Corresponding author: Ricardo Pinto-da-Rocha (
Academic editor: Yuri Marusik
As part of an ongoing revision of the family
The following new familial or subfamilial assignments are proposed:
The following generic synonymies are proposed for the family
The following specific synonymies are proposed for the family
The following new combinations are proposed:
The following species of
Opiliones is currently divided into four monophyletic suborders (
From recent phylogenetic studies on the
The following abbreviations were adopted (curators in parentheses) to refer to the depositories:
The Natural History Museum [formerly British Museum], London, England (Janet Beccaloni).
Hélia Eller Monteiro Soares private collection, now included in MNRJ.
Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Darci M. Barros Battesti).
Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Brussels, Belgium (Léon Baert).
Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Adriano Brilhante Kury).
Museu de Zoologia Luiz de Queiroz, now housed in IBSP.
Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Ricardo Pinto-da-Rocha).
Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria (Jürgen Gruber).
Naturmuseum Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Peter Jäger).
Institut für Systematische Zoologie, Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany (Jason Dunlop).
Zoologisches Museum Hamburg, Germany (Hieronymus Dastich).
Zoologisk Museum, Universität København, Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (Nikolaj Scharff).
We did not exhaustively cite literature in synonymic listings (for this purpose see
Ocularium unarmed, saddle-shaped. Areas and posterior margin of dorsal scutum and free tergites unarmed (
Penis (
Monotypic.
As for genus.
Monotypic.
ECUADOR. Napo: Valley of Rio Napo, 1 female holotype (SMF RI 1004/3); Cantón Quijos, Parroquira Cozanga, Yanayacu Research Station (
Chelicera: segment I unarmed. Segment II swollen, finger II with 3 teeth, III with 4 teeth.
Pedipalpus: trochanter with 2 ventral tubercles, femur and patella smooth. Tibial setation: retrolateral iiIii; prolateral iiiIiii. Tarsal setation: retrolateral IiIi; prolateral IiiiIi.
Legs: legs I–IV unarmed and without granules, except for trochanters, which are small granulate. Basitarsus I slightly inflated. Tarsal process present. Tarsal segmentation: 6(3); 16(3); 6; 7.
Penis (
Coloration (in ethanol) (
Penis (
The assignment of
Monotypic.
Penis (
Both
As in
The monotypic genus
BRAZIL. São Paulo: São José do Barreiro (Serra da
The genus
Brazil. Paraná: Cachoeirinha, 2 ♂ & 5 ♀ (MNRJ 26912); Paranavaí, 6 ♂ & 7 ♀ (MNRJ 4732).
BRAZIL. Locality not specified further, female holotype of
BRAZIL. Locality not specified further, male holotype of
Dorsal scutum length 7–9 mm. Anterior margin of carapace without tubercles or spines. Median frontal hump on anterior margin of carapace and ocularium with a pair of tubercles on each one (
All synonyms given in
BRAZIL. São Paulo: Locality not specified further, male holotype (SMF 979); São Paulo (Chácara Dr. J. L. Lane), male (MZSP 0871). Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro (Grajaú), 1 male (MZSP 1117).
Penis (
Roewer’s (1913; 1923) redescriptions of
BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Lambari (Parque Estadual Nova Baden), (MZSP 32513); Delfim Moreira (MZSP 29393); Itamonte (MZSP 21251); Poços de Caldas (MZSP 29366). Rio de Janeiro: Itatiaia, syntypes of
Dorsal scutum length 8–10 mm. Corners of anterior margin of carapace smooth. Median frontal hump on anterior margin of carapace and ocularium with one pair of tubercles each one. Posterior region of carapace with 2 median tubercles. Mesotergum densely covered by tubercles. Scutal areas I–III each with a pair of median enlarged tubercles (III with largest and round ones). Prolateral apical apophysis of male coxa IV slightly directed backwards, retrolateral apophysis of male coxa IV absent or very reduced (
Penis (
Penis (
We propose the allocation of this species in
BRAZIL. Locality not specified further, male holotype of
Penis (
Comparisons between the type material of
According
BRAZIL. Locality not specified further, 3 males & 1 female syntypes (NHM 1863.41). Rio de Janeiro: Niterói, female holotype of
BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro: Ilha Grande, male holotype (SMF 900); Macaé, 16 ♂ & 6 ♀ (MNRJ 4601). Santa Catarina: Serra Azul, male holotype (SMF 1328); Gaspar, 1 ♂ (MNRJ 11584).
The type locality of
Penis (
The male of the species described by Soares & Soares shows a moderate development of armature of leg IV but the number and arrangement of tubercles are perfectly coincident with those of
The monotypic genus
BRAZIL. São Paulo: Porto Cabral, 4 ♂ (MZSP 787); Usina Hidrelétrica de Rosana, 2 males & 2 females (MZSP 14571). Mato Grosso do Sul: Taquaruçu, 2 ♂ & 1 ♀ (MZSP 19113); ditto, (Canal do Rio Baía), 1 ♂ (MZSP 22084).
Penis (
Males of this species show polymorphism in the posterior tubercle on the lateral margin of dorsal scutum (from low, small and blunt to high, enlarged, curved and pointed apex), posterior margin of dorsal scutum (from low tubercles to two high tubercles) and armature of free tergite I (with one large median tubercle without enlarged lateral tubercles, or with 2–4 high lateral tubercles); retrolateral basal tubercle on male femur IV of same width as femur to 1.5 times wider, short (1.3 times femur width) to long (3.2 ×).
BRAZIL. Bahia: (Os Gerais, Rio Branco Valley), male holotype of
Penis (
See
See
See genus “Taxonomical note”.
See
The genus
BOLIVIA. La Paz: Nor Yungas (Unduavi), 1 male & 6 females (SMF 2881/79; syntypes according to
Penis (
Monotypic.
Penis (
Originally,
The two type species (
Monotypic.
ARGENTINA. Falklands (Islas Malvinas), 1 ♂ (SMF 1320/8).
Penis (
The examination of detailed photos of
Based on external morphology,
Monotypic.
Penis (
We are indebted to Peter Jäger (SMF) and Adriano Brilhante Kury (MNRJ) for the loan of the examined material as well as their hospitality during visits to their institutions. These loans would not be possible without the assistance of Julia Altmann (SMF) and technical staff and students at MNRJ. Adriano Brilhante Kury is also credited for willingly making hard-to-find articles available at his own expense at “http://www.museunacional.ufrj.br/mndi/Aracnologia/pdfliteratura/pdfs%20opiliones.htm”. Cristina Rheims and Ronald M. Clouse kindly reviewed the language. Yuri Marusik and Adriano B Kury kindly improved the first version of the manuscript. The authors also thank financial support from Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP MRH #2009/3111-2, RPR #2008/06604-7) and the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq EV#; RPR #472960-2008-3).