc smooth, laterally, somewhat rugulose, entire surface with scattered setigerous punctures, punctures easily visible but setae hardly so at 50×, punctures larger and more dense in rugulose area; pronotum with fine, scattered setigerous punctures, setae hardly visible at 50×; elytral intervals moderately flat, with some very fine, scattered punctures on disc, striae finely punctate, setae hardly visible at 50×; ventral surface with randomly scattered punctures.
Fixed setae. Two pairs of supraorbital setae; clypeus with two long, lateral setae; labrum with six setae along apical margin; one pair of suborbital setae; pronotum with three pairs of setae, one at base of lateral margin, one on lateral margin at pronotum max width and one half way between pronotum max width and apex of lateral margin; 15-16 lateral (umbilical) setae in interval 9; elytra with interval 3 with two setae, first on outside of interval at basal 1/3 elytra length, second on inside of interval in apical 1/6; ventral surface with two setae on each of abdominal sterna III to VI; four to six setae along apical margin of sternum VII.
Male genitalia. Fig. 84A-D. Length 1.80 -1.92 mm. Ostium markedly catopic, open laterally on both left and right side. Phallus cylindrical, distinctly curved at base, almost to right angle, apex expanded and rounded, spatulate in ventral view; endophallus with microtrichia somewhat sclerotized, relatively dark from mid-length to apex.
Female genitalia. Fig. 94B. Width 1.28 -1.56 mm. Gonocoxite 2 (gc2) narrowing from base to apex; two lateral ensiform setae (les), one dorsal ensiform seta (des). Sensory furrow, furrow pegs and associated nematiform setae not observed. One spermatheca present (sp1), somewhat elongate and cylindrical, distinctive diverticulum (div) at spermatheca base; one spermathecal accessory gland (sg), associated spermathecal gland duct (sgd), long, with attachment site near apex of diverticulum; bursa copulatrix sclerite (bsc) (type 2) in basal portion of bursa, with distinctive tacoshaped structure internally, differing from those seen in some members of Catascopus  Habitat, habits, and seasonal occurrence. The known elevational range of H. andrewesi is from 100 to 1000 meters. Adults are found in mixed primary and secondary forest of montane areas. Previous to this study, H. andrewesi was known from only six specimens and no collection data was available. An additional 28 specimens were collected, one from malaise trap and 27 from insecticidal fogging of one particular mass of dead leaves and brush (Fig. 82B) that was suspended in the forest canopy. The malaise trap specimen and all presumed hand collected specimens were collected from May to August. All material collected from fogging was in October and December. It is possible that the dead leaf mass provided a good estivation site for this species.
Geographical distribution. Horniulus andrewesi is known only from Taiwan. See Figure 85.
Material examined. 36 specimens of H. andrewesi: 15 males and 21 females. For further details see EH Strickland Virtual Entomology Museum Database.
Microsculpture. Head and pronotum with microsculpture slightly transverse to isodiametric; disc of elytra with isodiametric sculpticells; ventral surface with shallow transverse to almost isodiametric microsculpture.
Fixed setae. Two pairs of supraorbital setae; clypeus with two long, lateral setae; labrum with six setae along apical margin; one pair of suborbital setae; pronotum with two pairs of setae, one at base of lateral margin, one on lateral margin at pronotum max width, slightly inset; 29-30 lateral (umbilical) setae in interval 9; elytra with interval 3 with four setae, first in proximity to scutellar setae, second just beyond basal 1/5 of elytra, third 3/5 from base, fourth in proximity to last fixed umbilical seta; ventral surface with two setae on each of abdominal sterna III to VI; four setae along apical margin of sternum VII.
Luster. Dorsal surface moderately dull; ventral surface moderately glossy to glossy. Head. Mandibles rather robust and long, only slightly curving at apex; labrum quadrate, some specimens with apical margin slightly emarginate; mentum without tooth; eyes large, convex; palpi cylindrical and elongate and setose.
Pronotum. Wide, twice as wide as long; lateral margins explanate, with margins curved upwards; anterior transverse impression moderately deep; posterior transverse impression moderately deep; median longitudinal impression very shallow; posteriolateral margins obtuse.
Male genitalia. Fig. 88A-D. Length 2.64 -2.84 mm. Ostium catopic, rather elongate in ventral view, extended to mid-length of phallus. Phallus cylindrical, widest at  mid-length, apex almost triangular in form, rounded at tip; endophallus relatively wide along length, with single, distinctively large basal spine (ebs) and field of moderately large spines (esp) visible on left side in lateral view.
Habitat, habits, and seasonal occurrence. The known elevational range of L. erotyloides is from 250 to 1800 meters with the majority of adults being collected at around 1200 meters. Adults of this species are crepuscular and are found in mixed primary and secondary forest of montane areas. Specimens have been collected from April to December with most specimens collected in May and June. Methods of collecting include m.v. light sheet, malaise trap and hand collecting.
Collecting observations. In June of 2011, collecting partner and laboratory colleague, Zong Hang Yang with WH collected for an evening at Aowanda National Forest Recreation Area, Nantou county. The site had been closed to the public for some time due to devastation caused by Typhoon Morakot, the previous year. Because of this, there was an abundance of deadwood and fallen trees in the area, being reclaimed by the land for several months. Situations like this can present an excellent opportunity for the collection of pericaline lebiines, due to their association with both the insects and fungi that require and use these microhabitats. That evening WH came across a broken stump that had the north side of it covered in a large patch of frilly, white, bracket fungus; within the folds of this fungus, were numbers of a large adults of large erotylid beetle (Erotylidae: Megalodacninae) (Fig. 87) together with their larvae, feeding on the fungus. There were dozens of adults and even more larvae. After observing for a time, several individuals of a pericaline lebiine also moving amongst them we observed, L. erotyloides, its name given due to the strikingly similar dorsal coloration it shares with several species of erotylids.
The erotylids and their larvae did not seem to be bothered at all by the presence of the carabids around them. Specimens of the erotylid beetle, the carabids, and also some larvae and associated fungus were collected. Upon researching this type of behavior, a paper by Erwin and Erwin (1976) that detailed the natural history of a New World species of pericaline beetle, Eurycoleus macularis Chevrolat. Apparently, this species is closely associated with a fungus beetle of the genus Amphix (Endomychidae), with larvae and adults both relying on them as prey while living amongst them. Erwin considered the natural history of E. macularis as a form of incipient ectoparasitism. He postulated that this behavior could provide proof of an evolutionary intermediate step towards the true ectoparasitism recorded in a few other groups within the Carabidae.
The material was examined and no carabid larvae were present. Over the next three years of fieldwork, this phenomenon was not observed again. It seems possible that L. erotyloides may have a similar natural history as E. macularis but more observations are needed to uncover their true way of life and relationship to their erotylid namesake.
Geographical distribution. Lioptera erotyloides is known from Korea, Japan, China, Vietnam, and Taiwan. For Taiwan collecting localities see Figure 89.
Macrosculpture. Dorsum of head with fine, scattered, setigerous punctures, setae hardly visible at 50×, labrum rugulose in basal half of lateral margins; pronotum with fine, scattered setigerous punctures, setae hardly visible at 50×, very faintly rugulose laterally across disc, one small depression on either side of disc medially; elytral intervals somewhat raised, intervals 3, 5, 7 raised more than others, all intervals with +/single row of setigerous punctures centrally, intervals 5, 6, 7 slightly rugulose laterally along length, striae with row of setigerous punctures, setae hardly visible at 50×; ventral surface with randomly scattered punctures, setae easily visible, metasternum with two paramedian rows of seven to eight tubercles.
Fixed setae. One pair of supraorbital setae; clypeus with two long, lateral setae; labrum with six setae along apical margin; two suborbital setae, two long setae in gula; pronotum with two pairs of setae, one at base of lateral margin, one in apical 1/3 of lateral margin; 16 lateral (umbilical) setae in interval 9; ventral surface with two setae on each of abdominal sterna III to VI; four setae along apical margin of sternum VII in females, two setae along apical margin of sternum VII in males; base of fore-femur of males with small patch of short, dense setae on ventral surface.
Luster. Dorsal surface moderately dull; ventral surface moderately glossy to glossy. Head. Mandibles rather robust and short, curving rather sharply at apex; labrum elongate, distinctively convex in apical half; mentum with tooth; eyes relatively flat; palpi cylindrical.
Habitat, habits, and seasonal occurrence. The known elevational range of M. javanus is from 100 to 650 meters in Taiwan. Over three years, only one specimen of this species was collected. It was during the day on a sandy riverbank. It is possible that this species is diurnal but little else is known. Specimens have been collected from February to December with most specimens collected in May. All known specimens were hand collected.
Geographical distribution. Miscelus javanus is known from Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, the Philippines, New Guinea, Australia, and Taiwan. For Taiwan collecting localities see Figure 89.

Genus Mochtherus Schmidt-Goebel, 1846
Mochtherus Fixed setae. Two pairs of supraorbital setae; clypeus with two lateral setae; labrum with six setae along apical margin; one pair of suborbital setae; pronotum with two setae along each margin, one at base of lateral margin and one on lateral margin at bc bursa copulatrix; bsc bursal sclerite; co common oviduct; des dorsal ensiform setae; div diverticulum gc1 gonocoxite 1; gc2 gonocoxite 2; les lateral ensiform setae; lt lateral tergite; sg spermathecal gland; sgd spermathecal gland duct; sp1 spermatheca 1 . Scale bars: 0.5 mm. pronotum max width; 15 to 16 lateral (umbilical) setae in interval 9; two setae on each of abdominal sterna III to VI; two setae along apical margin of sternum VII in males, females with four setae near apical margin of sternum VII.
Taxonomic notes. Habu (1967Habu ( , 1982 considered Mochtherus a subgenus of Dolichoctis. Based on the differences in mentum and female genitalic characters, Mochtherus is regarded as a valid genus.  form. Upon examination of several specimens of this species, it became apparent that there was variation in both of these characters, as well as significant variation in overall body length.

Key to the Taiwanese species of the genus Mochtherus Schmidt-Goebel
Phallus apex form hardly differs from specimen to specimen; however, some individuals do have a slightly more pointed apex than others. Habu's illustration of this is well within the range of variation observed. Variability in pronotum characteristics in this species is somewhat dramatic and if Habu had access to more material, he likely would have noticed that pronotum variation exists, even within local populations. Pronotum disc convexity is variable. Some individuals have a disc that is more convex and broadly rounded, while others are flatter in appearance. Pronotum margins are also variable. Some individuals have margins that are wider and more up-turned at the margins. This character can change the appearance on the sinuate baso-lateral margin that is typical of Mochtherus, making the sinuation appear less pronounced. Despite these differences, this species is easily distinguished in Taiwan as it is the only entirely black Mochtherus species present.
During the course of this work, a few specimens of the genus Sinurus looked very similar to specimens regarded as M. luctuosus from Taiwan. Non-type material from the type series of both Sinurus nitidus Bates and Sinurus graciliceps Bates were dissected and the genitalic characters were very similar to all Mochtherus species examined.
Considering the variability observed within specimens of the species M. luctuosus from Taiwan, both of these Sinurus species belong in the genus Mochtherus and are likely conspecific with M. luctuosus. One female specimen of S. opacus Chaudoir, which was the first species described in Sinurus, was also dissected. It differs from the other two species in that the elytral microsculpture is granulated and the elytral margins are faintly serrate. The specimen was not in excellent condition but it was apparent that the general form of the gonocoxite, spermatheca, and associated gland were all very similar to that of Mochtherus species. It is possible that further work will show that this genus is congeneric with Mochtherus.
Macrosculpture and pilosity. Dorsum of head with scattered setigerous punctures, setae short and punctures fine, not distinctively visible, labrum with a few short setae in apical half; mandible with a few short setae just beyond apex of scrobe; pronotum with scattered setigerous punctures, punctures fine, setae short but uniform in length and longer than the setae of both head and elytra; elytral intervals with scattered setigerous punctures, setae short and punctures fine, not distinctively visible; striae with +/-evenly spaced setigerous punctures along length, both punctures and setae so fine that they are hardly visible at 50×; ventral surface with randomly scattered setigerous punctures, setae relatively dense and easily visible in lateral view.
Luster. Dorsal surface moderately glossy; ventral thoracic sterna and abdominal sterna moderately glossy.
Pronotum. Lateral margins wide, distinctively spatulate and turned up at edges, sinuate from lateral seta to base but edges rounded, not as dramatic as other Mochtherus species, basal angles obtuse, rounded; apical margin distinctly emarginate, large apico-lateral lobes; anterior transverse impression shallow, posterior transverse impression moderately shallow; median longitudinal impression moderately deep.
Legs. Tarsal claws pectinate, 3-4 denticles per claw. Male genitalia. Fig. 96A-D. Length 1.04 -1.32 mm. Phallus slightly expanding towards apex in ventral view, terminating bluntly at apical area, apex, short and broad, distinctively spatulate and positioned on the right side of phallus in ventral view; endophallus expanding and angled from mid-length, one basal lobe, one basal microtrichial field (mtf ), microtrichia moderately long.
Habitat, habits, and seasonal occurrence. The known elevational range of M. luctuosus is from 230 to 2000 meters. Adults are found in mixed primary and secondary forest of montane areas, as well as disturbed areas, and are crepuscular or nocturnal with most activity observed on tree trunks and deadwood at night. Several specimens were collected from the trunks of fallen trees. All other specimens were hand collected.
Geographical distribution. Mochtherus luctuosus is known from Japan and Taiwan. For Taiwan collecting localities see Figure 103. Etymology. From Latin obscura and basis, in reference to the dull appearance of the baso-medial half of the elytra due to the dense setae and relatively wide and shallow punctures.
Diagnosis. Specimens of this species are easily distinguished from other species of Mochtherus by the large size (more than 7.5 mm) and the baso-medial half of the elytra with setae long and dense, punctures wide, shallow and somewhat regularly spaced, giving a distinctive dull texture.
Macrosculpture and pilosity. Dorsum of head faintly and longitudinally rugulose, with scattered setigerous punctures, setae short and fine between eyes, somewhat long- er behind eye, clypeus relatively smooth, with several scattered setigerous punctures, labrum smooth, with several short setae in apical half; scrobe of mandible with few setae near base; pronotum faintly rugulose transversely, punctate and densely setose; elytra with intervals punctate and setose, baso-medial half with setae longer and more dense, punctures wide, shallow, dense and somewhat regularly spaced, giving distinctive texture, striae faintly punctate, setae hardly visible at 50×; ventral surface with randomly scattered setigerous punctures, setae relatively dense and easily visible in lateral view.
Fixed setae. Elytra with two setae in interval 2, one seta just back from mid-length, one seta in apical 1/6.
Luster. Dorsal surface moderately dull with basal third of elytra dull; ventral thoracic sterna and abdominal sterna moderately glossy.
Head. Mandibles with wide base, short; labrum longer than wide, rectangular; mentum with shallow tooth; eyes convex.
Pronotum. Fig. 98. Anterior transverse impression very shallow; posterior transverse impression moderately deep; median longitudinal impression moderately deep; disc convex, apical margin emarginate, basal angles obtuse; lateral margins broadly rounded in apical portion, markedly sinuate from lateral seta to base.
Elytra. Lateral margin smooth, slightly rounded along length.
Habitat, habits, and seasonal occurrence. The known elevational range of M. obscurabasis is from 750 to 1300 meters. Little is known about the habits of this species however, the single specimen collected was found in secondary, mixed forest, on the trunk of a live tree. The tree was on a dirt path and the time was approximately 9:00 pm. Specimens have been collected in May and July and the only known method of collecting is by hand.
Macrosculpture and pilosity. Dorsum of head faintly and longitudinally rugulose, with scattered setigerous punctures, setae short and fine, clypeus rugulose, with several scattered setigerous punctures, labrum relatively smooth, with several short setae in apical half; scrobe of mandible setose at base; pronotum faintly rugulose transversely, punctate and densely setose; elytra with intervals punctate and setose, setae longer and more dense medially in basal half, striae faintly punctate, setae hardly visible at 50×; ventral surface with randomly scattered setigerous punctures, setae relatively dense and easily visible in lateral view.
Fixed setae. Elytra with two setae in interval 2, one seta just back from mid-length, one seta in apical 1/6.
Luster. Dorsal surface moderately dull; ventral thoracic sterna and abdominal sterna moderately glossy.
Head. Mandibles with wide base, short, mostly concealed by labrum in resting position; labrum longer than wide, rectangular; mentum with shallow tooth; eyes convex.
Pronotum. Anterior transverse impression very shallow; posterior transverse impression moderately deep; median longitudinal impression moderately deep; Disc convex, apical edge slightly emarginate, basal angles obtuse; lateral margins broadly rounded in apical portion, markedly sinuate from lateral seta to base.
Legs. Tarsal claws pectinate, three to four denticles per claw, apical denticles rather long. Male genitalia. Fig. 101A-D. Length 0.84 -0.92 mm. Phallus uniform width along length, apex bluntly rounded and somewhat triangular in ventral view, more constricted and pointed in lateral view; endophallus relatively short, one basal microtrichial field (mtf ), microtrichia distinctively long, two distinctive endophallic lobes (el), one near base and one medially.
Habitat, habits, and seasonal occurrence. The known elevational range of M. tetraspilotus in Taiwan is from 480 to 1300 meters. Only one specimen is known from over 725 meters. Adults are crepuscular or nocturnal and are found in mixed primary and  . Legend: bc bursa copulatrix; co common oviduct; des dorsal ensiform setae; div diverticulum; gc1 gonocoxite 1; gc2 gonocoxite 2; les lateral ensiform setae; lt lateral tergite; sg spermathecal gland; sgd spermathecal gland duct; sp1 spermatheca 1; srs spermathecal ring sclerite. Scale bars: 0.5 mm. secondary forest of montane areas, as well as disturbed areas. The vast majority of known specimens (54) were collected within a week of each other in 2013 on two nights in late November and early December. They were collected from the underside of fallen trees and deadwood. A single specimen is known from July and another from September. Known methods of collecting this species are sweep netting and hand collecting.
Type locality. Taiwan. Kaoshiung County, "Hoozan" = Fengshan City. Taxonomic notes. In a recent paper Shi and Liang (2018) considered P. formosanus to be a subspecies of Pericalus ornatus Schmidt-Goebel, 1846. While these taxa are similar, we have deduced that there are sufficient differences to maintain the species status of P. formosanus. Along with differences in the hind angles of the elytra, and number of discal setae (one in P. formosanus and two in P. ornatus), there are slight but consistent differences in the genitalic characteristics. Females of P. formosanus have a spermathecal gland duct that is longer and a spermathecal gland (Fig. 110B) that is larger than seen in specimens of P. ornatus. Males of P. formosanus have a phallus with ostium more dorsally situated than in members of P. ornatus and an endophallus that is obviously narrower in form and has only one prominent endophallic lobe (Fig.108A), located more basally than the most basal endophallic lobe of specimens of P. ornatus.
Shi and Liang observed that Fedorenko (2017), recorded P. formosanus from Vietnam based on misidentification of P. acutidens. After examining his images of the everted endophallus, it is clear that it was a mistaken identity. Pericalus formosanus is restricted to Taiwan and allopatric with all other species of Pericalus.
Diagnosis. Specimens of this species are easily distinguished from other Taiwanese pericalines by having smooth tarsal claws, two pairs of supraorbital setae, two pairs of latero-marginal setae on the pronotum and a black dorsal coloration with eight maculae on the disc of the elytra.
Microsculpture. Head with microsculpture almost isodiametric to isodiametric; pronotum with microsculpture shallow, somewhat transverse to transverse; elytra with sculpticells transverse, single row of isodiametric cells down center of each stria; ventral surface with transverse to almost isodiameteric microsculpture.
Macrosculpture and pilosity. Dorsum of head and base of clypeus rugulose, surface with very fine, scattered, setigerous punctures, hardly visible at 50×; pronotum disc faintly rugulose centrally, more so along lateral margins, surface with very fine, scattered, setigerous punctures; elytral intervals convex, interval 7 slightly more raised than others in apical 1/3, entire dorsal surface with fine, scattered setigerous punctures, punctures hardly visible but setae easily viewed in lateral view at 50×, striae impunctate; ventral surface of head rugulose to gula suture, remaining ventral surface with randomly scattered setigerous punctures.
Fixed setae. Two pairs of supraorbital setae; clypeus with two long, lateral setae; labrum with six setae along apical margin; one pair of suborbital setae; pronotum with two pairs of setae, one at base of lateral margin, one on lateral margin at pronotum max width; 24 -25 lateral (umbilical) setae in interval 9; elytra with interval 3 with one seta in basal 1/6 (See also, variation); ventral surface with two setae on each of abdominal sterna III to VI; four setae along apical margin of sternum VII.
Variation. of 151 specimens observed only one was observed to have two setae in interval 3, the typical apical setae and one at mid-length; see Fig. 104A (two setae) vs. Fig. 104B (one seta).
Head. Mandibles long, left mandible with distinctive notch on inside and dorsal surface in apical 1/3; labrum deeply bilobed, mentum without tooth; eyes large, convex; palpi cylindrical and elongate and with fine setae.
Elytra. Hind angles slightly sinuate, apex of lateral margin with distinctly sharp edge, pointed.
Male genitalia. Fig. 105A-D. Length 1.80 -2.06 mm. Ostium catopic, open slightly more on the left side. Phallus cylindrical, widest at mid-length, apex short, rounded at tip; endophallus relatively long and narrow along length, with single distinctive lobe (el) at base.
Habitat, habits, and seasonal occurrence. The known elevational range of P. formosanus is from 500 to 2095 meters with the majority of adults being collected between 1800 and 2000 meters. Adults of this species are crepuscular and are found in mixed primary and secondary forest of montane areas, typically in moist areas. They can be found inside and under deadwood during the day and on deadwood at night. Specimens are easily captured as they do not run or fly when illuminated. Specimens have been collected throughout the year with most collected from May to July. Methods of collecting include light trap on ground, u.v. light sheet, pitfall trap, and hand collecting.

Genus Serrimargo Chaudoir
Diagnosis. Specimens of this species are easily distinguished from other Taiwanese pericalines by the smooth tarsal claws and the distinctively black and granulate surface of the elytra.
Macrosculpture. Dorsum of head rugulose, surface with very fine, scattered, setigerous punctures, hardly visible at 50×; pronotum disc transversely rugulose, with single, shallow depression medially on each side, lateral margins shallowly rugulose, surface with very fine, scattered, setigerous punctures; elytra with lateral margins distinctly explanate, finely serrate along edge, intervals convex, in some specimens intervals slightly pointed, more so in apical half, intervals slightly pitted in appearance to more rugulose laterally, entire surface with very fine, scattered, setigerous punctures; ventral surface of head rugulose to gula suture; abdominal segments 4, 5 and 6 with a few additional deep punctures between typical fixed setae; remaining ventral surface with fine, randomly scattered setigerous punctures.
Fixed setae. Two pairs of supraorbital setae; clypeus with two long, lateral setae; labrum with six setae along apical margin; one pair of suborbital setae; pronotum with one pair of setae at base of lateral margin; 16-17 lateral (umbilical) setae in interval 9; elytra with interval 3 with two setae, placement slightly variable, one seta at approximately 1/3 from apex, next half way between first setae and apex; ventral surface with two setae on each of abdominal sterna III to VI, four setae along apical margin of sternum VII.
Luster. Dorsal surface moderately dull; ventral surface moderately glossy. Head. Mandibles long and narrow, longer in some males; labrum rectangular, longer than wide, some specimens with very slightly emarginate apical edge; mentum with tooth; eyes large, convex; palpi cylindrical and elongate and with fine setae.
Habitat, habits, and seasonal occurrence. The known elevational range of S. schenklingi is from 584 to 750 meters. Adults of this species which are crepuscular are found in mixed primary and secondary forest of montane areas, and those that are crepuscular or nocturnal are typically found in moist areas on deadwood. Most collected specimens (31 individuals) came from two large dead trees that were in close proximity. The trees were lying down on a hill. One side received no light during the day and was covered, in places, by a mat of white fungus. Individuals were aggregated on these white mats. When disturbed with light, they would quickly move to find darkness. Specimens have been collected from April to December with most specimens collected October and December. The only know method of collection is by hand.