New data on the distribution, biology and ecology of the longhorn beetles from the area of South and East Kazakhstan (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae)

Abstract New data on the distribution, biology and ecology of the longhorn beetles occurring in southern and eastern regions of Kazakhstan are presented together with a list of 78 species that were collected during two entomological expeditions conducted in May and June 2017. New localities of some rare taxa endemic to this region of Asia, such as Psilotarsusbrachypterusbrachypterus (Gebler, 1830), Stenocorusminutus (Gebler, 1841) and Dorcadioncrassipescrassipes Ballion, 1878 are given. Exocentrusstierlini Ganglbauer, 1883 is recorded from Kazakhstan for the first time. Moreover, the occurrence of three species: Amarysiusduplicatus Tsherepanov, 1980, Rhopaloscelisunifasciatus Blessig, 1873 and Saperdaalberti Plavilstshikov, 1916, which were recently found in the country, is also confirmed. Furthermore, high-quality photographs of several unique taxa, i.e. Psilotarsusbrachypteruspubiventris (Semenov, 1900), Xylotrechusadspersus (Gebler, 1830), X.alakolensis Karpiński & Szczepański, 2018, Anoplistesgalusoi (Kostin, 1974), A.jacobsoni Baeckmann, 1904 and Obereakostini Danilevsky, 1988 along with images of their habitats and feeding galleries are also presented. New localities of species considered serious pests or invasive, such as Turaniumscabrum (Kraatz, 1882) and Trichoferuscampestris (Faldermann, 1835), respectively, are also given. A new synonymy is proposed: Cerambyxscalaris Linnaeus, 1758 = Cerambyxhieroglyphicus Pallas, 1773, syn. n.


Introduction
The cerambycid fauna of Kazakhstan is represented by ca. 272 species. Some of these, especially in genera such as Psilotarsus, Dorcadion and Politodorcadion, are represented by several subspecies, the total number of which extends the number of Kazakh taxa to 365 (Danilevsky 2018a).
Due to its huge area and numerous still well-preserved, heavily landlocked regions, the cerambycid fauna of Kazakhstan is quite unique. As many as 111 taxa (approx. 30%) are recognised as occurring exclusively in this country (Danilevsky 2018a). Desert, semi-desert and steppe habitats are inhabited by many endemic species, mainly from the genera Xylotrechus (Kostiniclytus subg.), Anoplistes, Dorcadion, Politodorcadion and Tetrops. Additionally, many boreal species, including some that are very rare and threatened in Europe, e.g. Macroleptura thoracica (Creutzer, 1799), Lepturalia nigripes (DeGeer, 1775) and Exocentrus stierlini Ganglbauer, 1883, seem to be rather abundant in the foothills of the West Altai Mountains in the northeastern region of the country.
The state of the knowledge on the longhorn beetles of southern and eastern Kazakhstan as well as information about the biology and ecology of some of the species that are distributed in the region is still poor. Therefore, the present study aims to supplement the knowledge in this field. An additional goal of this work is to gather and disseminate information contained in very valuable but scattered publications, often inaccessible and usually published exclusively in Russian.

Study area and methods
Kazakhstan is the largest landlocked country in the world with an area of 2.72 million square kilometres. Its terrain stretches west to east from the Caspian Sea to the Altai Mountains and north to south from the plains of western Siberia to the oases and deserts of Central Asia. Approximately one-third of the country's area is occupied by the Kazakh Steppe, which is the largest dry steppe region in the world.
The climate of Kazakhstan is determined by its location in the heart of a huge continent far from the ocean, where sea-air masses do not reach. Therefore, it is of a harshly continental character with average temperatures of between -5 °C and -20 °C in January and between +18 °C and +29 °C in July, depending on the subregion. The differences in the summer-winter as well as the day-night temperatures are extremely high. In winter, the temperature may decrease to -50 °C and in summer rise up to +40 °C. There is practically no precipitation in the central part of Kazakhstan and it The list of the recorded taxa along with the new localities, general characteristics and remarks on the biology and ecology is presented below. Descriptions of the most common species were omitted. Taxa that are endemic to Kazakhstan are indicated with an asterisk (*).

Psilotarsus brachypterus (Gebler, 1830)
Remarks. This species is widespread in Central Asia from the southern parts of Russia through most of the territory of Kazakhstan to Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and northwestern China (Danilevsky 2000). Specimens of this species reach a length of 20-40 mm in the males and 24-45 mm in the females (up to 65 mm when measured to the end of an abdomen filled with eggs). Twelve-segmented antennae occur in both sexes. The females are flightless. The larvae develop on the roots of desert trees and shrubs (Danilevsky 2014a). Kostin (1973), however, stated that P. brachypterus prefers shrub species, e.g. boyalych Salsola and teresken Krascheninnikovia, in contrast to Mesoprionus angustatus (Jakovlev, 1887) larvae, which feed on saxaul Haloxylon. Our own observations seem to support this thesis since we did not notice any trees or higher ligneous shrubs at the localities of both of the subspecies that were examined. There were the typical habitats of Artemisia-or semi-shrub/dwarf semi-shrub deserts. According to Danilevsky (2014a), the seasonal activity of adults is rather short and only lasts about two weeks; however, based on the data from the labels, it can vary greatly depending on the year -from May to the end of July. On the other hand, the daily activity presumably may differ depending on the particular population or the weather conditions. Five subspecies are described in this species, four of which are known to occur in Kazakhstan: Psilotarsus brachypterus aralensis (Danilevsky, 2000), P. b. brachypterus (Gebler, 1830), P. b. hemipterus (Motschulsky, 1845) and P. b. pubiventris (Semenov, 1900). The fifth subspecies -P. b. alpherakii (Semenov, 1900) is distributed exclusively in Xinjiang Province of China (Danilevsky 2018a). A closely related species -Psilotarsus hirticollis Motschulsky, 1860, which is very numerous in Kazakhstan, also consists of several subspecies. This species is highly variable in many morphological features even within the same population, however, our own observations indicated clear differences between the two taxa collected -P. b. brachypterus and P. b. pubiventris, primarily in the type of pubescence and the sculpture of the pronotum as well as in the size and corpulence of the body. Specimens of the nominotypical subspecies are significantly smaller and slender; even the females are noticeably smaller in size than the males of P. b. pubiventris. The pronotum in the males of the nominative subspecies is almost entirely hairless, smoother and lustrous with a sparse and fine punctuation, while it is definitely hairier and matted with coarse and dense, locally wrinkled punctuation in P. b. pubiventris. Remarks. This taxon is distributed in the easternmost part of Kazakhstan (the Irtysh River valley -from the environs of Semei to the Zaisan Depression) and northwestern China (Xinjiang and possibly the Gansu Provinces) (Danilevsky 2000(Danilevsky , 2018a.

Psilotarsus brachypterus brachypterus (Gebler, 1830)
The nominotypical subspecies differs mainly due to the shorter lateral process of each middle antennal joint (generally much shorter than the length of joint base) and to its glabrous and shining pronotum, which is situated peripherally, and is rarely covered with a more or less dense pubescence (Danilevsky 2000).
The mass occurrence of this taxon (approx. five hundred specimens) was observed in mid-June during warm (25 °C) weather conditions in the Artemisia-desert habitat (Fig.  9F). This period most likely coincided with the beginning of the appearance of females ( Fig. 9B) when the males (Fig. 9A, D) were about to reach maximum abundance. The first flying male was spotted immediately after our arrival at this plot (around 9 p.m.), and therefore, it is possible that this taxon begins its activity a little earlier. The number of individuals was increasing after dusk and reached its peak around midnight (Fig. 9D). At the same time, the females were found resting or moving on the ground. They did not seem to react to the light source in any way, even from very close distance. The females were much less numerous (ratio of approx. 1:20) and barely 20 specimens were collected during a few hours of searching within a radius of approx. 800 m from the light source. They appeared to stay active most of the night. Although no mating couples were spotted, a few probably still virgin females were observed resting motionlessly and attracting the males by rising and swinging with their ovipositor exposed in order to shoot out and spray a cloud of pheromones (Fig. 9C). A similar behaviour was observed by Danilevsky (2000) in the case of Psilotarsus turkestanicus (Semenov, 1888) in the Samarkand environs in Uzbekistan.
It is worth noting that quite a significant portion of the individuals were found dead or still alive in the webs of the Mediterranean black widow spider Latrodectus tredecimguttatus (Rossi, 1790) (Fig. 9E). In some places, the density of these arachnids reached a few individuals per m 2 and the specimens of Psilotarsus (both males and females) were the main victim of this spider species. Therefore, it seems that the hunting activity of L. tredecimguttatus is among the most important factors that affect the population of this beetle.   Remarks. This subspecies is distributed in the southeastern region of Kazakhstan (from the Chu-Ili Mountains to about Chilik and the Dzungarian Alatau) and northern Kyrgyzstan (from the environs of Kara-Balta to Bishkek) (Danilevsky 2000).

Psilotarsus brachypterus pubiventris (Semenov, 1900)
It is characterised by larger, wider, robust body and relatively shorter antennae with shorter and thicker joint lobes (Danilevsky 2000). The imagines can be active from the first half of May to the end of July .
This taxon was observed at the end of June during warm (approx. 25 °C) weather conditions, after its mating period during which mostly females were still alive and the living males (Fig. 9G) constituted only a small percentage of the whole population. Also, among the females (Fig. 9H), many specimens (approx. 60%) were damaged or already dead including old body remains. Bite traces indicated that most of the specimens were killed or posthumously bitten by small mammals. In this area, any presence of Latrodectus tredecimguttatus, which seemed to be the main natural enemy of the aforementioned subspecies, were not observed. Moreover, many specimens that were killed by cars when attempting to pass or fly over the road were also found smashed on the asphalt or in the roadside vegetation strip. All three plots from which the beetles were collected are located within close proximity to each other and represent a temperate semi-shrub/dwarf semi-shrub desert habitat (Fig. 10A). It is worth noting that on 10 June (17 days earlier), insects had been being attracted to the light at a plot located only 2 km away from this location and that not even a single male was observed neither in the night nor in the morning of the next day. This may indeed indicate a rather short, approximately two-week-long, period of the occurrence of this subspecies, which would be in line with Danilevsky's (2014a) findings.
It is also interesting to note that this subspecies seems to stay active for most of the day. Within two different plots, the females of P. b. pubiventris were observed from the late evening hours through most of the night (the last active specimens were found around 3-4 a.m.) as well as in the morning of the next day (around 9 a.m.). However, although most of the males were already dead, a few living specimens were caught only in the morning despite several hours of attempting to attract them to the light on the previous evening and night on the same plot. This unusual behaviour might be related to the end of the period of the occurrence and condition of the individuals. On the other hand, according to Danilevsky (2014a), there are contradictory observations concerning the activity of beetles. In 2001, the author collected numerous males only in the morning before the dawn (from 5 to 5:30 a.m) but with no females and no more males were caught earlier or later during the day or while attempting to attract them to a light source at night. A slightly different observation was made by S.V. Murzin in 1989 who noted the maximum activity of both sexes at the sunrise. However, according to Ishkov and Kadyrbekov (2004), there were signs of nocturnal activity. Remarks. This is a typical Siberian species. It has been widely discussed in a previous paper concerning the longhorn beetles of Mongolia . Additionally, we present an interesting melanistic form here ( Fig. 2A).
The species was not included in the Kazakh fauna by Kostin (1973), who claimed that all records of this taxon for the country actually belonged to Anastrangalia sanguinolenta (Linnaeus, 1761) and that the record of A. sequensi from "Burabay" in the Kokchetav region ) must represent another species -most probably Anastrangalia reyi (Heyden, 1885) ). The occurrence of A. sequensi in Kazakhstan was finally confirmed in the same locality as we present here by Danilevskaya et al. (2009). Remarks. This is a typical Siberian species that is distributed in the Siberian part of Russia and Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China, Japan and the entire Korean peninsula (Cherepanov 1990a, Danilevsky 2014a. The larvae feed on the wood of different deciduous trees. The life cycle usually lasts two years. The adults appear in the late spring and can be found on flowers, mainly from the Apiaceae and Rosaceae families (Cherepanov 1990a).

Leptura annularis
A few specimens were observed on various Apiaceae flowers in a habitat of a mixed forest in the foothills of the West Altai Mountains.   Remarks. This is a temperate Palaearctic species that is distributed from northeastern Europe to the Far East Danilevsky 1989, Sama 2002). The taxon was discussed in a previous paper concerning the longhorn beetles of Mongolia .
Although the nominotypical subspecies -Lepturalia nigripes nigripes (DeGeer, 1873) is distributed in the western part of the range, both taxa can be found in Kazakhstan. A transitional zone between these two forms is situated in the Ural Mountains. According to Danilevskaya et al. (2009), both subspecies occur together in the eastern part of European Russia and in West Siberia, e.g. in the Orenburg region where several populations are known to consist of two different colour forms. However, although specimens with red elytra can be found sporadically in Western Europe, no yellow forms are known from East Siberia or further eastwards.
Our own observations indicate that this taxon is moderately frequent in the mountain and foothill zone in northeastern Kazakhstan, particularly in more afforested areas. About twenty specimens were collected on the flowers of various plants (e.g. Apiaceae, Rosa sp.) in habitats such as riverine bushes with Caragana shrubs, a mixed forest in the foothills of the West Altai Mountains and at the edge of a mountain deciduous grove that consisted mainly of Populus, Betula and Salix (Fig. 15C). Birches occurred in all of these sites. Remarks. This is a typical Siberian species. It was discussed in a previous paper concerning the longhorn beetles of Mongolia .

Lepturobosca virens
Several individuals of M. thoracica were collected on dead birch trunks in this locality in June 2005 ).
In our research, two specimens were collected in the habitat of a rather old Populus forest (Fig. 15F) that extends along the Khamir River in the foothills of the West Altai Mountains. The first one was caught in flight, whereas the second was beaten down from a trunk of a dead willow Salix sp. Remarks. This is a typical Siberian species that is distributed from Eastern Europe (Ukraine and European Russia) to the Pacific Ocean. Oedecnema gebleri is a polyphagous cerambycid that develops in the basal zones and in the stumps of different deciduous and coniferous trees and then pupates in the soil. The imagines can be found on flowers from the end of May to August Danilevsky 1989, Cherepanov 1990a Remarks. Pachytodes erraticus is a typical Palaearctic species that is distributed from Spain to East Siberia. It develops under ground in the rotten roots of different deciduous tree species. The pupation occurs in the soil ). This is one of the most common species in the zone of mountains and foothills in northeastern Kazakhstan. We observed this species frequently and rather numer-ously on the flowers of various Apiaceae species in different habitats from the roadside vegetation strips in the mountain steppe region through river canyons with Caragana and Lonicera (Fig. 15A)  Remarks. This is the easternmost subspecies that is distributed from Eastern Europe to East Siberia and China (Danilevsky 2018a).

Oedecnema gebleri
This taxon was recorded from the Putintsevo environs by Danilevskaya et al. (2009) under an incorrect name, Pseudovadonia livida pecta (K. Daniel & J. Daniel, 1891). This subspecies seems to be endemic to Italy (Danilevsky 2018a). Remarks. The nominotypical subspecies is distributed from Central Europe to East Siberia and China (Danilevsky 2018a).

Stenurella bifasciata bifasciata
According to some authors (e.g. Bense 1995, Sama 2002, although the biology of S. bifasciata is inadequately known, its larvae develop in both deciduous (Ulmus, Quercus, Salix, Rosa, Spartium, Ficus) and coniferous (Pinus) trees. Although our own observations from Central Europe indicate its close relationship with pines Pinus spp., in Kazakhstan, we also collected this species in completely treeless areas in which the only suitable host plant was the rose Rosa sp. We did not observe any morphological differences between the specimens from the semi-steppe habitats, which are apparently associated with Rosa, or from the Kazakh mountain forests having a share of Pinus, or from Poland. Remarks. This is a typical Palaearctic species that is distributed from Spain to the Russian Far East, Korea and China. Brachyta interrogationis is a very variable taxon with twelve described subspecies. Each local population is characterised by unique proportions of certain colour forms. The russica ssp. is known to occur in European Russia (except for the northern Urals), West Siberia (including Altai) and Kazakhstan, and it is the only subspecies that has been recorded from Kazakhstan (Lazarev 2016, Danilevsky 2018a). In Siberia, the larvae of this species have usually been observed in the roots of living Paeonia but also those of Euphorbia and Radiola, as well as Trollius in laboratory conditions ). Pupation occurs in the soil. The adults can be found on the flowers of various plants from May to the turn of July and August. The species is most numerous in the foothill and mountain regions of the forest and forest-steppe zones (Cherepanov 1990a).
Several individuals of this taxon were collected on Paeonia in the area of Putinzevo and on Ranunculus in the Sibinka River valley in June 2005 ), however no subspecies was specified.
A single female was collected on the stem of a herbaceous plant species at the edge of a mountain deciduous grove that consisted mainly of Populus, Betula and Salix (Fig. 15C). Remarks. Stenocorus minutus is a rare species that is distributed mainly in eastern Kazakhstan and reaches northwestern China and western Mongolia through the Irtysh River valley and the Tarbagatay Mountain range (Danilevsky 2014a(Danilevsky , 2018a. While the biology of the preimaginal stages remains unknown, according to Danilevsky (2014a), larvae of this species undoubtedly descend under ground where they feed on the roots of various woody plants. Kadyrbekov and Childebaev (2007) claimed that the larvae develop in dead deciduous trees. The latter authors found adults on the flowers of various plant species, including Euphorbia lamprocarpa, in the second half of June. On the other hand, the species was quite numerously observed in treeless xerothermic habitats that had a significant number of shrubs (Danilevsky 2014a).
For a long time, Stenocorus minutus was known in Kazakhstan only from the upper ranges of the Saur and Tarbagatay Mountains (Kostin 1973). It was also mentioned as occurring in southeastern Kazakhstan (along Lake Zaysan) by Cherepanov (1990a) under its outdated name Stenocorus tataricus (Gebler, 1841); however, the author had never observed this species in nature. Recently, it was found more frequently in the riparian forests of the Tentek River valley (Kadyrbekov and Childebaev 2007).
About ten specimens were collected on the leaves and stems of Caragana and Lonicera shrubs overgrowing the stony hills in the Sibinka River valley (Fig. 15B). A female was observed feeding on juice leaking from a damaged Caragana stem together with a few individuals of Protaetia spp. That observation and the fact that most of the specimens (also couples together) were found on Caragana may indicate an association of Stenocorus minutus with this plant genus, especially since not a single specimen has been recorded by any of the expeditions in a rather well-investigated area of Putintsevo, that is located approx. 120 km eastward, in which many deciduous trees (e.g. Betula, Padus, Populus, Salix) and shrubs (e.g. Lonicera, Rosa, Spiraea, Viburnum) occur with the exception of Caragana. It is also worth noting that this rare but rather large and easily spotted species has not been found in presented locality by M. Danilevsky's research team in mid-June of 2005, which may indicate the beginning of the appearance of beetles in the second half of June when the adults of their sympatric species Oberea kostini end their activity. Remarks. The species is distributed from the southern region of European Russia through the countries of Central Asia to West Siberia and China (Danilevsky 2018a). The polyphagous larvae develop in various deciduous trees and shrubs (e.g. Elaeagnus, Populus, Malus, Rosa, Halimodendron and Tamarix). The adults are active from April to July (Danilevsky 2001b, Ishkov andKadyrbekov 2004).
Turanium scabrum inhabits almost all of the territory of Kazakhstan (excluding northern and northeastern regions) (Danilevsky 2001b) and it is considered a serious pest, especially of Elaeagnus angustifolia and Populus diversifolia (Borissova 2018).
The individuals were observed during a hot (30 °C) and sunny afternoon on a flood barrier formed from old branches and boughs primarily of oleasters Elaeagnus (Fig. 10B). The beetles were flying to accumulated wood where they were mating. The species was observed sympatrically with Chlorophorus elaeagni there. Several specimens were additionally rared from the dry wood of Elaeagnus angustifolia.

Clytini Mulsant, 1839
Chlorophorus elaeagni Plavilstshikov, 1956 Material examined. Almaty Region: 13 km W of Szonży Remarks. This species is distributed from the Caucasus to Central Asia (Danilevsky 2018a). It was discussed in a previous paper concerning the longhorn beetles of Tajikistan (Kadyrov et al. 2016).
Chlorophorus elaeagni is a rather common species in southern Kazakhstan, where it mainly occurs in tugay habitats. Although the specimens were collected on sites that were located near river banks in rather different habitats, there was always a large share of Elaeagnus angustifolia, which seems to be the main host plant for this species. In the environs of Karashota, during a hot (30 °C) and sunny afternoon, the specimens were observed on a flood barrier formed from old branches and boughs primarily of oleasters Elaeagnus (Fig. 10B). Single males were flying to accumulated wood from time to time and started to actively run after landing. This period seemed to be the beginning of the occurrence of this species in nature. On this plot, Ch. elaeagni occurred sympatrically with Turanium scabrum, which was swarming at that time. Additionally, on a bank of the Syr Darya River in a locality near Tartogay, several males were observed during a scorching (35 °C) day on blossoming tamarisks Tamarix (Fig. 10C) in the same habitat as Anoplistes jacobsoni (Fig. 11D) at the peak of its occurrence. Remarks. The species is distributed from the northern and central parts of Europe through Siberia, including the northern regions of Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China, to the Far East and the Korean Peninsula (Danilevsky 2018a). While Cyrtoclytus capra is a rather rare and sporadic species in West Europe, where the range of its host plants seems to be very narrow (Acer, Alnus), it is very numerous in Siberia, where it develops in many deciduous trees, e.g. Betula, Quercus and Sorbus but also in Euonymus, Vitis and Aralia ). It primarily inhabits deciduous and mixed forests. The adults are active from June to August (Švácha and Danilevsky 1988).
Numerous specimens were observed throughout the day on the flowers of various herbaceous plants in rather different habitats, such as a mountain riverine forest dominated by Salix, Populus and Betula, mountain deciduous forests (   Remarks. This widespread thermophilous species is distributed from Europe throughout Asia Minor, the Caucasus, Transcaucasia, the Middle East and Central Asia to the Xinjiang region in China (Danilevsky 2018a). The larvae develop in the stems and roots of various herbaceous plants (e.g. Medicago, Onobrychis, Amaranthus and Cornelia, Melilotus) (Cherepanov 1990b). The adults are active in June and July, when they can be frequently observed visiting flowers of various plant species (Sama 2002).
The imagines were found in many rather dry or ruderal habitats, such as the roadside vegetation strips (Fig. 12C), hills with Rosa and canyons at riverbanks with Caragana and Lonicera (Fig. 15A). Remarks. This is an east-Palaearctic species that is distributed from Eastern Europe, where is rather rare, through Siberia, including the northern regions of Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China, to Sakhalin and Japan (Kurzawa 2012, Danilevsky 2018a. While the larvae usually develop in freshly dead twigs and stems under bark, then in the wood of various deciduous plant species, mainly in Betula, Acer, Quercus, Tilia and Ulmus, it is also known from Aralia, Vitis, Spiraea, Syringa, Euonymus, Daphne and Micromeles ). The adults are active from June to September (Sama 2002).

Rhaphuma gracilipes (Faldermann, 1835)
The species was recorded from Kazakhstan for the first time by Kostin (1973). Some specimens were also collected in the Putintsevo environs in June 2005 by Danilevskaya et al. (2009).
Several imagines were collected on the flowers of Apiaceae in a mountain deciduous forest dominated by Populus and Betula (Fig. 15F). A single male was additionally lured into a red wine trap. Remarks. Xylotrechus adspersus is distributed from Altai to Sakhalin and Japan and from Yakutia to northern China and the northern part of the Korean Peninsula (Cherepanov 1990b, Danilevsky 2018a). The species is ecologically associated with willows and Chosenia arbutifolia. After mating, the females lay their eggs in living twigs. The larvae initially live under the bark and then in wood where they pupate after about two years. The imagines usually emerge from June to July (Cherepanov 1990b).
A single, probably freshly emerged, female was observed sitting motionlessly on a willow branch next to its emergence hole in an enclave of willows located next to a river (Fig. 12A). Moreover, several fresh larval feeding galleries of this species (Fig. 12B) were found in willow branches that were still alive, together with a single early instar larva under bark. Additionally, a few imagines of an unidentified parasitic Hymenoptera species were found in tunnels. Remarks. This newly described species was identified based on the specimen presented herein (Fig. 2I). Although only the holotype is known as yet, the range of this taxon is most likely limited to the eastern part of Kazakhstan. More information is provided in .

Xylotrechus alakolensis
A single male was collected within a very rich roadside vegetation strip in a steppelike habitat (Fig. 12C) using the sweep-netting method. Remarks. Xylotrechus capricornus is a rare species that is distributed from Central Europe (Austria and the Czech Republic) to West Siberia (Sláma andGutowski 1997, Danilevsky 2018a). It is probably monophagous on birch Betula spp. The females are very exacting in regard to the required health condition of a host plant. Although trees are occupied infrequently, many of them, especially those that are completely exposed, can be totally inhabited by numerous specimens on almost the entire surface of a trunk. The larvae first feed under the bark and then in the wood of trunks that have recently died. Pupation occurs deep in the wood. The life cycle of this species usually lasts two years, but can be extended up to three years. A situation in which two generations develop in the same host is very unusual. While the adults are active from the end of June to mid-August, imagines are rarely observed in nature -the beetles appear only on the hottest days and they usually disappear immediately after the sun sets behind the clouds or when the weather becomes windy or cold. Only a small part of a whole population can be spotted outside of the wood (Sláma and Gutowski 1997).
Until recently, the species was known from Kazakhstan only based on a single specimen that was found near Karkaralinsk (Kostin 1973). Then, in June 2005, several specimens were collected on birch bark in the Putintsevo environs by Danilevskaya et al. (2009). That was the first record in NE Kazakhstan.
In our research, a pair of X. capricornus was collected at the edge of a mountain deciduous grove that consisted mainly of Populus, Betula and Salix (Fig. 15C). Around noon, during hot weather, the beetles were copulating on birch trunks that were lying on a sun-exposed site. Our finding confirms the presence of this species in Kazakhstan. Remarks. Although the species originally occurred exclusively in Northern Asia from Altai to Japan (Cherepanov 1990b, Danilevsky 2018a, it was recently accidentally introduced into North America (e.g. LaBonte et al. 2005), where it is considered an invasive species. It was widely discussed in a previous paper concerning the longhorn beetles of Mongolia .

Xylotrechus hircus (Gebler, 1825)
Several specimens were reared from birch wood Betula sp. collected in the hilly grove (Fig. 12D). Remarks. Trichoferus campestris is originally native to the southeastern Palaearctic region; however, it is now considered an invasive species that has rapidly increased its range in recent years (e.g. Grebennikov et al. 2010, Dascălu et al. 2013. It was discussed in a previous paper concerning the longhorn beetles of Tajikistan (Kadyrov et al. 2016).

Xylotrechus rusticus (Linnaeus
Two specimens were reared from thick elm branches Ulmus sp. Additionally, a few imagines were attracted to artificial light sources during a warm night in a habitat of a city park.

Molorchini Gistel, 1848
Molorchus schmidti Ganglbauer, 1883 Remarks. This species is distributed from Eastern Europe to Central Asia (Sama 2002, Danilevsky 2018a). The larvae develop in various deciduous trees and shrubs, e.g. Salix, Elaeagnus, Cerasus, Populus, Malus, Prunus (Sama 2002). In Kazakhstan, it also develops in wood of plants such as Halimodendron, Hippophae and Rosa . The imagines are active from the second half of April to the end of June and can be found on their host plants (Sama 2002).
Several specimens were reared from the twigs of Elaeagnus angustifolia. Remarks. This is a widespread species that is distributed from western Europe through the Caucasus and Siberia to the Far East (Sama 2002, Danilevsky 2018a). The species is ecologically associated with Populus tremula but it can also develop in the wood of other tree species such as Salix, Betula, Quercus, Malus, Sorbus, Robinia pseudoacacia, Fraxinus and Rosa (Starzyk and Partyka 1993). According to Sama (2002), adults are active from April to August and can be found on their host plants or on the flowers of various plant species.
Only a single female was attracted to the artificial light source (Fig. 15H) at the edge of a mountain deciduous grove that consisted mainly of Populus, Betula and Salix (Fig. 15C).

Purpuricenini J. Thomson, 1861
Amarysius duplicatus Tsherepanov, 1980 Remarks. Amarysius duplicatus is a rather infrequent Siberian species that is distributed from West Siberia and eastern Kazakhstan to the Far East (Danilevsky 2018a). The species is ecologically associated with Spiraea, which is the only known host plant to date. The larvae feed and pupate in the wood of thin twigs. The adults are active from June to July and can be found on Spiraea flowers in large quantities (Cherepanov 1990b).
The first record for Kazakhstan was provided by Danilevskaya et al. (2009) based on several hundreds of specimens that were collected in the Putintsevo environs in June 2005. According to these authors, the species had been collected earlier near Ust-Kamenogorsk by I. Kostin in 1960 -misidentified as Amarysius altajensis (Laxmann, 1770) -and also by A. Napolov in 1994, but the record was not published.
Only two rather old females (one specimen lacked several segments of both antennae) were collected on the leaves of faded Spirea shrubs in a mixed forest that covers the foothills of the West Altai Mountains. Taking into account the condition of host plants and specimens, as well as the number of individuals that had been collected here in June 2005, it must have been the end of the appearance of this species. Remarks. This is an endemic Kazakh species with its known distribution limited to the area of Mt. Ulkunkalkan at the Ili River in the southeastern part of the country (Kostin 1974, Danilevsky 2018a). According to Kostin (1974), the larvae develop in the roots and basal parts of the stems of living Ephedra strobilacea. The irregular feeding ground is widened with the increasing of larva and although it is initially oriented downwards, it turns back to the top. Its length usually does not exceed 20 cm. Most of the emergence holes of the adults are located at the base of the root neck, approx. a few centimetres above ground level. The damaged shoots dry up before the autumn, and sometimes this may cause the whole bush to die. Adults that are rather immobile can be found from the end of May to mid-June. They copulate on host plants shortly after they hatch and supplementary feeding does not seem to be important in this species.
The imagines (Fig. 10E, F) were observed during windy and hot weather sitting on tufts of E. strobilacea (Fig. 10G) that were growing on the steep mountain slopes on the western side at a higher altitude in the habitat of a stony semi-desert that was sparsely covered with vegetation (Fig. 10H). Only four inactive specimens (three males and one female) were found despite checking nearly a thousand Ephedra shrubs. They did not seem to react to either the strong gusts of wind or the presence of observers. The beetles were found throughout most of the day from about 11 a.m. to 6 p.m. This strongly limited, endemic species seems to be in decline recently. In order to protect the exact locality of this vulnerable cerambycid, even approximate geographical coordinates have not been given. The species may somehow be related to the extremely rare Anoplistes diabolicus Reitter, 1915. Remarks. Anoplistes halodendri is an east-Palaearctic species that is distributed from the Balkans to the Russian Far East, China, Korea and Japan ). Within its range, it was divided into seven subspecies: A. h. balcanicus Sláma, 2010, A. h. ephippium (Steven & Dalman, 1817), A. h. halodendri, A. h. heptapotamicus (Semenov, 1926), A. h. kasatkini Lazarev, 2014, A. h. minutus Hammarström, 1892and A. h. pirus (Arakawa, 1932. Apart from its nominotypical form, two other subspecies are known to occur in Kazakhstan: A. h. ephippium and A. h. heptapotamicus (Danilevsky 2018a). According to Cherepanov (1990b), the larvae of this species are ecologically associated with deciduous trees and shrubs (e.g. Acacia, Daphne mez ereum, Quercus and Salix) in steppe and forest-steppe habitats. The adults are active from July.

Anoplistes halodendri halodendri (Pallas, 1773)
In the Sibinka River valley, the species was collected numerously in 2002 and as a single specimen in 2005 under the same conditions ). According to these authors, this population can be considered typical.
All of the individuals were collected on the pea shrub Caragana spp. (Fig. 11H). Only three rather fresh specimens were found in mid-June in the area of Tarbagatay (Fig. 11G) (each at a different locality and on two different species of Caragana) despite a long and attentive investigation of several suitable plots with numerous pea shrub bushes, which might suggest the beginning of the appearance of this species. On the other hand, nine days later in the Sibinka River valley (Fig. 15B), about a dozen very damaged specimens were observed gathered on a single pea shrub while no additional specimens were found on the neighbouring shrubs. Since the two pairs were observed in copula, it is probable that the males that still survived were attracted by the last females. This, in turn, clearly indicated the end of appearance; however, it may be related to the difference in the altitude of these localities (Tarbagatay approx. 1000 m and Sibinka 455 m a.s.l.). It is worth noting that neither during the presented expedition, nor in Mongolia (2015), were any imagines or immature stages of this species found on any different host or in any different habitat without Caragana, despite the thorough investigations of many plots and plant species using various methods. A similar observation concerning the occurrence of this species solely on Caragana spp. was made by Danilevsky (2018c) in Kazakhstan and Mongolia. It is possible that all of the records that are connected to other host plants may refer to related taxa, e.g. A. h. ephippium, or that some sibling species exist in this group, similar to the genus Amarysius. Furthermore, regarding the subspecies heptapotamicus, which was described from SE Kazakhstan (Lake Balkhash and Tarbagatay env.) based on several rather strange specimens, no significant morphological differences have been found between the specimens from the Sibinka River valley (Fig. 3E) and the Tarbagatay environs (Fig. 3F). However, some individuals from the area of Lake Balkhash should also be studied. Remarks. This is an endemic Kazakh species that is only known from several localities along the lower and middle course of the Syr Darya River in the southern part of the country. According to Plavilstshikov (1940), A. jacobsoni is ecologically associated with Tamarix and Elaeagnus. However, Kostin (1974) and Kadyrbekov et al. (1996) barely mentioned the larval development in Halimodendron. Many aspects of the species biology including the duration of its life cycle remain unknown. The adults appear from the end of May to June and can be found on host plants .

Anoplistes jacobsoni
Our own observations clearly indicate that Plavilstshikov's data (1940) regarding the host plants are wrong. The species was observed in large numbers in a tugay habitat with Halimodendron, Tamarix and Elaeagnus (Fig. 11D). Anoplistes jacobsoni is ecologically associated with the common salt tree Halimodendron halodendron (Fig. 11E) and none of the individuals were observed on blossoming tamarisks or on oleasters despite the significant share of these plants in the habitat. Additionally, no emergence holes matching this longhorn beetle were found on the two last plant species mentioned, unlike the common salt tree on which many of them were observed. Therefore, Plavilstshikov probably recorded the main woody plants that formed the tugays in the habitat on which the species was found. According to our observations and based on the distribution of certain plant species, A. jacobsoni seems monophagous on Halimodendron halodendron. The larvae and feeding galleries (Fig. 11F) of this species were found in the stems and branches 2 to 5 cm in diameter. The adult emergence holes were located at heights that ranged from approx. 10 cm to 1 m above ground level. Although they were not usually concentrated, sometimes a few of them were situated about a dozen cm from each other. The larvae initially feed on living shoots, which died afterwards. The imagines were observed during a scorching (35 °C) day from around 10:30 a.m., when the males (Fig. 11A) were already actively but rather slowly flying in the upper parts of the most impressive shrubs (Fig. 11E). Most of females (Fig. 11B) that were collected were sitting on the shady leaves of the lower branches. However, some copulating pairs (Fig. 11C) were spotted before noon as well. The highest activity of the beetles occurred around noon and although the flight of the adults began to end after that, some individuals were still found sitting on the leaves and branches. At around 1 p.m., the number of visible individuals quickly started to decrease until about 1:30 p.m. when most of the beetles were already hidden from the heat. No adults were observed again until late in the afternoon (about 4 p.m.) and as time passed, their numbers began to gradually increase. Most of the specimens were collected around 5-6 p.m. while they sitting or copulating in different parts of shrubs, mostly in exposed places but sometimes also in the shade. At that time, most of the mating couples were observed; however, despite the largest number of individuals, not many were actively flying. In the evening hours, the beetles started to hide again so the last specimens were observed before 8 p.m. This was clearly the climax of the appearance of this species despite the fact that the Halimodendron shrubs were already faded at that time. The males prevailed in the population (ratio of approx. 2:1). Nevertheless, freshly emerged individuals were also found. Anoplistes jacobsoni was observed sympatrically with Chlorophorus elaeagni, which visited the blossoming tamarisks exclusively.

Tillomorphini Lacordaire, 1868
Cleroclytus semirufus collaris Jakovlev, 1885 Remarks. Cleroclytus semirufus is distributed from Central Asia and Afghanistan to Mongolia and northwestern China. Three subspecies have been described to date: C. s. semirufus Kraatz, 1884, C. s. collaris Jakovlev, 1885 and C. s. savitsky Lazarev, 2014. The subspecies discussed here is known to occur in Afghanistan, Kirgizia, Kazakhstan and the Xinjiang region in China (Danilevsky 2001a(Danilevsky , 2018a. According to the literature, it inhabits various habitats such as mountain and submountain forests (Plavilstshikov 1940), steppes  and tugay forests (Borissova 2018). The species is strongly polyphagous; its larvae develop in the twigs, inter alia, of Salix, Populus and Rosa Tleppaeva 1997, Ishkov andKadyrbekov 2004). The imagines are active from May to July and can be found on their host plants as well as on various blossoming plant species (Plavilstshikov 1940).
Numerous individuals were collected on the flowers of the hoary cress Lepidium draba (Fig. 12E). Additionally, many specimens were reared from the inhabited material of various plant species: Berberis vulgaris (Fig. 12F), Fraxinus sogdiana, Elaeagnus angustifolia and Acer sp. The wood collected in Aynabulak turned out to be sympatrically infested with the larvae of two rather rare Bostrichidae species ( Remarks. This species is currently known to be broadly distributed in Russia and in the Siberian part of Kazakhstan (Danilevsky and Shapovalov 2007) as well as in Mongolia (Hilszczański 2008). In Europe, it reaches Latvia (Telnov 2016) and eastern Poland (Hilszczański 2008). A. obscurior was discussed in a previous paper concerning the longhorn beetles of Mongolia .
Several specimens were beaten down from the branches and thin shoots of birches on an exposed site next to a river in a mountain deciduous forest dominated by Populus and Salix with an admixture of Betula (Fig. 15D). In this region, the species is ecological-ly associated with birch, in contrast to its western boundary of occurrence (e.g. Poland), where all records are related to oak. We observed this species together with A. clavipes, which was definitely more numerous and was mainly found on poplars and willows.

Agapanthiini Mulsant, 1839
Agapanthia alternans alternans Fischer von Waldheim, 1842 Remarks. This is a rather widespread species that is distributed from the central part of Kazakhstan to East Siberia. Five subspecies have been described, four of which are known to occur in Kazakhstan: A. a. alternans Fischer von Waldheim, 1842, A. a. paralternans (Danilevsky, 2017), A. a. songarica Kostin, 1973and A. a. tarbagataica Kostin, 1978(Danilevsky 2018a. Its nominotypical form occupies the northern part of the species range from about NE Kazakhstan to Transbaikalia and Mongolia. The species is ecologi cally associated with Prangos and Ferula (Danilevsky 2017).
Several specimens of this taxon were collected in the Putintsevo environs in June 2005 by Danilevskaya et al. (2009), however the subspecies was not specified.
The specimens were collected in rather different habitats, such as the roadside strip with herbaceous vegetation at the edge of a coniferous forest (Fig. 12H), in the entire area of Putintsevo and Bykovo. It was observed sympatrically with Agapanthia dahli calculensis, similar to Danilevskaya et al. (2009); however, according to these authors, both of these species have different host plants. Remarks. This is an extremely polymorphic and widespread species that is distributed from Central and Southern Europe through Asia Minor, the Caucasus and Central Asia to almost entire region of Siberia (Danilevsky 2018a). Within its range, it is represented by many distinct local forms. To date, as many as 15 subspecies have been designated. Most of them were described or moved from the species level very recently (Lazarev 2013a,c, Lazarev et al. 2016. Agapanthia dahli calculensis is endemic to northeastern Kazakhstan (Lazarev 2013a). According to this author, the subspecies primarily differs in the poorly developed setae tufts of its antennal joints, which are very long and dense in all of the other geographical forms as well as in the poorly pubescent elytra. Although Agapanthia dahli is ecologically associated with various herbaceous plants species, the larvae prefer to feed in the inner tissues of stems of Cirsium, Melilotus, Cannabis and Ferula. On the other hand, the series of type specimens of A. d. calculensis were collected on Malva sp. and Dictamnus sp. (Lazarev 2013a). The life cycle of this species usually lasts one year but sometimes can be extended to two years (Cherepanov 1991a).

Agapanthia dahli calculensis
Several specimens of this taxon were collected in the Putintsevo and the Sibinka River valley environs in June 2005 before A. d. calculensis was described; hence, it was recorded as a nominotypical subspecies by Danilevskaya et al. (2009).
According to M. Danilevsky (2018, pers. comm.), the single female ( Fig. 5C) that was collected on Carduus sp. in the area of Karashota may represent a new subspecies. However, more specimens, including males, need to be gathered to support this hypothesis. Remarks. This is a typical Palaearctic species that is distributed from Southern Europe to East Siberia and Mongolia (Danilevsky 2018a). The larvae feed in the inner tissues of the stems of various herbaceous plants, mainly on Carduus, Cirsium and Urtica, and less frequently on Angelica, Chaerophyllum, Eupatorium, Heracleum, Senecio, Scrophularia and Anthriscus (Cherepanov 1991a). The adults can be found on their host plants from May to August.

Agapanthia villosoviridescens
One of the collected specimens represented a very rare and interesting form with red coloured antennae. Such forms are also known to occur in Europe.

Remarks. Agapanthia violacea is distributed from Southern and Central Europe through Asia
Minor and the Caucasus to Lake Baikal in Siberia. It is a thermophilic species that mainly inhabits xerothermic sites. It is ecologically associated with various plant species, mainly of Apiaceae and Asteraceae. The adults can be found on their host plants from mid-May to July (Paulus 1974, Cherepanov 1991a. The specimens were mainly collected on Astragalus sieversianus (Fig. 12G).
Several specimens were collected in rather different habitats (e.g. roadside vegetation strip, mountain forest) using the sweep-netting method.

Desmiphorini J. Thomson, 1860
Rhopaloscelis unifasciatus Blessig, 1873 Remarks. This is an east-Palaearctic species that is distributed from Altai to Sakhalin and Japanese islands, including China and the Korean peninsula (Cherepanov 1991a, Danilevsky 2018a. It is a highly polyphagous species whose larvae develop in the twigs or thin shoots of various deciduous trees and shrubs; however, they prefer Salix, Morus, Acer, Aralia and Ulmus. The larvae feed very intensely in the upper layers of wood and create longitudinal, often densely arranged, larval feeding galleries that are filled with fine sawdust. The life cycle lasts about two years. The imagines are active from May to July. The adults conduct their supplementary feeding on the young and thin twigs or branches of various deciduous species (Cherepanov 1991a).
Rhopaloscelis unifasciatus was recently reported from Kazakhstan for the first time by Danilevskaya et al. (2009) based on a single specimen that had accidently been collected on a stem of Artemisia in the Putintsevo environs.
In our research, several specimens were beaten down from the dead parts of young willows in a mountain deciduous forest dominated by Populus and Salix. These findings confirm the presence of this species in Kazakhstan. Rhopaloscelis unifasciatus shares the same habitat with other Lamiinae species, inter alia, Exocentrus stierlini and Saperda similis as well as with other saproxylic beetles, e.g. Kolibacia squamulata (Gebler, 1830) (Trogossitidae) . Remarks. This taxon is endemic to eastern Kazakhstan and is known to occur only in one locality near the city of Sarkan in the foothills of the Dzungarian Alatau (Toropov and Milko 2013). This species includes four subspecies: D. a. abakumovi Thomson, 1865, D. a. laterale Jakovlev, 1895, D. a. lepsyense Danilevsky, 2004 represented only by small populations that occur in a limited area in the northern part of the Dzungarian Alatau in eastern Kazakhstan (Danilevsky 2004). The biology of the species is poorly known. The beetles occur at altitudes of approx. 800-1300 m a.s.l. where they feed on various species of Poaceae (Toropov and Milko 2013). Remarks. Dorcadion absinthium ishkovi is an endemic Kazakh taxon with its known distribution limit ed to an area situated approx. 50 km north of Kapchagay in the environs of Kerbulak (Kadyrbekov 2004, Toropov andMilko 2013). The biology of this species is poorly known. According to Kadyrbekov (2004), it inhabits the sandy desert above a canyon of the Ili River. Based on the known collection data, the imagines are active at the turn of April and May.

Dorcadion absinthium ishkovi
The population, which was dominated by males, was found in a steppe habitat (Fig. 13A) in the environs of Arkhaly. Our finding extends the known range of this taxon about 50 km to the east.  Remarks. Dorcadion acutispinum is endemic to eastern Kazakhstan where it is known to occur in a few localities in the valley of the Kapal River and its surroundings in the northern range of Dzungarian Alatau (Danilevsky 1996c). The species inhabits sparse grasslands with sandy plots in a river valley. The imagines are active at the turn of April and May (Toropov and Milko 2013).
Numerous individuals were collected in steppe-like habitat in the Kapal canyon. The population was dominated by males ( Fig. 13B) (ratio of approx. 3:1). Remarks. Dorcadion arietinum includes seven described subspecies that are distributed in southern and southeastern Kazakhstan and northwestern China. The nominotypical subspecies is known to occur only in the area of SE Kazakhstan (Danilevsky 2018a). It inhabits mountain valleys and semi-arid areas at altitudes of approx. 600-2000 m a.s.l. The larvae feed on the roots of various grass Poaceae (e.g. Stipa spp.) and sedges of the Cyperaceae species. The adults feed on the aboveground parts of their host plants (Toropov and Milko 2013).

Dorcadion arietinum arietinum
The males (Fig. 13C) were collected in a mountain steppe habitat sympatrically with Dorcadion crassipes crassipes Ballion, 1878 and Dorcadion semenovi semenovi Ganglbauer, 1884. Although the plot (Fig. 13D) was mainly covered with high tufts of grass, there were also large, bare sandy spots where reddish and rather active beetles were clearly visible. Remarks. The taxon is endemic to southeastern Kazakhstan. The only known population is distributed along the northern foot of the east part of the Turaigyr Mountains (Danilevsky 1996d). The biology is similar to the nominotypical subspecies.
Only a single, rather old male specimen was found in the Sharyn Canyon.  D. c. crassipes, D. c. glazunovi Suvorov, 1910 andD. c. validipes Jakovlev, 1906. The nominotypical form is endemic to SE Kazakhstan and is known to occur eastwards from about the Chu-Ili Mountains to the Dzungarian Alatau (Danilevsky 1996b(Danilevsky , 2018a. This is the most variable species of the Compsodorcadion group, which also includes Dorcadion ganglbaueri Jakovlev, 1898, Dorcadion cephalotes Jakovlev, 1889 and Dorcadion gebleri Kraatz, 1873. According to Toropov and Milko (2013), both adults and larvae are ecologically associated with the needle grass of the genus Achnatherum, especially with Achnatherum splendens (= Stipa splendens = Lasiagrostis splendens). Additionally, Danilevsky (1996b) claims that all of the taxa of the former Compsodorcadion subgenus are related to the grasses of the genus Lasiagrostis.

Dorcadion crassipes crassipes
Despite several hours of searching at the locality near Kegen, only two males were collected in a mountain steppe habitat sympatrically with Dorcadion arietinum arietinum and Dorcadion semenovi semenovi Ganglbauer, 1884. This seems to confirm the interesting observations of Danilevsky (1996b) that although two or three Dorcadion species often occur together in the same locality, they are never two species of the same subgenus. Similarly, in our study three species represented three different subgenera: Acutodorcadion Danilevsky, Kasatkin & Rubenyan, 2005, Cribridorcadion Pic, 1901 and Dorcadion s. str. Dalman, 1817. This new locality in the environs of Kegen is the southeasternmost known location of this species, which is situated more than 100 km from the nearest sites that are already known. The plot (Fig. 13D) was mainly covered with high tufts of grass. Remarks. Dorcadion gebleri is distributed in eastern Kazakhstan and northwestern China. The species includes four subspecies: A. g. demimetrum Danilevsky, 1996, A. g. gebleri, A. g. lukhtanovi Danilevsky, 1996and A. g. takyr Danilevsky, 1996. Most of them are endemic to E Kazakhstan; only the nominotypical form extends its range into China (Danilevsky 2018a). This taxon mainly occurs on a small area around Lake Zaysan. The imagines are active rather early from the end of April to May, and sometimes even in June (Danilevsky 1996a). According to Danilevsky (1996b), this is the largest representative of the entire Dorcadion genus. The larvae feed on the roots of Achnatherium spp., especially on A. splendens. The adults feed on the above-ground parts of their host plants on which they also copulate (Toropov and Milko 2013).

Dorcadion gebleri gebleri Kraatz, 1873
Several males and females (Fig. 13E) that were collected in May were observed in pasture habitats overgrown by high tufts of Festuca sp. (Fig. 13F). The specimens that were found in mid-June consisted of rather old body remains, which confirms the very early period of the occurrence of this species. The plot was also overgrown by high tufts of Festuca sp. The two males that were depicted (Fig. 6I, J) were collected in two different plots located approx. 100 km from each other. Remarks. Dorcadion gebleri lukhtanovi is known from several localities eastwards from Lake Zaysan in northeastern Kazakhstan (Toropov and Milko 2013). It occurs in the Kurchum Mountain ridge and in the surrounding foothill area (Danilevsky 1996a). The larvae probably feed on the roots of Achnatherium spp. The imagines are active from the end of April to May and only sometimes can be observed in June (Toropov and Milko 2013). According to Danilevsky (1996a), this taxon seems to be a transitional form between D. g. gebleri and Dorcadion cephalotes Jakovlev, 1890.

Dorcadion gebleri lukhtanovi
Only the remains of a single male were found in a grassy, semi-ruderal habitat in the Kurchum River valley. Remarks. Dorcadion kapchagaicum is endemic to southeastern Kazakhstan. The species is distributed in the area located to the north and west of the Kapchagay Reservoir, where it prefers clayey, semi-desert habitats in plains and foothills. The larvae feed on roots of various species of Poaceae. The beetles occur at altitudes of approx. 700 m a.s.l. where they feed on their host plants. The adults are active from the end of April to the beginning of June (Toropov and Milko 2013). According to Danilevsky (1996b), the most related taxon is Dorcadion tschitscherini Jakovlev, 1900, which is distributed slightly more to the south between the cities of Kapchagay and Almaty.

Dorcadion kapchagaicum
Numerous individuals were collected in steppe habitats in the area north of Kapchagay. At that time, the gender ratio of the observed population was rather equal. Danilevsky, 1992  Remarks. The species is endemic to southeastern Kazakhstan and Xinjiang province in China (Danilevsky 2018a). In Kazakhstan, it occurs locally in the environs of Kegen and Narynkol (Danilevsky 1992, Toropov andMilko 2013), where it inhabits valleys with steppe and meadow vegetation up to 2500 m a.s.l. The larvae feed on roots of various grass species (e.g. Festuca spp.). The imagines are active from mid-April to the end of May (Toropov and Milko 2013). Remarks. The species is distributed in south Kazakhstan and northwestern Kyrgyzstan (Toropov and Milko 2013). Three subspecies have been described to date: D. mystacinum mystacinum Ballion, 1878, D. mystacinum rufidens and D. mystacinum pumilio Plavilstshikov, 1951(Danilevsky 2018a. This subspecies seems to be endemic to the southeastern slopes of the Syr-Dar Karatau Mountains, where it mainly inhabits sparse grasslands and fixed sands in clayey and stony piedmonts between 320 and 1150 m a.s.l. The larvae feed on the roots of various grass species, mainly on Festuca and Stipa. The imagines are active from the end of April to the end of May (Toropov and Milko 2013).

Dorcadion mystacinum rufidens
Only the remains of a single female were found in a habitat with Caragana shrubs near the shore of a salt lake.     Remarks. The species is endemic to eastern Kazakhstan. It occurs only in the central part of the northern slopes of Dzungarian Alatau where it inhabits piedmont areas between 600-700 m a.s.l. The larvae feed on the roots of various grass species. The imagines are active mostly from the end of April to the second half of May (Toropov and Milko 2013). Remarks. Dorcadion semenovi is a very variable species, which includes ten subspecies that are distributed in the area of northern Kyrgyzstan, southeastern Kazakhstan and western China (Danilevsky 2002(Danilevsky , 2018a. Its nominotypical subspecies is distributed to the northeast of Lake Issyk-Kul, mainly in the environs of the villages of Kegen and Narynkol (Danilevsky 2002, Toropov andMilko 2013). It inhabits foothills and river valleys at altitudes of 1600-3200 m a.s.l. The larvae feed on the roots of various grass species. The imagines are active from the end of April to the end of June, depending on the altitude on which they occur (Toropov and Milko 2013).

Dorcadion semenovi semenovi
Most of the specimens were collected from a few different localities in the environs of Kegen. At a plot located 2 km N of Kegen, this species was observed in a mountain steppe habitat sympatrically with D. crassipes crassipes and D. arietinum arietinum. Although the plot (Fig. 13D) was mainly covered with high tufts of grass, there were also large, bare sandy spots. This species seems to have a long period of its occurrence. In May of the same year, numerous specimens were found in very good condition; however, over a month later, some live (although damaged) males (Fig. 13G) and females were still found. Remarks. Dorcadion sokolowi is distributed in southeastern Kazakhstan and the Xinjiang province in China (Danilevsky 2018a). In Kazakhstan, it mainly occurs in the southeastern piedmonts of Dzungarian Alatau in environs of the town of Zharkent. It is also known from one locality in the valleys of the Ili and Charyn Rivers. The species inhabits stony foothills with a low-herb grassy vegetation at altitudes of approx. 600-700 m a.s.l. The larvae feed on the roots of various grass species. The adults are active from the end of April to the second half of May (Toropov and Milko 2013).

Dorcadion sokolowi Jakovlev, 1899
A rather unusual observation regarding the genus Dorcadion of a few specimens of both genders that were gathering on a single female probably in an attempt to copulate (Fig. 13H) was made in the area of Sarymbel. Remarks. Dorcadion songaricum is distributed in east Kazakhstan and the Xinjiang province in China (Danilevsky 2018a). In Kazakhstan, the species is known from the northern slopes of the Tarbagatay and Saur Mountain ranges as well as the southern slopes of the Manrak Mountains. It inhabits sparse grasslands in piedmont regions. The larvae feed on the roots of various grass species. This is one of the latest occurring species; the adults are active from the second half of May to the end of June (Toropov and Milko 2013).

Dorcadion songaricum Ganglbauer, 1884
Only a single female was collected in a mountain-steppe habitat in the area of rocky hills (Fig. 14F). Remarks. The species includes five subspecies, which are mainly distributed within the area from the Kapchagay Reservoir to the Dzungarian Alatau (Toropov and Milko 2013). Dorcadion suvorovi konyrolenum is an endemic taxon whose known localities are limited to the environs of Konyrolen in southeastern Kazakhstan (Danilevsky 1996c, Toropov andMilko 2013). The biology of the species is poorly understood. According to Toropov and Milko (2013), the larvae feed on the roots of various grass species. The beetles occur at altitudes between 600-1,800 m a.s.l. The adults are active from the end of April to the beginning of June.

Dorcadion suvorovi konyrolenum
Only a single male (Fig. 14A) and female were collected in a mountain steppe habitat. The plot (Fig. 14B) was mainly covered with medium-high grass. Such a small number of observed individuals may indicate the end of the appearance of this species.  Remarks. Dorcadion tenuelineatum is a species that is endemic to Kazakhstan (Danilevsky 2018a), where it occurs only in the area between Lake Alakol and the northeastern range of the Dzungarian Alatau (Toropov and Milko 2013). The species inhabits grasslands on the slopes in piedmont areas at an altitude of approx. 1000 m a.s.l. The larvae feed on the roots of various species of Poaceae. The adults are active from the end of April to the second half of May (Toropov and Milko 2013). Remarks. Dorcadion tianshanskii is a species that is endemic to Kazakhstan (Danilevsky 2018a). It includes eight subspecies, which are distributed in the area to the north of the Chu River, mainly in the environs of Kenen (Danilevsky 2012, Toropov andMilko 2013). The biology of this taxon is poorly known. According to Toropov and Milko (2013), it inhabits various habitats depending on the subspecies. The larvae feed on the roots of various grass species. The imagines are active from the end of April to the end of May.

Dorcadion tianshanskii radkevitshi
The individuals of D. t. radkevitshi were collected during relatively cold (approx. 20 °C) and cloudy weather in a grassland habitat (Fig. 14D). Despite the rather late period for the species, a few copulating pairs as well as some males, which were actively moving between tufts of grass, were still found. The females (Fig. 14C) were found in rather better condition. Nevertheless, many specimens were already dead. The individuals that were still alive occurred more frequently in a shallow depression near a small stream, usually no further than 1.5 m from the stream. Remarks. Dorcadion unidiscale is endemic to southeastern Kazakhstan and it is known based on only a single population that is distributed in the area of Kaskelen on the northern slopes of the Trans-Ili Mountains (Danilevsky 1999). According to Toropov and Milko (2013), this species inhabits midmontane meadows at altitudes of 1500-2000 m a.s.l. The larvae feed on the roots of various grass species. The imagines (Fig. 14E)  Remarks. Eodorcadion carinatum is distributed from the South Urals through South Siberia, northern Kazakhstan and Mongolia to the territory of northeastern China. Five subspecies have been described to date and a nominotypical form occupies the western part of the species range (up to Krasnoyarsk). The species inhabits steppe and semi-desert habitats up to an altitude of 1900 m a.s.l. (Toporov and Milko 2013). The populations of all subspecies are usually characterised by a large number of individuals that occur on numerous plots. It seems to be primarily ecologically associated with Agropyron spp. and Elmynus spp. (Danilevsky 2007c). In the western part of its range, the larvae often feed on the roots of cereals and forage plant species (Plavilstshikov 1958). The adults start to appear in June and can be found until September (Danilevsky 2007c).
Only a single male that was hidden under a cow dung in a pasture habitat was collected (Fig. 14G). Remarks. Politodorcadion eurygyne is distributed in eastern Kazakhstan and West Siberia. This species includes two subspecies: P. e. eurygyne and P. e. lailanum Danilevsky, 2007(Danilevsky 2018a. The nominotypical subspecies occurs in two separate regions in E Kazakhstan: north of Lake Zaysan and to the south of the Tarbagatay Mountains. Its range in the latter area is limited only to southern foothills of the Kalbinsky Ridge (Danilevsky 2007b). The beetles inhabit clayey deserts and semideserts (at an altitude of approx. 500 m a.s.l.) with sparse grass vegetation where they feed on various species of Poaceae (Toropov and Milko 2013). Remarks. Politodorcadion politum is distributed in northeastern Kazakhstan and southwestern Russia. The species includes three subspecies: P. p. politum, P. p. akmolense (Suvorov, 1911) and P. p. shapovalovi Danilevsky, 2006(Danilevsky 2018a. The nominotypical subspecies is distributed west of Lake Zaysan and in West Siberia (Toropov andMilko 2013, Danilevsky 2018a, b). It inhabits grassy steppes that were mainly formed by Stipa spp. and sparse grasslands in hilly plains. The larvae feed on various species of Poaceae. The adults (Fig. 14H) are active from the end of April to mid-June (Toropov and Milko 2013). Remarks. This species is distributed in northeastern Kazakhstan and the Xinjiang region in China. The species includes two subspecies: P. r. ribbei (Kraatz, 1878) and P. r. bobrovi, whose populations are separated by the Manrak and Saur Mountain ranges (Toropov andMilko 2013, Danilevsky 2018a). Politodorcadion ribbei bobrovi is endemic to Kazakhstan and occurs exclusively on the northern slopes of these mountains in the border zone with China. It inhabits clayey and stony semi-deserts in piedmont valleys with sparse grass vegetation. The larvae feed on various species of Poaceae. The adults are active from the end of April to the end of May (Toropov and Milko 2013).

Acanthocinini Blanchard, 1845
Exocentrus stierlini Ganglbauer, 1883 Remarks. Exocentrus stierlini is an extremely rare but widespread species that is distributed from Central Europe to the Far East including northern Mongolia (Danilevsky 2014b, 2018a). Its occurrence in Mongolia was proven only very recently (Mül-ler et al. 2013), similar to that of the Ulyanovsk region of Russia (Isaev and Ishutov 2001). According to Danilevsky (2014b), it is known to be monophagous on Salix within its entire range and there are no differences between specimens from Europe, Siberia and the Far East. The larvae develop in thin (6-22 mm diameter) willow shoots of both trees that are still alive or that are decaying. Pupation begins in May and continues until July. The adults occur in nature from June to August. Newly emerged imagines require supplementary feeding, which is conducted on the bark of young willow shoots. They lead a cryptic mode of life and can be found almost exclusively on their host plants (Cherepanov 1991a).
Although this species has already been mentioned as occurring in Kazakhstan (Danilevsky 2018a), this record was based only on the assumption concerning a single specimen from Staroaleyskoye (Altai Region of Russia, approx. 25 km from the Kazakh border) that is preserved in the collection of P. Svacha (Danilevsky 2014b. However, until now, no specimens have been known directly from the borders of this country. Therefore, the presented locality in the area of Putintsevo is the first record for Kazakhstan. Several specimens were beaten down from both live and dead willows of different ages, during hot and sultry weather in a deciduous forest that extends along the Khamir River in the foothills of the West Altai Mountains (Fig. 15D). The imagines of E. stierlini were collected in a few different habitats within one area in the Putinsevo environs. In addition to the rather shady and humid forest dominated by Populus and Salix where most of the specimens were found, beetles were also observed on an exposed site next to a river that had an admixture of Betula as well as in a more open habitat of a rather old Populus forest (Fig. 15F). At the last plot, two specimens were found in red wine traps. This is a rather peculiar observation concerning the representatives of the subfamily Lamiinae; however, the traps were hung in an air corridor, hence, they might have served as a mechanical barrier. Nevertheless, both individuals were caught on different days. Two mating couples were also observed. Only ten specimens were collected despite conducting many hours of targeted investigation over a few days during a rather optimal period, which underlines the rarity of this species. Attempting to attract them to an artificial light source, even at the site where the imagines were collected, did not provide the expected results. Exocentrus stierlini occurred sympatrically with other Lamiinae species, such as Saperda similis, Lamia textor and Rhopaloscelis unifasciatus.  A general view on Sibinka River valley, the habitat of several collected species B pea shrubs on stony hills in Sibinka River valley, the habitat of Stenocorus minutus and Anoplistes halodendri halodendri C mountain deciduous grove in Bykovo environs, the habitat of numerous collected species D general view on mountain deciduous forest along the Khamir River in Putinsevo environs, the habitat of numerous collected species E river bank with poplar windfalls, the habitat of Saperda alberti F wine trap in poplars forest, the habitat of inter alia Macroleptura thoracica, Rhaphuma gracilipes and Exocentrus stierlini G attracting insects to artificial light source in Artemisia-desert habitat H attracting insects to artificial light source at the edge of a mountain deciduous forest.
Remarks. This species is distributed from Eastern Europe through Siberia, including northern Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China, to the Far East and Sakhalin (Cherepanov 1990c, Danilevsky 2018a. It was widely discussed in a previous paper concerning the longhorn beetles of Mongolia . The imagines were collected on the bark or beaten down from the dead branches and boughs of a few deciduous tree species (mostly of middle-aged birches Betula). Two specimens were additionally reared from the collected wood material of a fallen poplar Populus trunk and a thin willow Salix trunk. Remarks. Lamia textor is a typical Palaearctic species that is distributed from Spain to Japan, including the Caucasus, Iran and Turkey ). The larvae develop at the basal part of trunks and in the roots of various deciduous tree species, mainly of the poplars Populus and willows Salix.

Lamiini Latreille, 1825
A single female was beaten down from a young willow trunk in the habitat of a mountain deciduous forest. Remarks. This taxon is widespread in Siberia and is distributed from Scandinavia and Eastern Europe (NE Poland) to the Far East and Japan . It was discussed in a previous paper concerning the longhorn beetles of Mongolia . The taxonomic status of this species was uncertain. Wallin et al. (2013) considered M. urussovii to be a subspecies of Monochamus sartor (Fabricius, 1787). This status was recently confirmed also by Plewa et al. (2018) by using different sets of data, such as morphology, genetics and ecology.

Saperdini Mulsant, 1839
Oberea kostini Danilevsky, 1988  Remarks. This is a locally occurring species that is distributed from the eastern part of European Russia to West Siberia and eastern Kazakhstan. The species is ecologically associated with the genus Lonicera. The larvae probably develop in the wood of living twigs and thin stems ). According to Danilevsky (1988) and Yanovsky (2003), the adults are active in June and July.
Numerous specimens were collected in these two localities (Putintsevo and Sibinka River valley) in June 2005 ).
In our research, only several rather old and damaged specimens were collected with a predominance of females, which may indicate the end of the appearance of this species. On the other hand, the imagines were rather active, flying around the host plants and sitting on the leaves only from time to time. On the first plot, this species inhabits Lonicera shrubs that border a river and a forest stand dominated by Betula, Populus and Salix. In the Sibinka River valley, the population of O. kostini develops in the shrubs that are growing on river banks as well as on stony areas around the valley (Fig. 15A). This is a rarely collected species in Kazakhstan, where it is usually observed in tugay habitats. Ishkov and Kadyrbekov (2004) recorded this taxon, inter alia, in the Karatal and Ili River valleys.

Oberea ruficeps ruficeps Fischer von Waldheim, 1842
In the environs of Tartogay, O. ruficeps was observed on a rather dry and salty bank of the Syr Darya River, which was mostly overgrown by Elaeagnus, Tamarix and Halimodendron (Fig. 10D). In the second locality, the species was found in a rather humid habitat near a small steam. The imagines were observed in flight in both cases; however, any Euphorbia species were not noticed on these plots. Remarks. This taxon is distributed from Southern Europe through North Africa, Asia Minor, the Caucasus and the Near East to Central Asia and South Siberia. The second subspecies -P. rufipes latior Pic, 1895 -is only known from some regions in Syria and Turkey (Danilevsky 2018a). Phytoecia rufipes is an oligophagous species whose larvae develop in the roots of various herbaceous plants, particularly in Foeniculum vulgare, Ferula galbanifera and other Apiaceae. The adults can be found on their host plants from May to July (Bense 1995). Remarks. This species is distributed from the eastern part of European Russia to the Far East and the Korean peninsula (Danilevsky 2018a). The larvae develop in the small diameter shoots and twigs of various deciduous trees. Its life cycle lasts from one to two years. The imagines fly from June to August (Cherepanov 1991b).

Phytoecia coerulescens
A single specimen was observed on a leaf of a harvested poplar at the edge of mountain deciduous grove consisted mainly of Populus, Betula and Salix (Fig. 15C). Remarks. Saperda alberti is distributed from western Siberia to Japan, reaching the maximum of abundance in the Russian Far East ). It was discussed in a previous paper concerning the longhorn beetles of Mongolia .

Saperda alberti Plavilstshikov, 1915
This species was recently published as a new for the Kazakh fauna by Danilevskaya et al. (2009) based on numerous specimens collected on Populus bark in the Putintsevo environs.
Two females were collected on the bark of a fresh poplar windfall on a river bank (Fig. 15E). Remarks. This is a widespread species that is distributed from western Europe to the Far East, including North Africa and the Near East (Danilevsky 2018a). The larvae develop under the bark of deciduous trees, but they usually choose the poplar Populus and the willow Salix ).
Numerous specimens were collected on the bark of harvested poplars, while some of them were attracted to artificial light sources (Fig. 15H). Remarks. This species is widespread in the Palaearctic region and is distributed from Western Europe to the Far East, while S. s. hieroglyphica (Pallas, 1773) ranges from European Russia through Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China to the Far East (Danilevsky 2018a).

Saperda scalaris (Linnaeus, 1758)
In contrast to the nominotypical subspecies whose pubescence is intensively yellowish, this taxon is characterised by a constant bluish colour of its pale pubescence (Danilevsky 2018c). However, distinguishing a subspecies based only on a colour difference is rather doubtful, and therefore, it is considered by some authors (e.g. Sama 2002) to be a synonym of a nominotypical subspecies. According to Bussler (2013), both forms can be found in the Southern Carpathians. In this case, the colour variation may be caused by its association with a different host plant. In Siberia, this polyphagous species is mainly associated with the birch Betula platyphylla (Cherepanov 1991b), thus a rather whitish colouration may facilitate its camouflage on birch bark. Such a hypothesis seems to be confirmed by Hoskovec et al. (2016) in the case of S. perforata. The authors explained this phenomenon as a prototypical mimicry and claimed that the colour of imagines is determined by the host plant, and thus adults whose larvae developed in the Eurasian aspen Populus tremula usually have a yellow-green or yellow-grey colour integument, whereas the beetles that developed in the white poplar Populus alba are usually grey. In Kazakhstan, we also observed similar white pubescence forms in the case of other related, though not associated with birches, species -S. alberti, S. perforata and S. similis (Fig. 4I, J, L). Therefore, a new synonymy is proposed: Cerambyx scalaris Linnaeus, 1758 = Cerambyx hieroglyphicus Pallas, 1773, syn. n.
A single female was found on the bark of a harvested birch log at the edge of mountain deciduous grove consisted mainly of Populus, Betula and Salix (Fig. 15C). Remarks. This is a rather rare but widespread species that is distributed from eastern Europe to the Far East (Danilevsky 2018a). It was discussed in a previous paper concerning the longhorn beetles of Mongolia .
A single female was beaten down from a dead willow in a mountain deciduous forest dominated by Populus and Salix.
The collected specimen represents the white pubescence form (var. albopubescens Pic, 1925), which is characteristic for central-east Asia but rather rare in Europe (e.g. the Czech Republic, France). Very similar specimens are deposited in Abdysalom Kadyrov's collection (Dushanbe) that represents cerambycid material from Tajikistan.

Discussion
The flora of Kazakhstan amounts to more than 13 000 species, including approx. 5750 representatives of gymnosperms. As many as 14% of the total plant species are endemics in various degrees, many of them are additionally relicts. Moreover, Kazakhstan, due to its unique combination of natural complexes of steppes, deserts and mountain ranges, which are connected with major inland water and river systems, provides a wide variety of habitats and relevant types of flora that are connected with the arid regions of Central Asia. Apart from two centres of the endemism of the flora (the Karatau Mountains and the Western Tien Shan), there are many unique natural ecosystems, such as desert communities in Betpak-Dala, xylium, shrub and steppe communities of the Southern Altai, spruce and apple forests in the foothills and mountains of Dzungarian Alatau and Tien Shan and floodplain (riparian) forests in the Syr Darya and Ili River valleys (MEWR 2014).
This huge variety of habitats as well as the presence of many endemic plant species creates a unique diversity of invertebrates, also among the representatives of Coleoptera. According to the records of the State Forest Fund of the Republic of Kazakhstan, afforested areas cover only 4.61% of the total territory, and they consist of more than 20 tree and 40 shrub species. The forests in Kazakhstan can be divided into several types including pine forests in the Kazakh uplands, mountain forests in the Altai, Saura, Dzungarian Alatau and the Tien Shan Mountains, saxaul forests and riparian intrazonal forests (MEWR 2014). Special attention should be paid to the unique forest enclave on the western slopes of the Altai Mountains in the northeastern part of the country. According to Danilevskaya et al. (2009), northeastern Kazakhstan is generally a very interesting area from a zoogeographical point of view. In this place, the easternmost localities of European species are situated next to the westernmost sites of East Asian taxa, which creates the high-level biodiversity of the region. That was also confirmed in the case of representatives of the family Cerambycidae.
In addition to the taxonomic studies, the biology and ecology of the long horn beetles that are distributed in this region should also be thoroughly investigated. More and more of the vulnerable Kazakh endemics are particularly interesting. The bionomy of many local species, for example in the genera of Psilotarsus, Apatophysis, Anoplistes and Xylotrechus (Kostiniclytus), requires further research. Herein we report on Halimodendron halodendron as a host plant of Anoplistes jacobsoni Baeckmann, 1904, at the same time questioning its association with Tamarix and Elaeagnus, or on Caragana spp. as probably the sole plant genus of hosts for A. halodendri halodendri (Pallas, 1773). Moreover, since the territory of this country is located between Eastern Europe and China, it may constitute a transit zone for the establishment of some quar antine pests from southern Asia. Therefore, it is extremely important to constantly examine and monitor, but also to preserve, these shrinking habitats.
The main threat to the unique habitats of Kazakhstan is the agricultural economy because approx. 81% of the total area of the country's land is suitable for agriculture. Crucial changes in many ecosystems in Kazakhstan that are harmful to biodiversity occurred more than 50 years ago as a result of the extensive plowing of the steppe and forest-steppe zones. Together with the growth of livestock, a strong increase in overgrazing occurred in the region. As a result, there was a significant loss of biodiversity in the steppe areas. There are also several threats to the biodiversity of the desert habitats. Among them, the most important comprise the haphazard road network, the regulation of rivers and the illegal logging of saksaul. As a result of the urbanisation and intensive agricultural development in the foothills in the south and east of the country, the natural vegetation is still severely damaged. In the river valleys in the desert zone (e.g. the Syr Darya, Shu, Talas), due to the limitations of river flow, highly productive floodplain communities are almost completely degraded. Furthermore, the increasing pace of the construction of infrastructures such as roads, pipelines and power lines, creates a great negative impact on the fauna, even if only due to the fragmentation of habitats. In the last five years, the fields of oil and gas production and uranium mines have drastically been extended. The area occupied by mining enterprises is also expanding steadily. However, although many ecosystems, especially in the grasslands and abandoned pastures, began to be restored after the collapse of the USSR and the economic collapse in the 1990s and they have recently continued their natural recovery, previously abandoned areas are now being restored for the economic use. Unfortunately, the use of the current resource model of economic development leads not only to inefficient economic development but also to increasing pressure on ecosystems (MEWR 2014).
Institution of the Moscow Region) in the case of some of the Dorcadion species. We are also grateful to Dr. Rustem Kadyrbekov (Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan) for sharing his publications concerning longhorn beetles as well as to the reviewers and the ZooKeys publishing team for valuable comments and constructive suggestions.