A review of Timandra Duponchel, 1829 from China, with description of seven new species (Lepidoptera, Geometridae)

Abstract The Chinese species of the genus Timandra Duponchel, 1829 are reviewed: 12 known species are reported. Seven new species are described from China, increasing the total number of Timandra species to 28: T.distortasp. n., T.aduncasp. n., T.quadratasp. n., T.accumulatasp. n., T.vimineasp. n., T.robustasp. n. and T.stueningisp. n. Diagnoses for all 19 Chinese species are provided, with illustrations of external features and genitalia.


Introduction
The genus Timandra was originally established by Duponchel (1829) based on Timandra griseata Petersen, 1902, and he cited this species as amataria Linnaeus, 1761 due to a misidentification (Fletcher 1979). Timandra is the type genus of the tribe Timandrini. Its constituent species are distributed mainly in Asia, although the ranges of some extend to Europe and North America (Prout 1912(Prout -1916Parsons et al. 1999;Hausmann 2004). The tribe Timandrini contains four genera: Timandra, Synegiodes Swinhoe, 1892, Traminda Saalmüller, 1891, and Haematopis Hübner, 1823. The general char-rior part of ductus bursae or apex of appendix bursae. Ductus bursae usually sclerotized on posterior part. Corpus bursae usually long and oval, membranous; signum with a longitudinal sclerite inside a slightly sclerotized plate, a pouch present on anterior part.
Diagnosis. Timandra can be distinguished from other genera within Timandrini in the following external characters: the vein Sc+R 1 of the hindwing is less strongly anastomosing with the cell in Timandra than in Haematopis (Prout 1931); the outer margin of the forewing below the apex often has an incision in Traminda, while it is straight in Timandra; the discal spot is reddish-brown or brown in Timandra, but consists of a black circle with a white center in Synegiodes. In the genitalia, Timandra can be easily distinguished by the combination of the following characters: the valva of the male genitalia is complex and often divided into two parts, with a slender digitiform process usually arises from the cleft between the valvula and the sacculus; the seventh sternite of the female is usually strongly sclerotized and bifurcated on the posterior margin.
Remarks. This species is newly added to the fauna of China.
Timandra recompta (Prout, 1930) Calothysanis amata recompta Prout, 1930: 297. Holotype ♂, Russia: Ussuri [Ussuri region], Chabarovsk, Ussuri railway (NHM). Timandra amataria myokosana Bryk, 1948: 159, pl. 7, fig. 9. Holotype ♂, Korea: Myokosan (NHRS). Timandra recompta: Kaila and Albrecht 1994: 461. Remarks. At present, this species comprises three subspecies; other two subspecies are distributed in Japan and on Kurile Islands (Parsons et al. 1999). (Prout, 1930) Figs 2, 20, 38, 43, 62 Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from its congeners by the following characters: the frons is slightly protruded; the pinkish-red shadow is present along the medial line and on the outer margin of both wings; in the male genitalia, the socii have a strongly serrate margin; the valvula has a narrow digitiform process subapically at the costa; the sacculus is short and with a pointed apex; the cornutus is short and stout with tiny spines. The female genitalia are similar to those of T. griseata, but the posterior margin of the seventh sternite is concave centrally.
Timandra distorta sp. n. http://zoobank.org/80704E88-40B0-4E5D-A001- 7EB1243E9690 Figs 4, 22, 39, 45 Description. Head. Antennae bipectinate in basal four-fifths in male, dorsal surface of shaft yellowish-brown, sometimes coverded with brown scales, pectination covered with ciliae, basally black. Frons yellowish-brown with ventral side yellowish-white, slightly protruding (Fig. 39). Labial palpi yellowish-brown, reaching to tip of frons. Vertex pale yellowish-brown. Thorax. Patagia yellowish-brown. Tegulae and thorax pale yellowish-brown. Hind tibia with two pairs of spurs in male. Forewing length: male 12-15 mm. Forewing with apex pointed, slightly protruding; costa curved on terminal part; outer margin slightly protruding below vein M 3 . Apical angle of hindwing rounded, outer margin protruding on vein M 3 . Wing colour pale yellowish-brown, covered with blackish-brown spots especially on costal area of forewing. Forewing with discal spot reddish-brown and small; medial line reddish-brown, straight and narrow, arising from apex and extending to middle part of terminal margin; postmedial line overlapping with medial line near apex, separating from it on vein R 5 , slightly convex between veins M 3 and CuA 1 ; terminal line reddish-brown and very narrow. Fringes yellowish-brown, mixed with reddish-brown terminally. Hindwing with medial line reddish-brown, straight, narrow; postmedial line protruding between veins M 3 and CuA 1 ; terminal line and fringes similar to those of forewing. Underside densely covered with dark brown speckles; discal spot of forewing and postmedial lines of both wings darker than those of upperside.
Male genitalia. Uncus small and stout, rounded at apex. Socii thin and flat, curved, covered with small spurs on surface, extending beyond tip of uncus; a short and triangular process present at base of outer margin of both socii. Costa with a ridge at approximately one-third from apex; valvula forming a narrow digitiform process both at apex of costa and on ventral margin, apical part of valvula between two processes membranous; sacculus short and stout, acute at tip. Juxta long, narrowing in terminal part. Aedeagus with basal half narrow; vesica partly sclerotized and crinkled.
Female genitalia. Unknown. Diagnosis. The most discriminating character between T. apicirosea and T. distorta is the shape of the socii of the male genitalia. For more comparisons, see T. apicirosea above.
Type Diagnosis. This species is very similar to T. apicirosea and T. distorta in its external characters. The species can be distinguished by the following characters: the colour of the frons is deeper in T. dichela than that in T. apicirosea, and without reddish pigmentation in T. dichela. In the male genitalia, the uncus is longer in T. dichela than in T. apicirosea and T. distorta; the socii are composed of two short acute processes on both sides of the tegumen in T. dichela, while these are much longer and digitiform in T. apicirosea and T. distorta; the process on the dorsal margin of the valvula is much stouter in T. dichela in comparison with T. apicirosea and T. distorta. The diagnostic characters of the female genitalia are given under T. apicirosea. VII.2008, coll. Chen Fuqiang; 2♂, Zhangjiajie, Wulingyuan, 267 m, 13.VI.2015, coll. Zhao Kaidong; 1♂, Zhangjiajie, Wulingyuan, Wenfeng, 350 m, 17.IX.2015, coll. Zhao Kaidong;4♂6♀, Heng Shan, 22, 24, 29, 30.VIII.1979, 1-2.IX.19791♀, Changsha, 29.VII.1983, coll. Zhang;1♂, Zhangjiajie, 8.X.1988, coll. Fang Chenglai. Fujian (IZCAS): 3♂2♀, Wuyi Shan, Sangang, 704 m, 17.VIII.1979, 30.VI.1982, 20.X.2005, 11-14.VIII.20091♂, Linxia, 17.X.1980, coll Diagnosis. The medial line of the forewing arises from the inner side of the apex in T. convectaria, T. correspondens, T. adunca, and T. quadrata. However, T. convectaria is dis-tinctive from T. correspondens, T. adunca, and T. quadrata as follows: a sharp protrusion is present on the frons of T. convectaria, T. correspondens, and T. adunca, while it is absent in T. quadrata; the middle part of the postmedial line of the hindwing is protruded outside in T. convectaria and T. quadrata, but it is straight in T. correspondens and T. adunca. In the male genitalia, T. convectaria and T. quadrata share the short process-like uncus and the flat apex of the valvula, while the uncus is raised and the apex of the valvula is rounded in T. correspondens and T. adunca; the arm between the valvula and the sacculus in T. convectaria is slightly shorter in the left side than in the right side, while in other three species, these arms are symmetrical, and more strongly curved in T. adunca; the costa of the valvula is broadened and protruding outwards in the basal half in T. convectaria, while it is strongly angled centrally in other three species; the cornutus is present as a narrow stripe in T. convectaria, but absent in T. correspondens, T. adunca, and T. quadrata. In the female genitalia, the seventh sternite is strongly sclerotized and divided into one large and one small sclerite in T. convectaria, but it is composed of a large sclerite with bifurcate apex on the posterior margin in T. correspondens and T. adunca. The ductus bursae of T. convectaria is much narrower than that of T. correspondens and T. adunca. Diagnosis. This species is very similar to T. adunca in the external characters: the postmedial line of the hindwing is without protrusion and straight; a sharp protrusion is present on the frons. Reliable identification of T. correspondens and T. adunca is possi-ble using the genital characters: in the male genitalia, the arm between the valvula and the sacculus is less curved in T. correspondens than that in T. adunca, and reaches to the apex of the sacculus. The seventh sternite of the female T. correspondens is broader than that of T. adunca; the colliculum of T. correspondens is longer than that of T. adunca.
Material examined. CHINA: Tibet (IZCAS): 1♀, Cona Xian, Mama, 2900m, 6.VIII.19741♀, Zayü, 2070m, 2.VIII.19731♂, Mêdog, Gutang, 2000m, 3.X.19821♀, Mêdog, Baibung, 871 m, 17-18. VIII.2006, coll. Lang Songyun;1♀, Mêdog, 1091m, 22.VIII.20061♂, Zayü, Shang Zayü, 1960m, 21-23.VIII.200513♂2♀, Bomi, Tongmai, 2079-2100m, 31.VIII.2005 Wing colour pale yellowish-brown covered with brown spots, costa of forewing dark brown with red suffusion. Forewing with deep reddish-brown and nearly triangular discal spot; medial line reddish-brown, straight and narrow, arising from inner side of apex and extending to middle part of terminal margin; postmedial line grey and narrow, separating from medial line on vein M 1 , slightly curved; fringes reddishbrown with blackish-brown at tip. Hindwing with medial and postmedial lines straight and narrow, the former reddish-brown and the latter grey; fringes similar to those of forewing. Underside with dark brown speckles; postmedial line on hindwing more distinct than on upperside. Male genitalia. Uncus raised. Socii present as a pair of narrow digitiform processes, beyond tip of uncus. Valvula with costa dilated at apex; arm between valvula and sacculus long and hook-like, extending beyond distal end of sacculus; sacculus very broad, rounded and densely covered with short setae terminally. Juxta long and narrow at terminal half. Saccus long and rounded at apex. Aedeagus slender and curved, without cornutus. Description. Head. Antennae bipectinate in basal four-fifths in male, dorsal surface of shaft with reddish-brown scales, pectination yellowish-brown to blackish-brown. Frons dark yellowish-brown with ventral side yellowish-white and slightly protruding. Labial palpi yellowish-brown, not extending beyond frons. Vertex yellowish-white. Thorax. Patagia brown. Tegulae and thorax greyish-brown. Hind tibia with two pairs of spurs in male. Forewing length: male 14 mm. Apex of forewing pointed; outer margin weakly protruding; apex of hindwing rounded; outer margin forming a small protrusion on vein M 3 . Wing colour yellowish-brown. Forewing with costa covered with brown spots especially on basal half; antemedial line reddish-brown, very narrow and nearly straight; discal spot greyish-black and small, short bar-like; medial line reddish-brown; postmedial line greyish-brown, separated from medial line on vein M 1 , slightly protruding between M 2 and CuA 1 ; two blackish-brown spots present on veins R 4 and R 5 outside postmedial line; terminal line and fringes reddish-brown. Hindwing with medial line reddish-brown and straight; postmedial line grey, slightly protruding between M 3 and CuA 1 ; fringes similar to those of forewing. Underside densely covered with brown speckles; stripes deep brown; discal spot and postmedial line more distinct than those on upperside.
Male genitalia. Uncus short, finger-like. Socii digitiform, short and broad, slightly beyond uncus. Costa broad at basal half, forming a right angle at terminal half, acute at apex; apex of valvula quadrate; a long, slightly curved digitiform arm stretching from cleft between valvula and sacculus; sacculus short, approximately half as long as valvula, narrow at apical one-third, rounded and setose at apex. Juxta long and narrow, tapered in terminal half. Saccus rounded at apex. Aedeagus slightly curved; vesica without cornutus.
Female genitalia. Unknown. Diagnosis. T. quadrata is very closely related with T. convectaria, the medial line of the forewing is weakly curved, while it is absolutely straight in T. convectaria; a sharp protrusion is absent in T. quadrata, while it is present in T. convectaria; the postmedial line of the hindwing is less protruded in T. quadrata than in T. convectaria. The male genitalia of T. quadrata are also similar to those of T. convectaria, but the socii are slightly stouter than those of T. convectaria; the costa of the valvula is strongly angled centrally in T. quadrata, but straight in T. convectaria; the sacculus is much shorter in T. quadrata than in T. convectaria; the cornutus is absent in T. quadrata, but is present as a long stripe in T. convectaria. For more comparisions, see T. convectaria above. Description. Head. Antennae bipectinate in basal five-sixths in male, filiform in female; dorsal surface of shaft pale yellowish-brown with brown scales except in basal part. Frons blackish-brown, mixed with yellowish-white on ventral side, forming a rounded protrusion (Fig. 40). Labial palpi yellowish-brown, not extending beyond frons. Vertex yellowish-white. Thorax. Patagia deep brown. Tegulae and thorax greyish-brown. Hind tibia with two pairs of spurs in male. Forewing length: male 16-18 mm. Forewing with acute apex; outer margin almost straight; apex of hindwing rounded; outer margin protruding on vein M 3 . Wing colour pale yellowish-brown densely scaled with greyish-brown spots. Forewing with indistinct antemedial line angled at cell; discal spot greyish-brown and short bar-like; medial line deep brown and oblique, raising from apex and extending to middle part of terminal margin, gradually broadening towards termen; postmedial line greyish-brown, overlapping with medial line at apex, separated from it before R 5 , slightly protruding; terminal line greyish-brown and narrow; fringes yellowish-brown. Hindwing with medial line deep brown and straight; postmedial line greyish-brown, slightly curved outwards in middle part; terminal line and fringes similar to those of forewing. Underside with deep greyish-brown spots, discal spot stronger and longer than upperside; postmedial line more distinct than that on upperside.
Male genitalia. Uncus broad. Tegumen narrow. Socii straight, narrow and rodlike, slightly extending beyond tip of uncus. Costa of valva thickened and slightly curved at terminal half, quadrate apically; valvula forming a rounded protrusion and with bristles at apex, arm between valvula and sacculus short and digitiform with teeth on ventral margin, a small process present on base of costa, covered with bristles; sacculus slightly shorter than valvula and asymmetrical, right side slightly shorter than left side, apex of right side acute and rounded on left side; densely covered with long bristles terminally. Juxta with broad base, tapered towards terminal part. Saccus broad and rounded at apex. Aedeagus short, a long sclerotized band present on vesica.
Female genitalia. Seventh sternite sclerotized, bifurcate at middle and forming two rounded lateral processes on posterior margin. Colliculum long. Ductus bursae short and membranous. Corpus bursae oval; signum present as a triangular pouch directed towards anterior part, with a longitudinal ridge running from apex.
Diagnosis. The species is characterized by the very dense greyish-brown spots on the wings, which is similar to T. rectistrigaria (Eversmann, 1851), but the male and female genitalia of these two species are quite different (Hausmann 2004 : fig. 177). The male genitalia are characterized by the following features: the uncus is stout; the socii are narrow and straight; the costa of the valvula is slightly curved, the arm between the valvula and the sacculus is short; the right side of the sacculus is shorter than the left side and acute apically; the left side of the sacculus is rounded apically. The female genitalia are similar to those of T. recompta, but the seventh sternite of T. accumulata is broader, the colliculum is longer in T. accumulata, and the appendix bursae of T. accumulata is absent.

Timandra comptaria
Material examined. CHINA: Heilongjiang (IZCAS): 3♂, Yichun, Dailing, 390 m, 15.VII.1958, 26.VII.1959, 11.VIII.1959 Description. Head. Antennae bipectinate to five-sixths in male and filiform in female; dorsal surface of shaft pale yellowish-brown, slightly speckled with brown scales. Frons blackish-brown, ventral side yellowish-white and with an obtuse protrusion on ventral margin (Fig. 42). Labial palpi yellowish-brown, not extending beyond frons. Vertex yellowish-white. Thorax. Patagia brown. Tegulae and thorax pale yellowishbrown. Hind tibia with two pairs of spurs in male. Forewing length: male and female 12-13 mm. Apex of forewing acute and outer margin nearly straight; hindwing with rounded apex and outer margin forming a small protrusion on vein M 3 . Wing colour yellowish-brown with brown spots. Forewing with discal spot blackish-brown, small, angled at middle; medial line reddish-brown, arising from apex; postmedial line grey and narrow, separating from medial line on vein R 5 ; terminal line grey; fringes yellowish-brown, sometimes pinkish-red at apex. Hindwing with medial line reddish-brown and straight; postmedial line grey and narrow, protruding centrally; terminal line and fringes similar to those of forewing. Underside densely covered with brown speckles; postmedial line more distinct than that on upperside. Male genitalia. Uncus broad at base, digitiform at terminal part. Socii narrow and rod-like, extending slightly beyond tip of uncus; inner margin of tegumen with a pair of acute processes centrally. Costa of valva with a digitiform and curved process centrally; a slender and curved arm present between valvula and sacculus; sacculi asymmetric, terminal part broad and narrow, covered with setae on left side, but narrow and digitiform on right side. Juxta broad near base, tapered towards terminal part. Saccus small and rounded at apex. Aedeagus slender, cornuti composed of two long sclerotized stripes.
Female genitalia. Seventh sternite narrow and sclerotized, slightly concave on posterior margin. Lamella postvaginalis sclerotized. Colliculum narrow. Ductus bursae shorter than corpus bursae, strongly sclerotized on posterior part; signum with a longitudinal sclerite inwards a slightly sclerotized plate, a pouch present on anterior part.

Diagnosis.
The new species can be identified by the combination of the following characters: the frons is blackish-brown with an obtuse protrusion on the ventral margin; in the male genitalia, a long digitiform and curved process is present at the middle of the costa; the sacculi are asymmetric, as the left side is much stouter than the right one; the cornuti are two long sclerotized stripes; the seventh sternite of the female is narrow and sclerotized, and slightly concave on the posterior margin; the posterior half of the ductus bursae is strongly sclerotized.

Timandra ruptilinea
Diagnosis. This species differs from its congeners by the following characters: the wing colour of the area outside the medial line is darker than the area inside the medial line; the postmedial line of the forewing is narrow and forms black spots on the veins; the middle part of the postmedial line of the hindwing is strongly curved. In the male genitalia, the uncus is small and raised in T. ruptilinea , which is similar to that of T. correspondens and T. adunca; the socii are long and digitiform, extending beyond the tip of the uncus; the costa of the valva is narrow at the terminal half and rounded at the tip; the arm between the valvula and the sacculus is longer than the valvula and as long as the costa of the valva, and equipped with several small teeth on the ventral margin, except on the basal half and the subapical part; the sacculus is short and acute at the apex; the vesica of the aedeagus is weakly sclerotized and wrinkled. The seventh sternite of the female is short and bifurcated on the posterior margin; the lamella postvaginalis in the female genitalia are three quadrate lobes, the central one is less sclerotized than the lateral ones; the ductus bursae is very short, narrow, and sclerotized posteriorly. Male genitalia. Uncus short and stout, slightly concave at tip. Socii absent. A pair of short spurs present on inner side of tegumen. Base of ventral margin of valvula with two short processes, basal one stouter than subapical one. Sacculus short with acute apex. Juxta broad on basal and terminal part, narrow centrally. Saccus short and broad, terminally flattened. Aedeagus short and narrow; vesica membranous, but partly weakly sclerotized, with two small sclerotized protrusions, covered with spurs on surface.
Female genitalia. Unknown. Description. Head. Antennae bipectinate in male; dorsal surface of shaft pale yellowish-brown with brown scales, except in basal part; filiform in female. Frons reddish-brown, scaled with yellowish-white on ventral side, not protruding. Labial palpi yellowish-brown, slightly extending beyond frons. Vertex yellowish-white. Thorax. Patagia greyish-brown. Tegulae and thorax greyish-brown. Hind tibia with two pairs of spurs in male. Forewing length: male and female 17-19 mm. Forewing with acute apex, slightly protruded, outer margin straight; hindwing with rounded apex, outer margin protruding on vein M 3 . Wing colour yellowish-brown, densely covered with blackish or greyish-brown spots. Forewing with discal spot nearly invisible, greyishbrown; medial line arising from apex, narrow and black apically, then reddish-brown and straight, broad below vein R 5 ; postmedial line composed of black spots on veins and connected with greyish-brown thin line; terminal line pale brown; fringes yellowish-brown. Hindwing with medial line similar to that of forewing; postmedial line arched, similar to that of forewing; terminal line and fringes similar to those of forewing. Underside densely covered with black speckles, stripes blackish-brown. Postmedial line of all wings and discal spot of forewing more distinct than those on upperside.
Male genitalia. Uncus narrow, dilated at terminal part, resembling fishtail. Socii absent. Tegumen with a pair of long and curved spine-like processes on inner side. Costa narrow; valvula rounded at apex, with two short processes centrally, basal one stout and rounded at tip, apical one narrow and acute terminally; sacculus approximately two times shorter than valvula, acute at tip. Juxta rounded at base, middle part slightly narrower than terminal part. Saccus small. Aedeagus slightly curved terminally; vesica with a weakly sclerotized and ribbed band.
Female genitalia. Seventh sternite membranous. Sterigma large, widely concave at middle of posterior margin. Colliculum short. Ductus bursae slender, approximately half as long as corpus bursae. Corpus bursae long and oval; signum with a longitudinal sclerite inside a slightly sclerotized plate, a pouch present on anterior part.