New data of spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) of Cyprus. 1. Dysderidae found in caves

Abstract This paper is the first in a series describing the previously unstudied cave spiders from Cyprus. Two new species, Dysderocrateskibrisensissp. n. and Harpacteakalavachianasp. n., are described. Detailed morphological descriptions and diagnostic characteristics are presented. This is the first report of the genus Dysderocrates Deeleman-Reinhold & Deeleman, 1988 from Cyprus.


Introduction
The spider fauna of Cyprus, the third largest island of the Mediterranean, is poorly studied. One-hundred-fifteen species have been reported from the island (van Helsdingen 2018). The species diversity of the spider fauna on Cyprus, as compared to other Mediterranean islands, appears to be extremely low. For example, 555 species have been reported from Corsica, 523 from Sardinia, 421 from Sicily, 291 from Lesbos, 289 from Crete (van Helsdingen 2018), and approximately 315 species from Chios (Russell-Smith et al. 2011), an island in the Aegean that is a tenth the size of Cyprus. The distances of these islands to source landmasses, as well as human influence, are crucial for explaining this difference; however, araneological studies in Cyprus are extremely few and limited.
To fill this gap, we have begun a survey of the spider fauna of the island. Here we present our findings from previously uninvestigated caves. We found two new species of the dysderid genera Dysderocrates and Harpactea, and describe them based on females. Males were not sampled because they are only present for a short time in populations and because of the relatively low densities of cave spider populations in general.

Materials and methods
Spider samples were collected from Beşparmak (Pentadactylos) and Saray (Palace) Caves (Fig. 1). Beşparmak Cave is approximately 500 m long and more than 200 m deep. The entrance is a small crack. After 5-6 m of crawling, there is a 3 m drop, and after this point, the cave is completely dark. The spider was found 50 m from the entrance in the second chamber. The temperature in this cave was approximately 17 °C. Saray Cave is a smaller cave, approximately 40 m long. The entrance is wide, and the cave is dark after 15 m, and after large boulders at 20 m, the cave is completely dark. The spider was found approximately 25 m from the entrance. Our specimens were preserved in 70% ethanol. Digital images of the copulatory organs were made with a Leica DFC295 digital camera attached to a Leica S8AP0 stereomicroscope. Between 5-15 photographs were taken at different focal planes and combined using Combine ZP (Hadley 2010). Terminology for the copulatory organs is adapted from Deeleman- Reinhold and Deeleman (1988), Deeleman-Reinhold (1993), and Chatzaki and Arnedo (2006). The number and disposition of spines follows the terminology of Özkütük et al. (2018). All measurements are given in mm.
The following abbreviations are used in the text and figures:

Chelicera:
ChF length of cheliceral fang; ChG length of cheliceral groove; ChL total length of chelicera (lateral external view).

Eyes:
AME anterior median eyes; PLE posterior lateral eyes; PME posterior median eyes; AMEd diameter of anterior median eyes; PLEd diameter of posterior lateral eyes; PMEd diameter of posterior median eyes.  (Fig. 8).

Legs
Derivatio nominis. The specific name refers to the type locality "Kıbrıs", which is the Turkish name of Cyprus.
Diagnosis. Dysderocrates kibrisensis sp. n. can be differentiated from D. silvestris Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988 (spherical spermatheca) and D. storkani (pentagonal-shaped spermatheca) by the transverse spermatheca. The new species differs from D. regina by its longer spermatheca and triangular dorsal arch (Da, Fig. 7) and from D. marani (Kratochvíl, 1937) by its anchor-shaped spermatheca and the dorsal arch longer than spermatheca. The spermatheca of D. kibrisensis sp. n. is similar to those of D. tanatmisi but differs by the angular shape of the anterior part of the dorsal arch versus the semicircular shape of the same in D. tanatmisi (cf. Figs 5, 8).
Description of holotype. Female. Carapace red, smooth. Cephalic region much narrower and darker than thoracic region (Fig. 2).
Male unknown. Distribution. Known from the type locality only. Comments. Seven species of Dysderocrates are known, and the entire genus is restricted to the Mediterranean Basin. We placed this species in Dysderocrates because it fits the diagnosis: large body size, three strong teeth on the cheliceral groove, and many spines on the anterior femora. Dysderocrates kibrisensis sp. n. is the first and only species of the genus reported from Cyprus.
Derivatio nominis. The specific name refers to the type locality. Diagnosis. The general appearance of the broad posterior diverticulum, short transverse bar, and basal transverse part of the the anterior spermathecae of H. kalavachiana sp. n. are similar to those of H. alanyana (Turkey) (Fig. 15), H. parthica (Iran) (Fig. 16), and H. digiovannii Gasparo, 2014 (Cyclades, Greece). However, the distal expansion of the spermathecae in H. kalavachiana is 4-5 times broader than the aforementioned species. Harpactea kalavachiana sp. n. differs from H. gunselorum Gücel, Fuller, Göçmen & Kunt, 2018 from Cyprus by the enlarged distal expansion of the spermatheca which is more than twice as wide as that of H. gunselorum, and from H. cecconi (Kulczyński, 1908) Table 3.
Description of holotype. Female. Carapace light brown. Cephalic region narrower and lighter compared to the thoracic region. Carapace with short blackish setae, fovea distinct. Eyes reduced (Figs 10-12).
Chelicerae and cheliceral fangs light brown. Chelicerae with scattered setae of varying lengths on the anterior surface (Figs 9-11). Labium, gnathocoxae, and sternum milky brown. Sternum with more hairs on the edges compared to the middle. Legs greyish. Coxae, trochanters, and especially the femora of legs I and II are darker than others (Fig. 9). Leg spination shown in Table 4.
Legs III and IV with weakly developed scopulae on distal parts of tarsi and metatarsi. Abdomen cylindirical, grey-brownish (Fig. 9). Abdomen covered with short, greyish setae, anterior setae longer than the ventral and dorsal ones. Margins of the tracheal spiracles are slightly sclerotized. Vulva. Anterior part of vulva sclerotized. Distal crest (Dc) spinose. Distal crest (Dc) and the length of the rod-shaped part of the anterior spermatheca (Rsas) subequal in length. The width of the distal expansion of the spermatheca (Des) about twice longer than rod-shaped part of the anterior spermatheca (Rsas). Transverse bar (Tb) short and straight. Posterior diverticulum (Pd) well developed (Figs 13, 14).
Male unknown.