Corresponding author: Shaun L. Winterton (
Academic editor: Editor
An unusual new genus of
Window flies (
Genitalia were macerated in 10% KOH at room temperature for one day to remove soft tissue, then rinsed in distilled water and dilute acetic acid, and dissected in 80% ethanol. Preparations were then placed into glycerine, with images made with the aid of a digital camera mounted on a stereomicroscope. Genitalia preparations were placed in glycerine in a genitalia vial mounted on the pin beneath the specimen. Terminology follows
Key to therevoid clade families and
Note:
1 | Wing with vein CuA1 arising from apex of cell |
2 |
– | Wing with vein CuA1 integrated into at least part of posterior margin of discal cell; one or two (rarely three) medial veins present; male epandrium medially divided | 3 |
2 | Antennal style elongate and filamentous |
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– | Antennal style very short, often barely evident |
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3 | Antennal flagellum comprised of bulbous base fused with a terminal filamentous style; vein CuA2 separate from A1 to wing margin |
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– | Antennal flagellum shape variable, but never with an elongate terminal filament; vein CuA2 joining to A1, petiolate to wing margin | |
4 | Wing with two veins originating posteriorly from discal cell (M1 and CuA1); male genitalia rotated 180° | |
– | Wing with three (or rarely four) veins originating posteriorly from discal cell (M1, M2, M3 and CuA1); male genitalia not rotated | 5 |
5 | Costal vein extending around wing; sensory area on tergite 2 made up of two hemispherical regions of short setae; male genitalia with aedeagus and gonocoxal apodemes short (Nearctic) | |
– | Costal vein ending at vein R5; male genitalia with aedeagus and gonocoxal apodemes greatly elongate | |
6 | Abdominal tergite 2 setal patch absent; antennal flagellum abruptly turbinate with a tuft of apical setae; thickening of costal margin ending at or just beyond R4; abdomen largely white with brown terminalia (Nearctic) | |
– | Abdominal tergite 2 setal patch present; antennal flagellum cylindrical or tapered, without tuft of apical setae; thickening of costal margin ending at or just beyond R5; abdomen typically uniform black, brown or pale yellow | 7 |
7 | Mouthparts elongate; antennal flagellum cylindrical; elongate setae along posterior margin of female abdominal tergite 8; male wing with M1 much shorter than M2; male gonocoxites with medial spine projecting posteriorly; gonocoxal apodemes and aedeagus barely projecting anteriorly from gonocoxites (Neotropical: |
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– | Mouthparts length variable; antennal flagellum usually tapered, although sometimes cylindrical; setae along posterior margin of female abdominal tergite 8 short; male wing with M1 longer than or equal length of M2; male gonocoxites without medial spine; gonocoxal apodemes and aedeagus project anteriorly well beyond gonocoxites, sometimes greatly elongated | 8 |
8 | Abdominal tergite 2 setal patch rounded with very slight medial separation into two hemispheres; female tergite 8 with erect, elongate setae arranged in ring-like pattern; male aedeagus folded dorsally onto itself so that ejaculatory apodeme is projecting posteriorly (Afrotropical: Namibia) | |
– | Abdominal tergite 2 setal patch as a single rounded or elongate patch; female tergite 8 without erect, elongate setae; male aedeagus extending anteriorly and not folded on itself | 9 |
9 | Antennal flagellum gradually narrowed apically, with thick apical style that is wider than apex of preceding segment; anterior margin of female eye not emarginate (Nearctic) | |
– | Antennal flagellum only slightly tapered, with narrow apical, or more commonly subapical, style that is not wider than apex; anterior margin of female eye often triangularly emarginate just dorsal to base of antennae | 10 |
10 | Antennal flagellum with single segment (excluding apical style) (Palaearctic) | |
– | Antennal flagellum two segmented (excluding apical style), apical segment is minute and similar shaped to style in some species (e.g. |
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11 | Wing vein M1 separate from vein R5 to wing margin (cell r5 open) | 12 |
– | Wing vein M1 fused to vein R5 before wing margin (petiolate closed cell r5) | 16 |
12 | Wing vein M1 incomplete or terminating before wing margin | 13 |
– | Wing vein M1 complete to wing margin | 14 |
13 | Male epandrium as two relatively short lobes; female with reduced spines on acanthophorite; female sternite 8 longer than tergite 8 (Australasian) | |
– | Male epandrium as four elongate lobes; female acanthophorite spines elongate, slender; female tergite 8 and sternite 8 subequal (Australasian) | |
14 | Vein CuA1 terminating just beyond cell d; female sternite 8 with comb-like band of elongate setae (Afrotropical, Oriental) | |
– | Vein CuA1 reaching or terminating just prior to posterior wing margin; female sternite 8 without distinct comb-like band of elongate setae | 15 |
15 | Head length generally longer than height (sometimes subequal); body elongate; abdomen elongate and cylindrical; reared from wood-boring beetle galleries (Afrotropical, Palaearctic, Oriental) | |
– | Head length generally shorter than height; body relatively short; abdomen wide; reared from various habitats but not known from wood-boring beetle galleries (cosmopolitan) | |
16 | Mouthparts atrophied (Nearctic) | |
– | Mouthparts well developed | 17 |
17 | Head generally longer than high; body glossy black with verrucous surface microsculpturing, without extensive setal pile; abdomen greatly elongate and cylindrical along entire length; reared from wood-boring beetle galleries or vertebrate nests | 18 |
– | Head generally shorter than high; body glossy black or frequently with extensive pubescence, surface microsculpturing absent, often with extensive setal pile; abdomen short and flat, sometimes greatly elongate and tapered in female, never cylindrical along entire length; not known from wood-boring beetle galleries | 19 |
18 | Male epandrium approximately as long as high (lateral view); posterior margin of sternite 6 unmodified, without processes; male gonostyli with comb-like band of elongate setae; female cerci without tuft of strong spines; apex of cell r5 blunt (Nearctic, Neotropical) | |
– | Male epandrium distinctly shorter than high, band like (lateral view); truncated process along posterior margin of sternite 6; male gonostyli without elongate setae; female cerci with tuft of strong, ventrally directed spines; apex of cell r5acute (Australasian) | |
19 | Relatively robust bodied flies with broad, flat abdomen in both sexes (frequently large sized); sexes approximately equal sized | 20 |
– | Relatively delicate flies with narrow tapered abdomen (usually with relatively small body size), particularly in female; abdomen much longer in female, displaying distinct sexual size dimorphism | 22 |
20 | M1 and composite R5+M1 vein abruptly bent anteriorly to join wing margin subapically along costa (Palaearctic) | |
– | M1 and composite R5+M1 vein not bent anteriorly ( |
21 |
21 | Antennae greatly elongate and cylindrical; flagellum broadly rounded to truncate apically but not notched, style subterminal ( |
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– | Antennae not elongate; flagellum ovate to quadrangular, notched apically with style terminal in notch; mouthparts rarely elongate; male distiphallus short and straight, rarely protruding beyond genitalic capsule; body not resembling bee fly | |
22 | Glossy black flies without pubescence; antennal flagellum pointed, not notched; female cerci with tuft of strong ventrally projecting setae (Palaearctic) | |
– | Body variously coloured with dense pubescence (rarely glossy black); antennal flagellum broad, notched apically; female cerci without tuft of strong setae | 23 |
23 | Wing with vein R4 branching from R5 along the basal half of cell r5; female acanthophorite spines well developed | 24 |
– | Wing with vein R4 branching from R5 at halfway or along distal half of cell r5; female acanthophorite spines present, or reduced in size or shape, sometimes absent | 25 |
24 | Male distiphallus short and straight; male subepandrial sclerite not modified; female sternite 8 straight or slightly emarginate apically (Neotropical) | |
– | Male distiphallus relatively long and thread-like, highly reflexed basally so that basiphallus and ejaculatory apodeme are projecting dorsally or posteriorly; subepandrial sclerite with anterior projecting, blade-like extensions serving as aedeagal guides; female sternite 8 with rounded posterolateral lobes (Nearctic, Neotropical) | |
25 | Female acanthophorite spines well developed (Afrotropical) | |
– | Female acanthophorite spines absent, or greatly reduced in length or thickness (Australasian, Neotropical) | 26 |
26 | Female sternite 8 apically trilobate; male epandrium unmodified, without posterior or medial processes (Neotropical) | |
– | Female sternite 8 apically rounded or bilobate; male epandrium typically with multiple lobes and posterior or medial processes (Australasian) | 27 |
27 | Male epandrium with flange-like lobes internally | |
– | Male epandrium without flange-like lobes internally | 28 |
28 | Male epandrium as two relatively short lobes; female sternite 8 longer than tergite 8, apically pointed | |
– | Male epandrium as four elongate lobes; female sternite 8 length subequal to tergite 8 |
The genus name is derived from the type location of members of this genus; Iran, -
This genus is placed in
1 | Head, thorax, abdomen and legs with extensive areas of yellow and white; terminalia yellow; distiphallus of male as long or longer than body when uncoiled |
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– | Head, thorax, abdomen and legs dark, with limited areas of yellow and white; terminalia dark; distiphallus of male less than length of body when uncoiled |
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IRAN: 55 males, 9 females,
Head, thorax, abdomen and legs with extensive areas of yellow and/or white; combined length of scape and pedicel equal to length of flagellum; scutellum white with yellow suffusion anteromedially; terminalia yellow; epandrium elongate and sub-triangular; distiphallus of male as long or longer than body when uncoiled; distiphallus arms without spinose process.
Body length:4.0–4.5 mm [male], 4.5–5.0 mm [female].
The specific epithet is derived from the Latin,
male, IRAN:
IRAN:
Head, thorax, abdomen and legs black, with limited areas of yellow; combined length of scape and pedicel approximately 2/3 length of flagellum; scutellum black with yellow-white marginally; male terminalia dark; epandrium sub-circular; distiphallus of male sub equal to length of abdomen when uncoiled; distiphallus arms with spinose process basally.
Body length:4.5 mm [male].
The specific epithet is derived from the Latin,
We thank Dr Menno Reemer (Leiden, Nederland) for his gracious help acting as an intermediary in shipping specimens and references. This paper is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under DEB Award Number 0614213. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of NSF.