Three new species of Atopsyche Banks (Trichoptera, Hydrobiosidae) from Brazil

Abstract Three new species of Atopsyche Banks (Hydrobiosidae) from Brazil are described and illustrated: Atopscyhe (Atopsaura) blahniki sp. n., Atopsyche (Atopsyche) parauna sp. n., and Atopsyche (Atopsaura) galharada sp. n. Additional illustrations of the male genitalia of Atopsyche urumarca Schmid are provided, including its populational variation. Also, we provide new state records for 2 species: Atopsyche (Atopsyche) urumarca from São Paulo, and Atopsyche (Atopsaura) plancki Marlier from Santa Catarina.


Introduction
Atopsyche Banks constitutes the most diverse genus in the family Hydrobiosidae, with over 120 described species Cressa 2002, Holzenthal et al. 2007). The genus occurs from the southwestern United States to northern Argentina, but it is replaced by other genera of Hydrobiosidae in the Chilean subregion (Holzenthal and Cressa 2002). Schimd (1989) provided a world revision of the family Hydrobiosidae, including comments on the classification and phylogeny of Atopsyche and descriptions of several new species. Currently, 19 species are recorded from Brazil, of which only 2 were recorded after Schmid (1989): A. chirihuana Schmid, originally described from Ecuador; and A. erigia Ross, originally described from Mexico (Blahnik et al. 2004). Following Schmid (1989), Atopsyche species are divided into three subgenera, based on features of the male genitalia: Atopsaura Ross, Atopsyche Banks, and Dolochorema Banks.
In this paper, we describe 3 new species of Atopsyche from southeastern Brazil. These additional species bring the number of known caddisflies species from Brazil to 569, but many species of this and other genera remain undescribed. In addition, we illustrate variations in the male genitalia of A. urumarca Schmid, and provide new state distributional records of A. urumarca from São Paulo and A. plancki Marlier from Santa Catarina.

Material and methods
Morphological terminology used in this paper follows that presented by Schmid (1989). The lactic acid method ) was used for specimen preparation. Genital structures were observed and illustrated with a compound microscope, equipped with a drawing tube. Pencil sketches were scanned and placed into an Adobe Illustrator (v. 13.0.0, Adobe Systems Inc.) document to produce a digital illustration. Descriptions provided for new species were made using the software DELTA (Dallwitz et al. 1999 Diagnosis. This new species is most similar to Atopsyche zernyi Flint, also described from Brazil. Both species have an apical process on the first article of the inferior append-age as long as the second article, and a phallotheca with long paired processes, apically upturned and narrow. However, Atopsyche blahniki sp. n. differs from A. zernyi by the narrower parapod, longer filipod (exceeding length of parapod), and in the apices of the paired processes from the phallotheca, which bear several spines on their lateral edges. Male. Forewing length 5.5 mm (n=1). Overall body color brown; antennal scape brown, with long brown setae, pedicel brown, basal flagellomeres yellow, apical flagellomeres brown; setae of palps yellow; frons and vertex of head with long, erect brown and whitish setae; legs yellowish brown, coxae and femora of forelegs darker brown. Forewings brown; erect setae on veins forming irregular pattern of alternate dark brown and yellow setae; apex of wing with fringe of alternating patches of dark brown and yellow setae. Forewing venation complete (Fig. 4A); R1 branched; stem of fork I about twice its length; fork II long, sessile; stem of fork III equal to its length; fork IV long, sessile; stem of M almost straight between m-cu crossvein and first fork of M; fork V long, narrow; Cu2 long, converging near fused anal veins; apex of fused anal veins very short. Hind wing ( Fig. 4B) with Sc and R1 fused apically; forks I, III, and V present, the first with a short stem, the last long with a short stem, stem of fork III equal to its length; forks II and IV absent; M3+4 not reaching wing margin; Cu2 long and almost straight; 1A long and sinuate. Nygmas indistinct in both wings. Tergum II with pair of prominent glands at posterolateral margin ( Fig. 7A); tergum III with pair of prominent gland at anterolateral margin, lined at opening with minute setae (Figs 7A, 7B). Sternum V with pair of small, rounded glands on anterolateral margins (Fig. 7C). Sterna VI and VII with prominent spinelike ventral processes on posteromesal margins.
Male genitalia. Segment IX, in lateral view, long (Fig. 1A). Parapod narrow, simple, with small dorsolaterally directed tooth-like projections and short, stout setae (Figs 1A, 1B, 1C). Filipod long, slender, with elongate setae along length, apex attenuate ( Fig. 1A). Preanal appendage short, rounded, setose (Figs 1A, 1C). Inferior appendage, first article long, slightly widened apically, otherwise relatively narrow and of uniform width, with subtriangular apical process, nearly equaling second article in length (Figs 1A, 1D); second article small, with subacute apex and small rounded carina ventrally (Figs 1A, 1D). Proctiger, in lateral view, broadly widened apically, with truncate apical margin, covered with minute setae, apicodorsal margin with long setae (Fig. 1A). Phallic apparatus complex (Fig. 1E, 1F); phallotheca broadly rounded basally, with narrow ventral process articulating with inferior appendages (Fig. 1E); posteriorly divided into long, paired processes (Fig. 1F); processes apically upturned and narrow, covered with minute setae and bearing spines on lateral edges (Figs 1E, 1F); aedeagus an elongate, stout, spine-like structure, with slight ventral curvature near base (Fig. 1E) Diagnosis. This new species is most similar to A. jaba Blahnik and Gottschalk, described from Costa Rica. These two species share a similar mesal process on the first article of the inferior appendage and the complex phallotheca, with paired processes posteriorly. Atopsyche parauna sp. n. can be distinguished from A. jaba and other Atopsyche species by the broad parapod, in lateral view, with the dorsolateral margin serrate and with a midlateral spinose projection, whereas in A. jaba, the parapod has 2 prominent spines. In addition, the second article of the inferior appendage is shorter and slightly hooked in the new species, and the phallotheca is posteriorly divided into 2 long, paired processes, the dorsal one birfucate apically and the ventral one curved mesally.
Male. Forewing length 5.0-5.5 mm (n=10). Overall body color brown; antennal scape brown, with long stramineous setae, pedicel brown, basal flagellomeres yellow, apical flagellomeres brown; setae of palps yellow; frons and vertex of head with long, erect brown and whitish setae; legs yellowish brown, coxae of all legs darker brown. Forewings brown; erect setae on veins forming distinct mottled pattern of alternate dark brown and yellow setae, with dark brown setae along costal margin; apex of wing with fringe of alternating patches of dark brown and yellow setae. Forewing venation complete (Fig. 5A); R1 branched; stem of fork I equal to its length; fork II long, sessile; stem of fork III equal to its length; fork IV long, sessile; stem of M slightly curved between m-cu crossvein and first fork of M; fork V long, narrow; Cu2 long, converging near fused anal veins, crossvein near apex forming small cell on posterior margin of wing; apex of fused anal veins very short. Hind wing (Fig. 5B) with Sc and R1 fused apically; forks I, III, and V present, the first with a short stem, the last long with a short stem, stem of fork III longer than its length; forks II and IV absent; M3+4 reaching wing margin; Cu2 long and almost straight; 1A long and strongly curved, with row of elongate setae along its length. Nygmas indistinct in both wings. Terga III and IV with pair of prominent rounded glands at anterolateral margin, lined internally with minute setae (Fig. 8A). Sternum V with pair of small rounded glands on anterolateral margins, with a keel-like projection (Fig. 8B). Sterna VI and VII with prominent spine-like ventral processes on posteromesal margins.
Etymology. This species is named after the river where the holotype was collected, that means "black river" in the Tupi-guarani language.
Atopsyche (Atopsaura) galharada sp. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4664284A-65D7-4F52-8ADB-8E66C1EAF4C2 http://species-id.net/wiki/Atopsyche_galharada Figs 3, 6, 9 Diagnosis. This is a distinctive new species in the genus, belonging to the A. longipennis Ulmer group of the subgenus Atopsaura. Atopsyche galharada sp. n. resembles A. ayahuaca Schmid and A. plancki Marlier in the absence of filipods and in the simple phallotheca. The new species can be distinguished from the others by the broader parapod with 2 carinas bearing tooth-like processes. The new species and A. plancki are similar in the short and broad first article of the inferior appendage, with an apical process, but in the new species this process is longer and the second article of the inferior appendage is broad in ventral view, and slightly hooked in lateral view. Also, A. galharada has the proctiger with a broad lateral sclerotized projection, and the phallotheca posteriorly divided into long, paired flangelike processes, broadest subapically, in dorsal view.
Male. Forewing length 6.5-7.5 mm (n=23). Overall body color brown; antennal scape light brown, with long stramineous setae, pedicel brown, basal flagellomeres yellow, apical flagellomeres brown; setae of palps dark brown; frons and vertex of head with long, erect stramineous setae; legs yellowish brown, coxae of all legs darker brown. Forewings brown; erect setae on veins forming irregular pattern of alternate dark brown and yellow setae, with dark brown setae along costal margin; apex of wing with fringe of alternating patches of dark brown and yellow setae. Forewing venation complete (Fig. 6A); R1 branched; stem of fork I equal to its length; fork II long, sessile; stem of fork III equal in length to stem of fork I; fork IV long, sessile; stem of M slightly curved between m-cu crossvein and first fork of M; fork V long, narrow; Cu2 long, converging near fused anal veins, crossvein near apex forming small cell on posterior margin of wing; apex of fused anal veins very short. Hind wing (Fig. 6B) with Sc and R1 fused apically; forks I, III, and V present, the first with a short stem, the last long with a short stem, stem of fork III equal to its length; forks II and IV absent; M3+4 reaching wing margin; Cu2 long and almost straight; 1A long and sinuate. Nygmas indistinct in both wings. Sternum V with pair of small rounded glands on anterolateral margins, with a keel-like projection (Fig. 9). Sterna VI and VII with prominent spinelike ventral processes on posteromesal margins.     Male genitalia. Segment IX, in lateral view, long (Fig. 3A). Parapod broad basally, narrow apically, with two carinas bearing tooth-like processes along dorsolateral edges and short, stout setae (Figs 3A, 3B). Filipod absent (Fig. 3A). Preanal appendage short, rounded, setose (Figs 3A, 3B). Inferior appendage, first article short, uniformly broad, with narrow apical process, nearly equaling second article in length (Figs 3A, 3C); second article large, bulging basally and downturned apically, in ventral view, broad (Figs 3A, 3C). Proctiger, in lateral view, uniformly wide, with broad lateral sclerotized projection and truncate apical margin, covered with minute setae, apicodorsal margin with long setae (Fig. 3A). Phallic apparatus simple (Figs 3D, 3E); phallotheca broadly rounded basally, not articulating with inferior appendages (Fig. 3D) Diagnosis. Atopsyche urumarca Schmid was described from Minas Gerais state, Brazil, and placed in the A. bolivari Banks group. According to Schimid (1989), A. urumarca is most similar to A. pachacutec Schmid, especially in the form of the parapod and the apex of the phallotheca, but they differ in the structure of the second article of the inferior appendage. We have examined material from southeastern Brazil, including the type locality, and we found an interesting populational variation in the male genitalia structure. This variation is noticeable in the shape of the parapod and the apex of phallotheca. In all specimens, the parapod, in lateral view, is broad basally, with an oblique, mesal U-shaped incision, but this incision is deepest in specimens collected in Ipoema, Minas Gerais state, and shallow in specimens from São Paulo state; the parapod also can end in a narrow and rounded apex or bear a small, dorsal spine. The phallotheca is broadly rounded basally, with 3 paired processes posteriorly, the dorsal one long and broad, with small dorsal and ventral projections at its apex. Some specimens have a small, additional spine-like process on the posterior margin of this dorsal process, and the ventral margin can be rounded, slightly pointed, or pointed and hooked apically.