Morphological characters of immature stages of Palaearctic species of Cleopomiarus and Miarus and their systematic value in Mecinini (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Curculioninae)

Abstract The relationship between the genera Cleopomiarus and Miarus of Mecinini (Curculionidae, Curculioninae) was tested on the basis of morphological characters from the immature stages. The mature larvae of five Cleopomiarus species (C.distinctus (Boheman, 1845), C.graminis (Gyllenhal, 1813), C.longirostris (Gyllenhal, 1838), C.medius (Desbrochers des Loges, 1893), and C.meridionalis (H. Brisout de Barneville, 1863)), three Miarus species (M.abnormis Solari, 1947, M.ajugae (Herbst, 1795), and M.campanulae (Linnaeus, 1767)), and the pupae of four Cleopomiarus species (C.distinctus, C.graminis, C.longirostris, and C.medius) and two Miarus species (M.abnormis and M.ajugae) are described in detail for the first time. To confirm the taxonomic identification of some larvae, DNA COI barcode was obtained and compared with those of adults. The immature stages of the species herein studied were compared with those known from other genera in tribe Mecinini. It is suggested that Miarus and Cleopomiarus may be monophyletic based on several shared distinctive characters. Larvae of Miarus have a characteristic maxillary mala with six finger-like dms of two sizes (one or two dms very long and the rest of medium length), this feature being apparently unique among weevils. Other genus-specific character states are observed in the pupae, such as the length of setae on the head, rostrum and pronotum, including the number of rs on the rostrum, ds on pronotum, and finally the shape of the urogomphi. A key to the described larvae and pupae were respectively presented. New biological and distributional data on some species are reported.

With regard to the biology, the larvae of Mecinini develop in roots, shoots, leaves and flowers, many of them causing the organs of the host plants to swell or develop into galls; moreover, some species of Rhinusa are inquilines in galls produced by other species of the same genus (Hoffmann 1958;Arzanov 2000;Caldara 2001Caldara , 2003Caldara , 2005Caldara , 2007Korotyaev et al. 2005). The larvae are predominantly associated with the families Scrophulariaceae, Plantaginaceae, and Campanulaceae (sensu APG 2016). Mecinus species live on Plantaginaceae, while Gymnetron and Rhinusa species live on both Scrophulariaceae and Plantaginaceae, which are two closely related families placed together in the Order Lamiales (Olmstead et al. 2001;Albach et al. 2005;APG 2016). The Palaearctic species of Gymnetron live on Veronica (Caldara 2008), currently included in Plantaginaceae (Olmstead et al. 2001;Albach et al. 2005), while those in the Afrotropical region, where Plantaginaceae are poorly represented, appear to live on various genera of Scrophulariaceae distributed mainly in the southern hemisphere (Caldara 2003;Caldara et al. 2010). In contrast, the Palaearctic species of Miarus and Cleopomiarus are associated with the genera of Campanulaceae in the subfamily Campanuloideae (Campanula, Jasione, Phyteuma), whereas the Cleopomiarus species in South Africa and in the southern part of North America live on the genera of the subfamilies Campanuloideae (Roella, Wahlenbergia) and Lobelioideae (Lobelia) (Caldara 2005(Caldara , 2007Caldara and Legalov 2016;Prena and O'Brien 2017). However, it is noteworthy that the systematics of Campanuloideae, especially of Campanula s.l. and close genera is still highly unstable (see APG 2016). This plant family is less phylogenetically close to Scrophulariaceae and Plantaginaceae and placed in Order Asterales (APG 2016). Cleopomiarus and Miarus are very closely related each other and morphologically somewhat far from the other mecinine genera, as recent taxonomic revisions have shown (Caldara 2001(Caldara , 2005(Caldara , 2007Caldara and Legalov 2016;Jiang et al. 2018).
The general habitus of the imagoes of all Cleopomiarus and Miarus species is very uniform, and there are few external characters allowing differentiation of many species. Species recognition is often possible only by the careful examination of male or female genitalia. The presence of a deep prosternal canal and free claws are two easily observed external characters that immediately allow the separation of Cleopomiarus and Miarus from other Mecinini. The shape of the penis and the sclerites of the endophallus, the slightly more pronounced convexity of the male pygidium, and the more globose femora distinguish Cleopomiarus from Miarus. Moreover, in many species of Cleopomiarus, meso-and metafemora are dentate, and the uncus of the male metatibiae is enlarged, whereas the fifth ventrite of Miarus often shows a median fovea and two teeth placed posterolaterally. Finally, both genera feed on Campanulaceae, a family of plants apparently not parasitized by any other weevil. Preliminary molecular studies appear to confirm the systematic separation of these two genera, whereas several species of Miarus, well identified on the basis of morphological characteristics, tend to have very similar DNA fragments on mitochondrial COI gene (Vahtera and Muona 2006;Hendrich et al. 2015;Horecka et al. 2017;I Toševski, unpublished data). It is clear that more characters are required to separate these two genera from each other and from other Mecinini genera.
Therefore, the purpose of this study was the following: 1) to describe larvae and pupae of Miarus and Cleopomiarus in detail for the first time, confirming when necessary the identity of the immatures by the study of the DNA COI barcode; 2) to find characters distinctive between these two genera and between the species; and 3) to investigate the relationships of these two genera with other genera of the same tribe and other tribes within Curculioninae.

Insect collection
Immature specimens examined in this study came from material preserved at the British Museum of Natural History (London), the Department of Zoology University collection of Maria Curie-Skłodowska (Lublin) and from personal collections of the two authors (RC and IT) which are deposited in the collection of the Group Function of Invertebrate and Plant Biodiversity in Agro-Ecosystems of the Crop Research Institute (Prague, Czech Republic). In the last case, the specimens were collected and placed in tubes with 95% ethyl alcohol generally with a few adults. Since it is well known that more than one species of the complex Miarus + Cleopomiarus can be found on the same plant (Caldara 2007;Caldara and Legalov 2016), to be completely sure of the identification of some immatures, the DNA COI barcode of some specimens was also studied and compared with adults found in the same plant or with data already deposited in GenBank. The collectors identified the plants.

Morphological descriptions
Part of the larval and pupal material was preserved in Pampel fixation liquid (see Trnka et al. 2015) and used for the morphological descriptions. To prepare the slides, we followed May (1994): a larva was decapitated, and the head was cleared in a 10% potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution and then rinsed in distilled water. After clearing, the mouthparts were separated from the head capsule, and the head capsule and all mouthparts were mounted on permanent microscope slides in Euparal. All other body parts were mounted on temporary microscope slides in 10% glycerine.
The observations and measurements were conducted using a light microscope with calibrated oculars (Olympus BX 40 and Nikon Eclipse 80i). The following characters were measured for each larva: head width, body length (larvae fixed in a C-shape were measured in segments), and body width in the widest place (i.e., metathorax or abdominal segments I-IV). For the pupae, the length and width at the widest place were measured. The lengths of all setae are visible on Figures.
Drawings were created with a drawing tube on a light microscope and processed by a computer (Adobe Photoshop, Corel Photo-Paint 11, GIMP 2). The numbers of setae of the bilateral structures are given for one side.
We used the terms and abbreviations for the setae of the mature larvae and pupae found in Scherf (1964), May (1977May ( , 1994, and Marvaldi (1998Marvaldi ( , 1999.

Molecular analysis
For molecular analysis, DNA was extracted from larvae and adults collected from seed capsules or flowers of plants belonging to the Campanulaceae. The barcoding region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (mtCOI) was used to confirm the identity of the sampled larvae and the corresponding adults previously determined by using morphological characteristics (Caldara 2007;Caldara and Legalov 2016). Genomic DNA was extracted using the DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, CA) following the manufacturer's instructions. The barcoding region of the mtCOI gene was amplified using the de novo designed primer pair for Miarus and Cleopomiarus species, MiaF (5' CATGATCAGGAATACTMGGAACATC 3') and MiaR (5' GCTCGTGTATCAACATCTATTCC 3'). The MiaF/MiaR primers amplified a mtCOI product of 838 bp, which consisted of 635 bp of the barcoding region (Hebert et al. 2003).
Each PCR reaction was carried out in a volume of 20 μl [1 μl of DNA, 11.8 μl of H2O, 2 μl of High Yield Reaction Buffer A (1 × 1.5 mM MgCl2), 1.8 μl of MgCl2 (2.25 mM), 1.2 μl of dNTP (0.6 mM), 1 μl of each primer of the pair MiaF/MiaR (0.5 μM) and 0.2 μl of KAPATaq DNA polymerase (0.0375 U/μl) (Kapa Biosystems Inc. USA)]. The PCR protocol consisted of an initial denaturation at 95 °C for 5 min; 35 cycles consisting of three steps, i.e., 1 min at 94 °C, 1 min at 54 °C and 1.5 min at 72 °C; and a final extension step at 72 °C for 7 min. After PCR amplification, the products were separated on a 1% agarose gel, stained with ethidium bromide, and visualized under a UV transilluminator. The amplified products were sequenced by Macrogen Inc. (Seoul, Korea). The sequence data were deposited in the NCBI GenBank database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) under accession number MH558545-MH558548. General. Body elongated, slender, rounded in cross section. Colouration. From yellow to pale brown head. All thoracic and abdominal segments from distinctly white to slightly yellow.

Morphology of immature stages
Vestiture. Setae on body thin, in different colouration, distinctly different in length; piliform, often with some asperities.
Head capsule. Head oval or suboval, slightly or more flattened laterally, endocarinal line present and very distinct, more than half the length of frons. Frontal sutures on the head in different sizes, and ever extended to antennae. One or two stemmata (st), anterior stemma in the form of a pigmented spot with convex cornea behind the antenna. Dorsum of the epicranium with five setae; des 3 located anteriorly on epicranium close border with frontal suture. Frons with four setae; fs 2 absent; fs 4 ; and fs 5 subequal. Head also with two les and two ves. Epicranial area with three pes and 2-3 sensilla.
Antennae located at the end of the frontal suture on each side, membranous and distinctly convex basal article bearing 3-4 sensilla and one conical sensorium, the later elongated, narrow.
Clypeus transverse-shaped, approximately 2.5-3 times as wide as long with two cls, and one sensillum (clss) between setae; all very close to margin with frons.
Mouthparts. Labrum with three piliform lms; anterior margin bisinuate. Epipharynx with three finger-like als; with 2-3 ams; and 0-1 mes; labral rods (lr) distinct, elongated. Mandibles distinctly broad, bifid, teeth of unequal height; slightly truncate; both setae piliform. Maxilla stipes with one stps, two pfs and one mbs and one sensillum; mala with six finger-like dms; five vms; all vms distinctly shorter than dms. Maxillary palpi with two palpomeres; basal palpomere with one short mxps and two sensilla; distal palpomere with one sensillum and a group of micro cuticular apical processes. Prelabium oval-shaped, with one prms; ligula with sinuate margin and 1-2 ligs; premental sclerite well sclerotized but without anterior and posterior extensions, U-shaped. Labial palpi with two palpomeres (partially appears as one palpomere); each of the palpomeres with one sensillum, distal palpomere with cuticular apical processes. Postlabium with three pms, all located laterally.
Thorax. Prothorax slightly smaller than meso-and metathorax. Spiracle bicameral, placed between the pro-and mesothorax (see, e.g., Skuhrovec et al. 2015). Prothorax with 9-10 prns; two ps; and one eus. Mesothorax with one prs, three pds; one as; two long and one short ss; one eps; one ps; and one eus. Chaetotaxy of metathorax almost identical to that of mesothorax. Each pedal area of thoracic segments well separated, with 5-6 pda.
Abdomen. Abdominal segments I-III of almost equal length, next abdominal segments decreasing gradually to the terminal parts of the body. Abdominal segment X reduced to four anal lobes of unequal size, the lateral lobes being distinctly the largest, the dorsal and the ventral lobes being very small. Anus located terminally. Eight spiracles, bicameral, all spiracles functional, close to the anterior margin. Abdominal segments I-VII with one prs; three pds, pds 2 the longest one; one long and one minute ss; two long eps; one ps; one lsts; and two eus. Abdominal segment VIII with one prs; 2-3 pds, if there are three setae, then pds 2 the longest one; one long and one minute ss; two long eps; one ps; one lsts; and two eus. Abdominal segment IX with four ds; 1-2 ps; and 1-2 sts. Abdominal segment X with one minute seta present or absent.     Abbreviations: als -anteriolateral s., ams -anteromedial s., cls -clypeal s., lms -labral s., mes -median s., clss -clypeal sensillum, lr -labral rods.
Vestiture. Setae on body thin, light yellow to greyish, distinctly different in length (minute to very long).
Head capsule (Fig. 2). Head oval, slightly flattened laterally. Frontal sutures distinct, seem as pallid stripes. Anterior stemma (st), in the form of a small pigmented spot. Des 1-3 and des 5 long; des 4 short (Fig. 2). Fs 1 long; fs 2 absent; fs 3 very short; fs 4 long; and long fs 5 (Fig. 2). Les 1 and les 2 as long as des 5 ; both ves medium to very short. Epicranial area with three pes and two sensilla in line with des 2 .
Antennae bearing one relatively elongated conical sensorium; and basal membranous article with four sensilla equal in length, and two pores (Fig. 3).
Clypeus (Fig. 5) approximately three times as wide as long with two cls of medium size, equal in length, and one sensillum; anterior margin sinuate.
Mouthparts. Labrum (Fig. 5) almost two times as wide as long, with three piliform lms, almost equal in the length; all located more or less anteromedially, lms 2 and lms 3 distinctly reach labral margin. Epipharynx ( Fig. 6) with three medium sized finger-like als, all similar in length; with two rather short, equal in length ams; and one medium size, finger-like mes; labral rods (lr) distinct, elongated, slightly convex. Mandibles ( Fig. 4) bifid; cutting edge with a blunt tooth; bearing with two setae in medium size, piliform, and aligned longitudinally. Maxilla (Fig. 7) stipes with long stps and both pfs, minute mbs, and one sensillum close to mbs; mala with six medium sized finger-like dms; five vms, three medium size, two very short. Maxillary palpi: basal palpomere with one short mxps and two sensilla; distal palpomeres with medium, cuticular apical processes; length ratio of basal and distal palpomeres 1:1. Prelabium ( Fig. 7) with one short prms; ligula with one minute ligs; premental sclerite narrow, ring-shaped. Labial palpi with two palpomeres; length ratio of basal and distal palpomeres 1:1.2; each of the palpomeres with one sensillum, distal palpomeres with medium, cuticular apical processes. Postlabium ( Fig. 7) with long pms 1 located basally, very long pms 2 located medially and long pms 3 located apically; membranous area basolaterally sparsely and finely asperate.
Abdominal segment VIII ( Fig. 10) with one very short to minute prs; one short and two long to relatively long pds (order: short, long, relatively long); one long and one minute ss; two very long eps; one medium ps; one medium lsts; and two very short eus. Abdominal segment IX ( Fig. 10) with four short ds; one medium ps; and two short sts. Abdominal segment X (Fig. 10) without seta.
Remarks. This is one of the most variable species and with the widest Palaearctic distribution in the genus (Europe and central and northern Asia to the Russian Far East) (Caldara and Legalov 2016;Jiang et al. 2018). The three most variable characters in adults are the colour of the dorsal vestiture, which varies from whitish grey to light brown, the density of the elytral scales, which sometimes completely cover the integument, and the length of the rostrum, especially in the female and Anatolian populations. It is clear that it would be very interesting to perform a detailed molecular study of these populations. Apart from the characters of the shape of the rostra, the uncus of the male metatibiae and that of the penis, this species differs from C. graminis and related species also by the more angulate shape of the elytral base. Also the immatures of C. distinctus can easily be separated from those of C. graminis by several characters in larvae: postlabium with medium size pms 1 and pms 3 , a very long pms 2 (Fig. 7) and a membranous area of postlabium basolaterally finely asperate as well as in pupae: Vs and sos absent (or as microsetae) (Fig. 82), pronotum with one sls (Fig. 83), and abdominal segments I-VII without ventral setae (Fig. 82). Finally, we could confirm that these two species are well separated molecularly as previously reported (Vahtera and Muona 2006;Hendrich et al. 2015;Horecka et al. 2017 General. Body elongated, slender, curved, rounded in cross section (Fig. 11).
Vestiture. Setae on body thin, slightly from orange to pale brown, distinctly different in length (minute to very short or long to very long). Cuticle distinctly asperate.
Head capsule (Fig. 12). Head oval, slightly flattened laterally. Frontal sutures narrow, but distinct. Anterior stemma (st), in the form of a large pigmented spot. Des 1-3 and des 5 long; des 4 short to very short (Fig. 12). Fs 1 long; fs 2 absent; fs 3 very short; fs 4 long; and long fs 5 (Fig. 12). Les 1 and les 2 as long as des 5 ; both ves very short. Epicranial area with two sensilla and three minute pes in line with des 2 .
Antennae bearing one medium size conical sensorium, and basal membranous article with three sensilla different in length, two behind conical sensorium, and one ahead of it (Fig. 13).
Mouthparts. Labrum (Fig. 15) less than two times as wide as long, with three piliform lms, different in the length; lms 1 located anteromedially, very close to margin of clypeus, lms 2 located in the middle, and lms 3 located anterolaterally; lms 1 and lms 2 of medium size, and lms 3 distinctly shorter than the previous two; only lms 2 distinctly reaches labral margin. Epipharynx ( Fig. 16) with three long finger-like als, all of identical in length; with three ams in different length, ams 1 and ams 2 piliform of medium size, finger-like short ams 3 and enlarged in middle, and also located more close to lr; without mes; labral rods (lr) distinct, elongated, oval. Mandibles   bifid; bearing with two setae in medium size, piliform, and aligned longitudinally, mds 1 located basally; mds 2 , located distinctly apically. Maxilla (Fig. 17) stipes with very long stps and pfs 2 , medium pfs 1 , very short to minute mbs, and sensillum close to mbs; mala with six medium sized finger-like dms; five vms, different in length, three setae medium size, and two setae very short. Maxillary palpi: basal palpomere with one short mxps and two sensilla; distal palpomere with some cuticular apical processes; length ratio of basal and distal palpomeres 1:0.8. Prelabium (Fig. 17) with one short prms; ligula with two very short to minute ligs; premental sclerite broad, ring-shaped. Labial palpi with two palpomeres; length ratio of basal and distal pal-pomeres 1:0.8; each of the palpomeres with one sensillum, distal palpomere with cuticular apical processes. Postlabium ( Fig. 17) with short pms 1 located basally, very long pms 2 located medially and short pms 3 located apically; membranous area basolaterally distinctly asperate.
Thorax. Prothorax ( Fig. 18) with nine very long and one very short to minute prns, small pigmented dorsal sclerite present with five long prns, this sclerite subdivided in two triangular plates medially; two very long to long ps; and one short eus. Meso-and metathorax ( Fig. 18) with one long prs, three very long pds; one very long as; two very   as -alar s., ds -dorsal s., eps -epipleural s., eus -eusternal s., lsts -laterosternal s., pda -pedal s., pds -postdorsal s., prns -pronotal s., prs -prodorsal s., ss -spiracular s., ps -pleural s., sts -sternal s., ts -terminal s., Th1-3 -number of thoracic segments, Ab1-10 -number of abdominal seg. long and one very short to minute ss; one very long eps; one very long ps; and one short to very short eus. Each pedal area of the thoracic segments with 5-6 very long pda.
Abdomen. Abdominal segments I-VII (Figs 19-20) with one medium prs; one short and two very long to long pds (order: short, very long, long); one very long and one minute ss; two long eps; one very long ps; one long lsts; and two short to very short eus. Abdominal segment VIII ( Fig. 20) with one very short to minute prs; one short and two long to relatively long pds (order: short, long, relatively long); one long and one minute ss; two very long eps; one long ps; one long lsts; and two short to very short eus. Abdominal segment IX ( Fig. 20) with three relatively long and one short to very short ds; one relatively long and sometimes one minute ps; and one relatively long to short and one short to very short sts. Abdominal segment X ( Fig. 20) with one very short seta (ts).
Biology. Larvae were collected while feeding on the seeds of several species of Campanula, mainly C. glomerata, C. persicifolia, and C. rotundifolia L. (Hustache 1932;Hoffmann 1958;Smreczyński 1976;Lohse and Tischler 1983;Caldara and Legalov 2016) without producing galls. The species was not previously reported on Campanula macrostachya Waldst. and Kit. ex Willd., a taxon distributed from Ukraine along the Balkans until Anatolia. Pupae, as well as immatures of M. ajugae, were also collected on Adenophora liliifolia (L.) A. DC, although in another Serbian locality (see below). This genus, however, is very closely related to Campanula (Cano-Maqueda and Talavera 2011).
Remarks. This is a very common and variable species with a wide European and Asian distribution from the Iberian Peninsula to eastern China (Caldara and Legalov 2016;Jiang et al. 2018). The two most variable characters in adults are the colour of the dorsal vestiture, which varies from whitish grey to light brown, and the density of the elytral scales, sometimes completely covering the integument. The rostrum varies somewhat in length and curvature, especially in the female. Cleopomiarus graminis is very closely related to C. longirostris as demonstrated by our data on the molecular fragment COI (I Toševski, unpublished data). Therefore, the differences between these two taxa found in the study of the immature stages, especially in the larvae -antennae with a very long conical sensorium and three sensilla (Figs 13, 33), dorsal setae (except des 4 ) long (Figs 12, 32), prothorax with nine very long and one very short to minute prns (Figs 18, 38) -are very important in order to confirm the specific rank of both taxa. On the other hand, the larva of C. longirostris is distinctly longer than the larva of C. graminis. With regard to the differences from C. distinctus, another widespread sympatric species sometimes confused with C. graminis, see the Remarks for the former taxon.
Colouration. Pale brown head with indistinct pattern around frontal sutures (Fig. 21). All thoracic and abdominal segments from distinctly white to slightly yellow (Fig. 21).
Vestiture. Setae on body thin, orange, distinctly different in length (minute to very short or long to very long). Cuticle slightly asperate.    Head capsule (Fig. 22). Head oval, slightly flattened laterally. Frontal sutures medium width, distinct. Two pairs of stemmata (st), anterior one in the form of a large pigmented spot; and posterior one in form of a very small pigmented spot, located on each side close des 5 . Des 1-3 long; des 4 short and des 5 long to very long (Fig. 22). Fs 1 long; fs 2 absent; fs 3 short; fs 4 long; and long fs 5 (Fig. 22). Les 1 and les 2 as long as des 5 ; both ves very short. Epicranial area with three pes and two sensilla in line with des 2 .
Antennae bearing one medium size conical sensorium, and basal membranous article with four sensilla different in length, three behind conical sensorium, and one ahead of it (Fig. 23).
Clypeus (Fig. 25) approximately 2.5 times as wide as long with two short cls, cls 2 distinctly longer than cls 1 , and one sensillum.
Mouthparts. Labrum (Fig. 25) less than 2.5 times as wide as long, with three piliform lms, different in the length; lms 1 located anteromedially, close to margin, lms 2 located in the middle, and lms 3 located posterolaterally; lms 1 and lms 2 of medium size, and lms 3 distinctly shorter than the previous two; only lms 2 distinctly reaches labral margin. Epipharynx ( Fig. 26) with three long finger-like als, two als of identical in length, and the third one distinctly shorter and also located more close to labral rods (lr); with three ams in different length, ams 1 and ams 2 piliform and short, finger-like ams 3 and enlarged in middle, and also located more close to lr; without mes; labral rods (lr) distinct, elongated, oval. Mandibles (Fig. 24) bifid; mds 1 relatively long, piliform, located basally; mds 2 medium size, piliform, located distinctly apically and laterally. Maxilla ( Fig. 27) stipes with very long stps and both pfs; very short to minute mbs, and sensillum close to mbs; mala with six medium sized finger-like dms; five vms, different in length, three setae medium size, and two setae very short. Maxillary palpi: basal palpomere with one short mxps and two sensilla; distal palpomere with, cuticular apical processes; length ratio of basal and distal palpomeres 1:0.8. Prelabium (Fig. 27) with one relatively long prms; ligula with two very short to minute ligs; premental sclerite broad, ring-shaped. Labial palpi with two palpomeres; length ratio of basal and distal palpomeres 1:0.8; each of the palpomeres with one sensillum, distal palpomere with short, cuticular apical processes. Postlabium (Fig. 27) with very short pms 1 located basally, very long pms 2 located medially and short to medium size pms 3 located apically; membranous area basolaterally distinctly asperate.
Thorax. Prothorax (Fig. 28) with eight very long to long and one very short to minute prns, small pigmented dorsal sclerite present with four long prns, this sclerite subdivided in two triangular plates medially; two very long to long ps; and one short to very short eus. Meso-and metathorax ( Fig. 28) with one long prs, three medium to long pds; one very long to long as; two very long and one very short to minute ss; one Abbreviations: dms -dorsal malar s., vms -ventral malar s., mpxs -maxillary palps s., mbs -basioventral s., pfs -palpiferal s., stps -stipital s., prms -premental s., pms -postmental s., ligs -ligular s.
Abdomen. Abdominal segments I-VII (Figs 29-30) with one short prs; one long and two short to very short pds (order: short, long, short); one long and one minute ss; two very long to long eps; one relatively long ps; one short lsts; and two very short eus. Abdominal segment VIII (Fig. 30) with one very short to minute prs; one relatively long and two very short pds (order: very short, long, very short); one relatively long and one minute ss; two relatively long eps; one short ps; one short lsts; and two very short eus. Abdominal segment IX (Fig. 30) with three relatively long and one very short to minute ds; one relatively long and sometimes one minute ps; and two short to very short sts. Abdominal segment X (Fig. 30) with one very short seta (ts).
Biology. We can confirm that larvae of this species feed on seed capsules of Campanula trachelium L., where they pupate without producing galls. It is noteworthy that adults did not exit by making a hole in the capsules but remained inside with the rostrum folded in the ventral canal until these opened spontaneously and forcefully, blowing up the seeds. On the other hand, it would be impossible, especially for the female, to straighten up the very long rostrum inside the capsule due to the limited available space. This is a more advantageous behaviour and apparently opposite to that of Rhopalapion longirostre (Olivier, 1807), another species where the female rostrum is more than twice as long as the stout male rostrum. In this species, Wilhelm et al. (2011) argued that the long rostrum is presumably an advantage for this weevil because its larvae can feed on plant parts with high energy density into buds (i.e., pollen grains) and that natural selection favours rostrum elongation. However, these authors reported that the elongated rostrum of females also bears a high risk when metamorphosed weevils attempt to leave their site of pupal development, which is the dry seed chambers, and therefore mortality during escaping may counteract selection for rostrum elongation, thus placing a limit on rostrum exaggeration. It is noteworthy that R. longirostre does not possess a ventral canal, which allows it to retain the folded rostrum.
Remarks. This species is only known from France, Italy, and Switzerland, where it is quite common. The adult is very closely related to C. graminis, as also supported by preliminary molecular studies (I Toševski, unpublished data), from which it differs only by the very long rostrum especially in the female and usually by the larger size (Caldara and Legalov 2016). Therefore, the larval differences between these two taxa, in C. longirostris antennae bearing one medium size conical sensorium and four sensilla (Fig. 23), dorsal setae (except des 4 ) extremely long (Fig. 22), prothorax with eight very long and one very short to minute prns (Fig. 28), are very important since they allow easy separation of these two species.
Vestiture. Setae on body thin, slightly from orange to brown, distinctly different in length (minute to very short or long). Cuticle distinctly asperate.
Head capsule (Fig. 32). Head suboval. Frontal sutures distinct. Endocarina distinctly widened in the middle of the length. Two small stemmata (st), located close to des 5 . Des 1-2 and des 5 very long; des 3 medium size; des 4 short (Fig. 32). Fs 1 long; fs 2 absent; fs 3 medium; fs 4 long; and fs 5 very long (Fig. 32). Les 1 and les 2 as long as des 5 ; both ves very short. Epicranial area with two sensilla and three pes in line with des 2 .
Antennae bearing one very long conical sensorium, and basal membranous article with three sensilla almost equal in length (Fig. 33).
Clypeus (Fig. 35) approximately 4.25 times as wide as long with two almost equal in length cls: cls 2 some longer than cls 1 , and one sensillum; anterior margin sinuate.
Thorax. Prothorax (Fig. 38) with nine long and one very short prns; two long ps; and one short eus. Meso-and metathorax (Fig. 38) with one short prs, three long pds; one long as; two long and one very short to minute ss; one long eps; one long ps; and one short eus. Each pedal area of the thoracic segments with six different in length pda.
Biology. Previously, the unique biological datum on this species was reported by Weill et al. (2011), who collected adults in Syria on Michauxia campanuloides L'Hér., a small genus of Campanulaceae distributed in the Middle East, possibly a synonym of Campanula (Crowl et al. 2014). Therefore, the observation that this species feeds on Campanula lingulata Waldst. and Kit. is unpublished. Moreover, adults were recently observed feeding on flowers of Campanula sibirica L. in eastern Serbia (I Toševski, pers. obs.), but larval development on this plant species is not confirmed. Like C. distinctus and C. graminis, larvae are seed feeders inside capsules of the host plant without producing galls.
Remarks. This species was previously known from Anatolia, Syria and many countries of the Balkans but not from Serbia. The adults of this species are characterized by a very long rostrum in the females. This character, however, is not uncommon in the Palaearctic Cleopomiarus. For example, this character is shared with C. longirostris and C. distinctus, two other taxa presented in this paper. It is distinguishable from these species by the less globose and moderately elongate elytra, and moreover by the shape of the male and female genitalia (Caldara and Legalov 2016). Other characters of the immatures allow easy separation of C. medius from these two species as well as from C. graminis (see keys to larvae and pupae). There are also substantial molecular differences between C. medius and other species (I Toševski, unpublished data). General. Body elongated, slender, curved, rounded in cross section (Fig. 41). Colouration. Pale brown or almost yellow head (Fig. 41). All thoracic and abdominal segments from distinctly white to slightly yellow (Fig. 41).
Vestiture. Setae on body thin, slightly from orange to pale brown, distinctly different in length (minute to very short or long to very long). Cuticle distinctly asperate.
Head capsule (Fig. 42). Head suboval, distinctly flattened laterally. Frontal sutures narrow, but distinct. Two stemmata (st), anterior one in the form of a small pigmented spot; and posterior one in form of a very small pigmented spot, located on each side close des 5 . Des 1-3 and des 5 very long; des 4 relatively long (Fig. 42). Fs 1 long to very long; fs 2 absent; fs 3 long medium, laterally to fs 4 ; fs 4 very long; and fs 5 very long (Fig. 42). Les 1 and les 2 as long as des 5 ; both ves medium size. Epicranial area with two sensilla and three pes in line with des 2 .
Antennae bearing one very long conical sensorium, and basal membranous article with three sensilla different in length, two behind conical sensorium, and one ahead of it (Fig. 43).
Clypeus (Fig. 45) approximately three times as wide as long with two medium size cls, cls 1 distinctly longer than cls 2 , and one sensillum; anterior margin sinuate.
Mouthparts. Labrum (Fig. 45) less than 2.5 times as wide as long, with three piliform lms, different in the length; lms 1 located posteromedially, very close to margin of clypeus, lms 2 located in the middle, and lms 3 located laterally; lms 1 very long and reaches distinctly the labrum margin, lms 2 long, and lms 3 medium size, more than twice times as short as lms 1 . Epipharynx (Fig. 46) with three medium sized fingerlike als, two als of identical in length, and the third one distinctly shorter and also located close to labral rods (lr); with three short ams in different shape, ams 1 and ams 2 piliform, finger-like ams 3 and enlarged in middle, and also located more close to lr; without mes; labral rods (lr) distinct, elongated, oval. Mandibles (Fig. 44) bifid; bearing with two setae in short to medium size, piliform, and aligned longitudinally., mds 1 located basally; mds 2 , located distinctly apically. Maxilla (Fig. 47) stipes with very long stps and pfs 2 , medium size pfs 1 , very short to minute mbs, and sensillum close to mbs; mala with six medium sized finger-like dms; five vms, different in length, four setae medium size, and one seta very short. Maxillary palpi: basal palpomere with one short mxps and two sensilla; distal palpomere with short, cuticular apical processes; length ratio of basal and distal palpomeres 1:0.8. Prelabium (Fig. 47) with one very short prms; ligula with two very short to minute ligs; premental sclerite broad, ring-shaped. Labial palpi with two palpomeres; length ratio of basal and distal palpomeres 1:0.9; each of the palpomeres with one sensillum, distal palpomere with short, cuticular apical processes. Postlabium (Fig. 47) with short pms 1 located basally, long pms 2 located medially and short pms 3 located apically; membranous area basolaterally only a partly and finely asperate.
Thorax. Prothorax (Fig. 48) with nine very long and one very short to minute prns, small pigmented dorsal sclerite present with four long prns, this sclerite subdivided in two triangular plates medially; two very long to long ps; and one short eus. Meso-and metathorax (Fig. 48) with one long prs, three very long to long pds; one    long as; two very long and one very short to minute ss; one long eps; one very long to long ps; and one short to very short eus. Each pedal area of the thoracic segments with 5-6 very long pda.
Abdomen. Abdominal segments I-VII (Figs 49-50) with one long prs; two relatively long to short and one very long to long pds (order: relatively long, very long, short); one very long to long and one minute ss; two very long eps; one very long to long ps; one relatively long to short lsts; and one short to very short and one relatively long eus. Abdominal segment VIII (Fig. 50) with sometimes one very short to minute Abbreviations: as -alar s., ds -dorsal s., eps -epipleural s., eus -eusternal s., lsts -laterosternal s., pda -pedal s., pds -postdorsal s., prns -pronotal s., prs -prodorsal s., ss -spiracular s., ps -pleural s., sts -sternal s., ts -terminal s., Th1-3 -number of thoracic segments, Ab1-10 -number of abdominal seg. prs; one short and one long to relatively long pds (order: short, long); one long and one minute ss; two very long eps; one very long to long ps; one relatively long to short lsts; and one short to very short and one relatively long eus. Abdominal segment IX (Fig.  50) with two relatively long and two short to very short ds; one relatively long and one minute ps; and one relatively long sts. Abdominal segment X (Fig. 50) with one very short seta (ts).
Biology. Adults of this species are usually collected on the flowers of Campanula rapunculus L., and we can confirm that larvae feed on seeds of this plant as previously reported by Hoffmann (1958).

Remarks and comparative notes.
This species is widely distributed and common in southern Europe, whereas it appears rare in North Africa and the Middle East. Adults can be confused with some related species such as C. plantarum (Germar, 1823), C. micros (Germar, 1821) and C. reitteri (Caldara & Legalov, 2016), from which they differ by some external characters and the shape of their genitalia (Caldara and Legalov 2016). In contrast, this species is poorly related morphologically to the other species of Cleopomiarus studied here. This difference is confirmed also by the larval morphology, which differs from all of the other species mainly by a longer fs 3 that is almost as long as fs 4.
General. Body slender, C-curved, rounded in cross section.
Colouration. From black to dark brown head. All thoracic and abdominal segments yellowish, with some asperities.
Vestiture. Setae on body thin, in different colouration, distinctly different in length; piliform.
Head capsule. Head almost rounded, sometimes slightly flattened laterally, endocarinal line present and distinct, more than half the length of frons. Frontal sutures on the head narrow and loosened, but distinct, and ever extended to the antennae. One stemma (st), in the form of a pigmented spot with convex cornea. Dorsum of the epicranium with four or five setae; des 3 located anteriorly on epicranium close border with frontal suture. Frons with three or four setae; fs 2 absent. Head also with two les and two ves. Epicranial area with two or three pes and more or without sensilla.
Antennae located at the end of the frontal suture on each side, membranous and distinctly convex basal article bearing one very long conical sensorium; basal membranous article with 1-4 sensilla.
Clypeus transverse-shaped, approximately 2.5-3.5 times as wide as long with two cls, and one sensillum (clss) between setae; all very close to margin with frons.
Mouthparts. Labrum with three piliform lms; anterior margin bisinuate. Epipharynx with three finger-like als; with two ams; and 0-2 mes; labral rods (lr) elongated. Mandibles distinctly broad, bifid, teeth of unequal height; slightly truncate; both setae piliform and located apically. Maxilla stipes with one stps, two pfs and one mbs and one sensillum; mala with six finger-like dms, in two sizes, first or first and second dms very long as pfs, next medium length; five vms; all vms distinctly shorter than dms. Maxillary palpi with two palpomeres; basal palpomere with one short mxps and two sensilla; distal palpomere with one sensillum and a group of micro cuticular apical processes. Prelabium oval-shaped, with one prms; ligula with sinuate margin and 2-3 ligs; pre-mental sclerite feebly visible. Labial palpi with two palpomeres; each of the palpomeres with one sensillum, distal palpomere with cuticular apical processes. Postlabium with three pms, all located laterally.
Thorax. Prothorax slightly smaller than meso-and metathorax. Spiracle bicameral, placed between the pro-and mesothorax (see, e.g., Skuhrovec et al. 2015). Prothorax with ten prns; two ps; and one eus. Mesothorax with one prs, three pds; one as; two long and one short ss; one eps; one ps; and one eus. Chaetotaxy of metathorax almost identical to that of mesothorax. Each pedal area of the thoracic segments well separated, with 5-6 pda.
Abdomen. Abdominal segments I-III of almost equal length, next abdominal segments decreasing gradually to the terminal parts of the body. Abdominal segment X reduced to four anal lobes of unequal size, the lateral lobes being distinctly the largest, the dorsal and the ventral lobe very small. Anus located terminally. Eight spiracles, bicameral, all spiracles placed medially or anteromedially and functional. Abdominal segments I-VIII with one prs (sometimes abdominal segment VIII without); three pds, pds 2 the longest one; one long and one minute ss; two long eps; one ps; one lsts; and two eus. Abdominal segment IX with 3-4 ds; 1-3 ps; and two sts. Abdominal segment X with one minute seta present or absent.
Antennae located at the end of the frontal suture on each side, membranous and distinctly convex basal article bearing one conical sensorium, relatively elongated; basal membranous article with four sensilla (styloconica) equal in length, and one (ampullacae) (Fig. 53).
Clypeus (Fig. 55) trapezium-shaped, approximately 3.3 times as wide as long with two medium size, equal in length cls, and one sensillum (clss) between setae; all very close to margin with frons; anterior margin of clypeus rounded to inside.    Mouthparts. Labrum (Fig. 55) 2.5 times as wide as long, with three piliform lms, lms 1 twice longer than (equal in the length) lms 2 and lms 3 ; all located more or less anteromedially, all reach labral margin; anterior margin double sinuate. Epipharynx (Fig.  56) with three medium sized finger-like als, all similar in length; with two rather short, different in length ams; and one medium size, finger-like mes; labral rods (lr) distinct, kidney-shaped. Mandibles (Fig. 54) distinctly broad, bifid, teeth of unequal height; slightly truncate; cutting edge with a blunt tooth; bearing with two setae in short size, piliform, and aligned longitudinally. Maxilla (Fig. 57): stipes with long stps, two long pfs, one minute mbs and two sensillae close to mbs; mala with six finger-like dms (first and second elongated, forth to sixth medium size); five vms (two medium size and three very short); all vms shorter than dms. Maxillary palpi with two palpomeres; basal palpomere with one short mxps and two sensilla; length ratio of basal and distal palpomeres almost 1:1; distal palpomere with one sensillum and a group of microcuticular processes apically. Prelabium (Fig. 57) oval-shaped, with one medium prms; ligula with sinuate margin and three minute ligs; premental sclerite narrow, ring-shaped, well visible. Labial palpi with one palpomere (partially seems as two palpomere); palpomere with one sensillum and medium, cuticular apical processes. Postlabium (Fig. 57) with three pms, all located laterally; pms 1 and pms 3 short, pms 2 medium size; membranous area basolaterally finely asperate.
Thorax. Prothorax smaller than meso-and metathorax. Spiracle bicameral, placed between the pro-and mesothorax. Prothorax (Fig. 58) with ten prns (two minute and eight long), well pigmented dorsal sclerite with four long prns); two medium ps; and one short eus. Meso-and metathorax ( Fig. 58) with one short prs, three medium pds; one medium as; two medium and one minute ss; one medium eps; one medium ps; and one very short eus. Chaetotaxy of metathorax (Fig. 58) almost identical to that of mesothorax. Each pedal area of the thoracic segments with six medium length pda (four of them placed on well-separated pedal areas, next two setae outside).
Abdomen. Abdominal segments I-VII (Figs 59, 60) with one short prs; three medium size pds (equal in length); one medium and one minute ss; two medium eps; one medium ps; one medium lsts; and two very short eus. Abdominal segment VIII (Fig. 60) without prs; three medium pds; one medium and one minute ss (sometimes absent); two medium eps; one medium ps; one medium lsts; and two very short eus. Abdominal segment IX (Fig. 60) with three medium ds; one relatively long ps; and two short sts. Abdominal segment X (Fig. 60) without seta.
Remarks. This species has a well-delimited distribution (south-eastern Poland, Austria, north-eastern Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia). It is easily distinguishable from all other species of Miarus by the shape of the body of the penis, which is characterized by the presence of two lateral flanges at its apex. However, for the external morphology, the M. abnormis adults are very similar to several other species, such as M. ajugae and M. campanulae, from which they can be distinguished only by the characters of the male ventrite five (fovea less deep, teeth less robust). Unfortunately, the females of these three species appear not to be distinguishable (Caldara 2007), and the molecular fragment COI poorly differentiates these species. Therefore, the differences between the immatures of these species are much important for the separation of these three species. According to the larval morphology, M. abnormis appears more closely related to M. ajugae than to M. campanulae due to several features (mala with six finger-like dms, different in length: two setae elongated, and four setae of medium length; epipharynx with 1-2 mes, and finally des 4 and fs 3 present), confirming what was suggested by the adult morphology (Caldara 2007 General. Body slender, C-curved, rounded in cross section (Fig. 61).
Colouration. Head dark brown to black (Fig. 61). All thoracic and abdominal segments yellowish with fine speculation, with clearly separated dark pigmented pedal areas (Fig. 61).
Vestiture. Setae on body very thin, piliform, distinctly different in length (minute to very short or long to very long).
Head capsule (Fig. 62). Head almost rounded. Frontal sutures narrow and loosened, but distinct. One stemma (st), in the form of a large pigmented spot. Des 1-3 and des 5 long; des 4 very short (Fig. 62). Fs 1 long; fs 2 absent; fs 3 short; fs 4 and fs 5 long (Fig. 62). Les 1 and les 2 as long as des 5 ; both ves very short. Epicranial area with three very short pes and also three sensilla.
Antennae bearing one very long conical sensorium, and basal membranous article with three sensilla and one pore (Fig. 63).
Clypeus (Fig. 65) approximately 3.5 times as wide as long with two short, almost equal in length cls, and one sensillum between them; anterior margin sinuate.
Mouthparts. Labrum (Fig. 65) 1.6 times as wide as long, with three piliform lms, rather equal in length; lms 1 located medially, lms 2 located anteromedially, and lms 3 located anterolaterally; all of them reaches labral margin. Epipharynx (Fig. 66) with three long finger-like als, all of identical in length; with two medium size ams; and two mes, first finger-like, second sharp and more slender; labral rods (lr) elongated, broad, slightly convergent posteriorly. Mandibles (Fig. 64) bifid; cutting edge with small blunt tooth; bearing with two setae in medium to long size, piliform, located apically and aligned longitudinally. Maxilla (Fig. 67) stipes with long stps and both pfs, very short to minute mbs, and one sensillum close to mbs; mala with six finger-like dms, different in length: first and second very long, forth to sixth medium size; five vms, different in length, three setae medium size, and two setae very short. Maxillary palpi:  basal palpomere with one short mxps and two sensilla; distal palpomere with cuticular apical processes; length ratio of basal and distal palpomeres 1:0.9. Prelabium (Fig. 67) with one medium prms; ligula with two minute ligs; premental sclerite narrow, ringshaped. Labial palpi with two palpomeres; length ratio of basal and distal palpomeres 1:0.7; each of the palpomeres with one sensillum, distal palpomere with cuticular apical processes. Postlabium (Fig. 67) with short pms 1 located basally, long pms 2 located medially and short pms 3 located apically; membranous area without any asperities.
Thorax. Prothorax (Fig. 68) with ten prns (nine very long and one minute), small pigmented dorsal sclerite present with five long prns, this sclerite subdivided in two triangular plates medially; two long ps; and one short eus. Meso-and metathorax (Fig. 68) with one medium prs, three long pds; one very long as; two long and one minute ss; one long eps; one long ps; and one short eus. Chaetotaxy of metathorax (Fig. 68) almost identical to that of mesothorax. Each pedal area of the thoracic segments with six very long pda.
Abdomen. Abdominal segments I-VII (Figs 69-70) with one medium prs; two medium and one long to very long pds (order: medium, very long, medium); one very long and one minute ss; two long eps; one medium ps; one medium lsts; and two short  eus. Abdominal segment VIII (Fig. 70) with one short prs; two short and one long pds (order: short, long, short); one long and one minute ss; two medium eps; one medium ps; one medium lsts; and two short eus. Abdominal segment IX (Fig. 70) with two relatively long and two short ds; two different in length ps; and two short sts. Abdominal segment X (Fig. 70) with one very short seta (ts).
Remarks. This species with large Palaearctic distribution (from France and northwestern Africa along all Europe to the Far East) is very closely related to M. campanulae, from which it differs mainly by the shape of the apex of the body of the penis (Caldara 2007). Unfortunately, molecular studies on the fragment COI revealed poor differences between these two species (Vahtera and Muona 2006;Hendrich et al. 2015, I. Toševski, unpublished data). Therefore, the consistent differences which we found in larval morphology between C. ajugae and C. campanulae are very important in order to confirm the validity of these two taxa at species level. Larvae of M. ajugae differ from all other species mainly by an epipharynx with two mes, first finger-like, second sharp and slender.  Abbreviations: as -alar s., ds -dorsal s., eps -epipleural s., eus -eusternal s., lsts -laterosternal s., pda -pedal s., pds -postdorsal s., prns -pronotal s., prs -prodorsal s., ss -spiracular s., ps -pleural s., sts -sternal s., ts -terminal s., Th1-3 -number of thoracic segments, Ab1-10 -number of abdominal seg.   General. Body slender, C-curved, rounded in cross section (Fig. 71).
Vestiture. Setae on body thin, slightly from dark orange to brown, distinctly different in length (minute to very short or long to very long) distinct asperate.
Clypeus (Fig. 75) approximately 2.5-3 times as wide as long with two short to very short cls, localized posterolaterally, cls 1 slightly longer than cls 2 , and one sensillum between them; anterior margin sinuate.
Mouthparts. Labrum (Fig. 75) less than two times as wide as long, with three piliform lms, different in the length; lms 1 located medially, lms 2 located anteromedially, and lms 3 located anterolaterally; lms 1 long, lms 2 medium size, and lms 3 distinctly shorter than the previous two; no one distinctly reaches labral margin. Epipharynx (Fig. 76) with three long finger-like als, all of identical in length; with two ams in different length, ams 1 piliform of medium size, and finger-like short ams 2 ; without mes; labral rods (lr) indistinct, slightly elongated, oval. Mandibles (Fig. 74) bifid; bearing with two setae of medium to long size, piliform, both located apically. Maxilla (Fig. 77) stipes with very long stps and pfs 1 , long pfs 2 , very short to minute mbs, and one sensillum close to mbs; mala with six finger-like dms, different in lengths: first very long (as long as pfs 1 ), next medium size; five vms, different in length, two setae medium size, and three setae very short. Maxillary palpi: basal palpomere with one short mxps and two sensilla; distal palpomere with short, cuticular apical processes; length ratio of basal and distal palpomeres 1:0.9. Prelabium (Fig. 77) with one short prms; ligula with two very short to minute ligs; premental sclerite narrow, ring-shaped. Labial palpi with two palpomeres; length ratio of basal and distal palpomeres 1:0.8; each of the palpomeres with one sensillum, distal palpomere with short, cuticular apical processes. Postlabium ( Fig. 77) with short pms 1 located basally, long pms 2 located medially and short pms 3 located apically; membranous area without any asperities.
as; two very long and one very short to minute ss; one long eps; one long ps; and one medium to long eus. Each pedal area of the thoracic segments with 5-6 very long pda.
Abdomen. Abdominal segments I-VII  with one medium to long prs; two medium to short and one very long to long pds (order: medium/short, very long, medium); one very long and one minute ss; two long eps; one medium to short ps; one medium to short lsts; and one medium to short and one very short to minute eus. Abdominal segment VIII (Fig. 80) with one very short prs; two short and one long to relatively long pds (order: short, long, short); one long and one minute ss; two very long eps; one medium to short ps; one medium to short lsts; and one medium to short and one very short to minute eus. Abdominal segment IX (Fig. 80) with two relatively long and two short to very short ds; two relatively long and sometimes one minute ps; and one relatively long to short and one short to very short sts. Abdominal segment X (Fig. 80) with one very short seta (ts).
Biology. Larvae live and pupate in the capsules of several species of Campanula (C. cochleariifolia Lam., C. patula L., C. persicifolia L., C. rapunculoides L., C. rapunculus L., C. rotundifolia L., C. scheuchzeri Vill. C. trachelium L.), and Phyteuma spicata L. where they cause distinct swelling (Hoffmann 1958;Buhr 1964) Remarks. This species has a wide European distribution and is very similar to M. ajugae. Only the examination of the penis allows easy separation of these two taxa. Therefore, as reported in the Remarks of C. ajugae, the discovery of clearly distinctive characters between the larvae of these two species is extremely important. Moreover, larvae of M. campanulae differ from the two other species studied mainly by an epipharynx without mes, and des 4 and fs 3 absent.

Key to larvae (mature larva, L3)
The following key is based on the larvae of five Cleopomiarus and three Miarus species described in this paper. Unfortunately, the previous description of Cleopomiarus hispidulus (Anderson 1973) cannot be included due to missing details about the chaetotaxy used in our key.
Chaetotaxy: sparse, setae very thin, short, piliform. Head capsule with one vs, one sos, and two os of different length (second pair placed on eye spots). Rostrum with one rs and one es (Figs 90,91). Pronotum with: two as, one ds, one ls, one sls, and three pls (Figs 91, 92). All setae of prothorax equal in length (Fig. 92). Dorsal parts of mesoand metathorax with two setae placed medially. Apex of each femora with one fes (Figs  90-92). Abdominal segments I-VIII with two setae laterally and three medium long setae ventrally. Dorsal parts of abdominal segments I-VII with five setae: d 1 placed antero-medially, d 2-4 postero-medially, d 5 postero-laterally. Abdominal segment VIII with only three setae dorsally. Abdominal segment IX with two micro-setae ventrally. Chaetotaxy: sparse, setae short to very short, light, piliform. Head capsule with one very short vs, and two os of different length, both placed between eye spots. Rostrum with one rs (Figs 94, 95). Pronotum with: two as, one ds, two sls, one ls and three pls (Figs 95, 96). All setae of prothorax equal in length (Fig. 96). Dorsal parts of mesoand metathorax with three setae placed medially. Apex of each femora with one fes (Figs 94,95  nal segments placed dorsolaterally: on abdominal segments I-V functional; and on segment VI atrophic on next ones invisible. Urogomphi (ur) slender and elongated, conical, each of them with sclerotized apex.

Miarus abnormis
Chaetotaxy: setae brownish to dark brown, piliform, short to medium size. Head capsule with one vs, one sos, and three os of equal length; rostrum with three rs (rs 1 and rs 2 placed medially, rs 3 more apically) and one es (Figs 98,99). Pronotum with: two as, two ds, two sls, one ls and three pls (Figs 99. 100). Setae on head and rostrum slightly shorter than those on prothorax. All setae of prothorax almost equal in length (Fig. 100). Mesothorax with three setae placed medially; metathorax with three setae placed laterally. Apex of each femora with one fes (Figs 98-100). Abdominal segments I-VIII with two short, thin setae laterally and three short setae ventrally. Dorsal parts of each abdominal segments I-VIII with four setae: d 1-3 placed postero-medially, d 4 postero-laterally. Abdominal segment IX with six microsetae ventrally.  Body rather stout (Figs 101-104). Rostrum moderately elongated, approximately 3.5 times as long as wide, reached almost up to metacoxae. Antennae rather stout and moderately elongated. Pronotum 2.5 times as wide as long. Urogomphi (ur) slender and elongated (Figs 102-104).
Zhang 2015) and one species of Rhinusa (Gosik 2010) are useful for a comparison with our data, although some categorizations of setae in the former paper are very disputable (e.g., thoracic and abdominal dorsal setae) and create an unfounded differential diagnosis, precluding the construction of a key to the tribe. Having said this, we think that there are important but still disputable character states within the tribe Mecinini.
The most important morphological character of larvae in this tribe is probably the count of palpomeres on the labial palpi. The basal state in weevils is the presence of two palpomeres on labial palpi (Marvaldi 1997), but it is known that Gymnetron species has only one palpomere (May 1993;Jiang and Zhang 2015). The count of these palpomeres in some descriptions in this paper, mainly in Cleopomiarus, is disputable. There is not a distinct separation of basal palpomere from the labium, which can appear to be only one palpomere. This state in Cleopomiarus and partially in Miarus could be an intermediate stage in the reduction in the Gymnetron species; however, this should be compared with other Mecinini genera such as Rhinusa and Mecinus and discussed only within the whole tribe.
Another crucial genus-specific character in Mecinini larvae is the state of the thoracic and abdominal spiracles. All known larvae of Cleopomiarus and Miarus species have bicameral spiracles on the thorax and abdomen, but other groups within tribe have only unicameral spiracles (Gymnetron species; Jiang and Zhang 2015) or thoracic spiracle bicameral and abdominal spiracles unicameral (some Rhinusa and Mecinus; Anderson 1973;May 1993).
The count of some setae on the epipharynx (especially ams and mes) in Curculionidae has not been completely resolved, but this has been discussed in previous papers (e.g., Tychiini: Skuhrovec et al. 2014Skuhrovec et al. , 2015Gosik et al. 2017). According to Marvaldi (1998Marvaldi ( , 1999, the standard status of the epipharyngeal setae in weevils is two ams and three mes, but when the position of the distal mes is very close to the anterior margin, it appears as ams. There are also situations with some out of line positions of the als where the position is very close to the tormae (then it appears to be a mes) or close to the ams. The final decision about the count of each seta is important, but not crucial, and the comparison between groups/genera should be done together for all three of these epipharyngeal setae in order to make fewer mistakes in the creation of a differential diagnosis of genera in the tribe.
The last observed important characteristic within the Mecinini tribe is the vestiture of the body with distinct asperities; however, this feature can be variable within each genus due to specific environmental conditions within plant tissues. This feature will possibly be discussed after other detailed descriptions within the Mecinini tribe.

Comparison of the immature stages of Cleopomiarus and Miarus
Before this study, larvae of only two Cleopomiarus species (C. graminis and C. hispidulus) and one Miarus species (M. campanulae) had been described (Emden 1938;Scherf 1964;Anderson 1973), while a description of the pupae was available for C. hispidulus (Anderson 1973). Therefore, a detailed redescription of the two species, Cleopomiarus graminis and Miarus campanulae, has been necessary for their incorporation into the key. The previous descriptions were almost without the chaetotaxy with a few excep-tions (e.g., number of ams and als in C. graminis) and included only basal morphological descriptions such as the number of teeth on the mandible or colouration of the head and body. The present detailed descriptions of the immature stages of five Cleopomiarus and three Miarus species allow a comparison of both genera.
The comparative study of these immatures supports the theory that these genera may be monophyletic based on several unique characteristics (see below), as already suggested in a phylogenetic study by Caldara (2001) on the basis of the adult morphological characters. Larvae of Miarus have mala with six finger-like dms in two sizes: one or two very long dms with the rest being medium length. This appears to be a unique characteristic in weevils. More genus-specific characters are in the pupae, which are more conservative in chaetotaxy. The main differential characters in pupae among known species include the following: (1) setae on the head, rostrum and pronotum very thin, light and relatively short (Cleopomiarus) vs brown, prominent and relatively long (Miarus); (2) rostrum with one rs (Cleopomiarus) vs rostrum with three rs (Miarus); (3) pronotum with one ds (Cleopomiarus) vs pronotum with two ds (Miarus); and finally (4) urogomphi (ur) stout and short (Cleopomiarus) vs relatively slender and elongated (Miarus). Less genus-specific character states in the larvae than in pupae were also shown in another tribe of the Curculioninae (Tychiini) with regard to genera Tychius Germar, 1817 and Sibinia Germar, 1817 (see Skuhrovec et al. 2014Skuhrovec et al. , 2015.

Differences between immatures at the species level
Our study shows that all the species considered can be identified by the examination of larvae and pupae based on at least one character state. It is noteworthy that several taxa examined only by the study of imagoes were difficult to separate. Therefore, finding distinctive supplementary characters is welcome. This is true for C. longirostris vs C. graminis and especially M. ajugae vs M. campanulae. The latter case is particularly emblematic. In these two taxa the adults may be separated by the shape of the apical part of the penis. On the contrary they seem indistinguishable on the basis of barcoding (Vahtera and Muona 2006;Hendrich et al. 2015).

Importance of molecular data
We have confirmed that a molecular study of immatures is very important in cases where it is necessary to be sure on the identity of a species as already demonstrated by Horecka et al. (2017) just for Miarus and Cleopomiarus. This is true especially when it is known that more than one related species can live on the same plant or when imagoes are not available or finally when one has to study specimens not personally collected and preserved in a museum. It is noteworthy that the data filed on GenBank or BOLD are becoming larger and larger and therefore more and more useful for such an adequate comparison. Therefore, it is also important to continue to implement these data. In this regard, it is noteworthy that we reported the barcode of C. medius for the first time.

Biological considerations
It is obvious that only a careful search of immature and a careful study of their biological cycle can distinguish true host plants from those used only as a refuge or adult food when the host plants are not yet or no longer available. Our observations confirm that the species of both genera Cleopomiarus and Miarus are monophagous, although never strictly monophagous, to oligophagous (Bernays and Chapman 1994). Moreover, our data show that the larvae of Miarus are gall-inducers as previously reported (Buhr 1964;Tomasi 2002) but that the Cleopomiarus species do not form galls. However, this apparently different biological behaviour requires confirmation, since it is well known that several closely related species of Mecinini, especially in the genera Gymnetron and Rhinusa, do not have the same behaviour with regard to induction of galls (Caldara 2008;Caldara et al. 2010).

Conclusions
Our data show that detailed descriptions of the immature stages of the Mecinini species are important for further studies of generic taxonomic relationships within the Mecinini group. The detailed descriptions of larvae and pupae of five Cleopomiarus and three Miarus species are reported in this study. Although the number remains low in comparison with the total number of species of Cleopomiarus and Miarus, these results demonstrate the possibility of identifying the immature stages in these species, as was done in other groups of weevils (see Skuhrovec et al. 2014Skuhrovec et al. , 2015. This is our first paper about the Mecinini group. Detailed descriptions of the genera Gymnetron, Rhinusa, and Mecinus and a tribe overview will be published soon.