Variation in morphology of hypandrium and phallus in Oriental Lichtwardtia species. Scale bars: 0.1 mm. A formosana-group: L. formosana: phallus slender, hidden in hypandrium. Tip of phallus ventrally with a double row of microscopic denticles B nodulata-group: L. nodulata: tip of phallus ventrally with strong denticles. Tip of phallus never retracted in the hypandrium C nodulata-group: L. infuscata: dorsal spine present at base of exposed part of phallus D polychroma-group: L. polychroma hypandrium with a large dorsal preapical tooth resting on a large basoventral epandrial lobe. Phallus robust, forked E conspicabilis-group: L. conspicabilis: tip of hypandrium membranous and with a right extension. Phallus robust with a forked tip F conspicabilis-group: L. monstruosa tip of forked hypandrium with denticles. Tip of phallus slender but with a large dorsal tooth near middle of phallus.