Corresponding author: Hongliang Shi (
Academic editor: A. Casale
The genus
Zhu P, Shi H, Liang H (2018) Four new species of
In China, species diversity of
Before the present investigation, a total of 15
In recent expeditions to southern China (W. Yunnan, S. Xizang, Guangdong), four very rare and narrowly distributed new species of
The primary purpose of the present paper is to provide an improved key and checklist with geographical distributions for all known Chinese species, to describe four new species, and to propose one new synonym. Thus, the known Chinese
This work was based primarily on examination of specimens from China. The majority of specimens examined, including all types of new species, are deposited in the collection of the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China (
The length of metepisternum was measured along its outer margin; the basal width was measured along its oblique basal margin (Figs
1 | Metepisternum short and wide, length less than or subequal to its basal width (Fig. |
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– | Metepisternum long and narrow, length much greater (more than 1.3 times) than its basal width (Fig. |
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2 | Odd intervals raised, distinctly wider than even ones; S.E. Xizang |
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– | Odd intervals normal, same level and width as even ones |
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3 | Propleuron, metepisternum and pronotal basal fovea completely glabrous; lateral margins straight before posterior angles; apex of median lobe strongly truncated; S. Yunnan |
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– | Metepisternum with at least a few coarse punctations; propleuron punctated or glabrous; pronotal basal rugose or punctated, although sometimes very finely; lateral margins slightly sinuate before posterior angles; apex of median lobe rounded or less truncated |
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4 | Pronotal basal fovea very shallow, with very fine wrinkles and punctures; median lobe of aedeagus more or less expanded ventrally; other provinces |
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– | Pronotal basal fovea moderately deep, distinctly punctated; median lobe of aedeagus straight ventrally; Fujian |
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5 | Dorsal side almost uniformly black, elytra black or with very weak purple metallic lustre; median lobe of aedeagus strongly expanded ventrally; Yunnan, Guangxi |
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– | Dorsal side distinctly bicolored: head and pronotum black, elytra with strong metallic lustre, purple or green; median lobe of aedeagus slightly expanded ventrally; Guangdong |
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6 | Pronotal basal fovea with coarser punctures; aedeagus apex more rounded; northern Fujian |
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– | Pronotal basal fovea with finer punctures; aedeagus apex slightly truncated; southern Fujian |
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7 | Pronotum somewhat metallic, green, cupreous or purple |
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– | Pronotum completely black, without metallic lustre |
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8 | Propleuron and metepisternum glabrous or with sparse and fine punctures |
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– | Propleuron and metepisternum coarsely and densely punctated |
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9 | Pronotum with strong metallic lustre; basal fovea nearly glabrous, with very fine punctures or wrinkles at most; smaller species, 21–23 mm |
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– | Pronotum with very faint metallic lustre; basal fovea coarsely punctated; larger species, 24–29 mm |
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10 | Basal fovea densely punctated, punctures also present on middle region of pronotum base; median lobe of aedeagus markedly expanded ventrally |
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– | Pronotum basal fovea glabrous or punctated, without puncture on middle region of pronotum base; median lobe of aedeagus nearly straight ventrally |
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11 | Pronotum lateral margins somewhat sinuate before posterior angles; posterior angles forming an obtuse angle; Yunnan |
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– | Pronotum lateral margins completely straight before posterior angles; posterior angles obtusely rounded; other provinces |
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12 | Pronotum lateral margins strongly sinuate before posterior angles; posterior angles pointed a little outwards; pronotum metallic green, elytra blue |
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– | Pronotum lateral margins slightly sinuate before posterior angles; posterior angles not pointed; pronotum metallic bluish violet, elytra violet |
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13 | Pronotal basal fovea distinctly punctated; pronotum green; Guangxi |
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– | Pronotal basal fovea nearly glabrous, with very fine punctures or wrinkles at most; pronotum cupreous-green; other provinces |
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14 | Elytral striae punctate relatively coarser; median lobe of aedeagus indistinctly constricted at basal third, apical orifice larger; China Mainland |
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– | Elytral striae punctated relatively finer; median lobe of aedeagus markedly constricted at basal third, apical orifice smaller; Taiwan |
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15 | Pronotal basal fovea glabrous, with very fine wrinkles at most; propleuron anterior half with sparse punctures |
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– | Pronotal basal fovea with dense punctures and wrinkles; propleuron anterior half with dense punctures |
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16 | Elytra completely black, not metallic; pronotal lateral margins slightly sinuate before posterior angles; posterior angles pointed a little outwards; smaller species, 25–27 mm; Yunnan |
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– | Elytra with very faint purple metallic lustre; pronotal lateral margins straight before posterior angles; posterior angles completely rounded; larger species, 28–32 mm; Guangxi |
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17 | Pronotal basal fovea deeper, with coarse punctures; lateral margin less sinuate before posterior angles; smaller species, 20–27 mm; China Mainland, Korea, Japan |
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– | Pronotal basal fovea shallower, with fine punctures; lateral margin more sinuate before posterior angles; larger species, 27–30 mm; Taiwan |
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China, Guangdong: Nanling (
Pronotum completely black; elytra metallic green or purple; pronotal lateral margins slightly sinuate before posterior angles; pronotal basal fovea almost glabrous, with restricted and very fine punctures only; metepisternum short and wide, length subequal to its basal width, with coarse punctures.
The new species is the only one among all Chinese
Body length 19.5–23.8 mm, elytra’s greatest width 7.2–8.7 mm, both sexes with similar body forms. Head, pronotum, and appendage black and shining; maxillae, labial and maxillary palpomeres, lateral sides of labrum and terminal tarsomeres reddish brown; apical half of terminal palpomere yellow; elytra with strong metallic lustre, usually purple, in some individuals green; ventral side black. Head and pronotum with isodiametric microsculpture and minute punctures; elytra with isodiametric microsculpture.
Head glabrous, without coarse punctures; short and deep frontal depressions extended posterad to middle of eyes, with five to seven shallow longitudinal wrinkles behind frontal depression; anterior margin of labrum slightly emarginate; temporae slightly tumid behind eyes; antennal apex reaching elytra basal tenth.
Pronotum wider than head, PW/HW = 1.49–1.54, a little transverse, PW/PL = 1.24–1.38; pronotum widest near middle. Lateral margins not crenulate, curved in middle, slightly sinuate before posterior angles; posterior angles obtuse, apex rounded, not pointed outwards; posterior margin a little greater than anterior margin, extended slightly backward on each side. Median line shallow but distinct, not reaching posterior margin; disc almost glabrous, with a few shallow transverse wrinkles along median line at most. Basal fovea shallow but well defined; inner groove longer, approximately one-third length of pronotum; outer groove shorter, approximately one-fifth length of pronotum; basal foveal area with very fine punctures and wrinkles along inner and outer grooves, glabrous between inner and outer grooves.
Elytra oviform, EL/EW = 1.39–1.69, gradually widened to apex, widest at posterior third approximately; basal ridge complete, gradually curved, forming a distinct obtuse angle with elytral lateral margin, humeral teeth not pointed. Intervals barely convex; striae deeply incised, with very fine and sparse punctures alongside; scutellar stria short, apex free; parascutellar pore present; third interval with three setigerous pores: first one adjacent to third stria, the other two generally close to second stria (in a male paratype, third pore close to third stria); umbilicular series on ninth interval composed of 20–22 pores evenly spaced. Hind wings very small.
Ventral side: propleuron glabrous, without puncture or wrinkle; mesopleuron with a few coarse punctures on anterior half; metepisternum short and wide, length subequal to its basal width, with sparse and coarse punctures, usually 10–20, sometimes fewer; abdominal sterna glabrous on median portion, with few coarse punctures on lateral sides of sternum II and sometimes also sternum III, and very fine wrinkles on lateral sides of all sterna.
Legs: basal three metatarsomeres with distinct carina along almost full length of outer surface, fourth metatarsomeres with weaker carina only near base; fifth tarsomeres with 3–4 pairs of spines ventrally.
Male genitalia: median lobe of aedeagus with apical orifice opened dorsally; in lateral view, ventral margin slightly expanded in middle, apical portion straight, turned neither ventrally nor dorsally, basal portion slightly narrowed; in dorsal view, apical lamella very short, length approximately one-fourth basal width, apex rounded, slightly truncated; apical portion straight, oriented to neither left nor right. Endophallus (Fig.
This species is known only in Nanling, Guangdong (Map
The name “
Distribution map for
China, Xizang: Mêdog (ca.
Odd intervals prominently raised but not carinate, much wider than depressed even ones; third interval without setigerous pore; pronotal lateral margins crenulate through full length; basal fovea very deep; metepisternum short and wide, length subequal to its basal width; apical lamella of aedeagus truncated, shorter than basal width, without hook.
This new species can be readily distinguished from all the other Chinese species of the genus by the prominently raised odd elytral intervals. There are three other species (
Body length 17.8–20.0 mm, elytra’s greatest width 6.2–7.3 mm, both sexes with similar body form. Head, pronotum, elytra and appendages black, polished but without metallic lustre; basal antennomere, maxillae, labial and maxillary palpi, lateral sides of labrum, pro- and mesotarsomeres reddish brown; apical half of terminal labial and maxillary palpomeres yellow; ventral side black. Head, pronotum and elytra with isodiametric microsculpture and minute punctures.
Head with dense and fine punctures on vertex and occiput; vertex densely rugose, deeper and longitudinal near eyes, shallower and reticular at middle; labrum with anterior margin nearly straight; temporae slightly tumid behind eyes; antennal apex reaching elytra basal sixth.
Pronotum wider than head, PW/HW = 1.38–1.44; width a little greater than median length, PW/PL = 1.13–1.21; pronotum widest near anterior third; lateral margins crenulate along full length, curved near middle, distinctly sinuate before posterior angles; posterior angles rectangular, not pointed outwards; posterior margin a little narrower than anterior margin, barely extended backward on each side, middle portion gradually concave; median line fine but a little deep, not reaching posterior margin; disc with dense transverse wrinkles alongside median line; basal fovea strongly incised, inner and outer grooves indistinct, completely fused together forming large and deep depression, extending forward beyond midpoint of pronotum, and gradually fused to widened lateral channel; basal fovea finely and densely punctated and rugose, wrinkles present on middle region of pronotal base between basal fovea.
Elytra oviform, EL/EW = 1.52–1.66, gradually widened to apex, widest near posterior third; basal ridge complete, forming indistinct obtuse angle with lateral margin, humeral teeth not pointed. Intervals with shallow transverse wrinkles; odd intervals strongly raised but not carinate, much more convex and wider, about twice width of the even ones; third interval without setigerous pore; striae deeply incised, with fine and sparse punctures alongside; scutellar stria very short, apex free; parascutellar pore on base of second interval, sometimes one additional parascutellar pore present; umbilicular series on ninth interval composed of 15–20 pores almost evenly arranged. Hind wings very small.
Ventral side: propleuron and mesopleuron with dense, fine punctures; metepisternum short and wide, length a little less than its basal width (Fig.
Legs: basal three meso- and metatarsomeres prominently carinate along full length of outer surface, fourth tarsomeres barely carinate only near base; fifth tarsomeres with 3–4 pairs of spines ventrally.
Male genitalia: median lobe of aedeagus with apical orifice opened dorsally; in lateral view, ventral margin distinctly expanded in middle, apical portion straight, turned neither ventrally nor dorsally, basal portion a little narrowed; in dorsal view, apical lamella short, length about half basal width, apex truncated; apical portion straight, oriented to neither left nor right. Endophallus (Fig.
This species is known only in a few localities of Xizang, Mêdog (Map
The new species is named for our friend Mr. BI Wenxuan, an excellent beetle collector, who was first to collect this rare and peculiar new species.
Distribution map for
China, Yunnan: Yingjiang, Nabang (
Pronotum metallic bluish violet, elytra completely violet; pronotum lateral margins slightly sinuate before posterior angles; pronotal basal fovea deep and glabrous, with very faint wrinkles; long, narrow metepisternum, length much greater than its basal width (L/W = 1.78), distinctly punctated; median lobe of aedeagus not expanded ventrally, apex markedly deflexed to right, very short apical lamella, apex a little truncated.
Among all
The new species is also similar to
Body length 25.1 mm, elytra’s greatest width 9.2 mm. Head black, pronotum and elytra violet, with strong metallic lustre, pronotum somewhat blue in basal fovea and lateral channel; appendages black; tarsomeres, apical antennomeres, palpomeres and lateral sides of labrum reddish brown; ventral side black, with slightly metallic violet lustre. Head and pronotum with isodiametric microsculpture and minute punctures; elytra with isodiametric microsculpture.
Head glabrous, without coarse puncture and wrinkle; frontal impressions deep, with a few fine punctures inside; anterior margin of labrum slightly emarginate; temporae not tumid behind eyes; antennal apex reaching elytra basal tenth.
Pronotum much wider than head, PW/HW = 1.54, slightly transverse, PW/PL = 1.31, widest near middle. Lateral margins not crenulate; evenly curved at anterior two-thirds, slightly sinuate before posterior angles; posterior angles obtusely angulate, not pointed outwards; posterior margin a little narrower than anterior margin, extended slightly backward on each side. Median line deep, not reaching posterior margin; disc glabrous, without wrinkles. Basal fovea deep and narrow, inner groove nearly straight, about same length as outer one which is strongly curved, region between them deeply depressed; basal foveal area nearly glabrous, with a few very fine punctures and shallow wrinkles.
Elytra oviform, EL/EW = 1.65, gradually widened to apex, widest near posterior third; basal ridge complete, forming an indistinct obtuse angle with elytral lateral margin, humeral teeth not pointed. Intervals barely convex; striae deeply incised, with fine, sparse punctures alongside; scutellar stria long, apex free; parascutellar pore present on base of first stria; third interval with three setigerous pores: first one close to third stria, the other two close to second; umbilicular series on ninth interval composed of approximately 25 pores, sparse in middle and dense in anterior and posterior areas. Hind wings well developed.
Ventral side: propleuron with sparse, coarse punctures, a little denser on mesopleuron; long, narrow metepisternum, length much greater than its basal width (L/W = 1.78), with sparse, coarse punctures; abdominal sterna glabrous, almost impunctate, with only very shallow wrinkles on lateral sides.
Legs: basal two meso- and metatarsomeres with distinct carina only near base; fifth tarsomeres with 3–4 pairs of spines ventrally.
Male genitalia: median lobe of aedeagus with apical orifice opened dorsally; in lateral view, ventral margin straight, not expanded in middle, apical portion slightly turned dorsally before apical lamella, basal portion slightly narrowed; in dorsal view, aedeagus narrow, apical lamella very short, length approximately one-third of basal width, apex a bit truncated, apical fourth distinctly oriented to left side. Endophallus (Fig.
This species is known only by the holotype which was collected from Yunnan, Yingjiang, Nabang (Map
The scientific name “
Among all Chinese
Distribution map for
China, Yunnan: Yingjiang, Nabang (
Dorsal side
The new species can be readily distinguished from all the other known species from China by pronotal lateral margins strongly sinuate near base. From the coloration, shape of pronotum and median lobe of aedeagus slightly expanded ventrally, this new species is most similar to
Body length 27.0mm, elytra’s greatest width 9.7 mm. Dorsal side
Head: vertex nearly glabrous, with very fine shallow wrinkles; frontal impressions deep; coarse longitudinal wrinkles along inner margins of eyes; anterior margin of labrum distinctly emarginate; temporae not tumid behind eyes; antennal apex reaching elytra basal sixth.
Pronotum much wider than head, PW/HW = 1.52, slightly transverse, PW/PL = 1.32; widest near middle. Lateral margins not crenulate, evenly curved in middle, strongly sinuate before posterior angles; posterior angles nearly rectangular, pointed a little outward; posterior margin a little narrower than anterior, extended backward on each side. median line is deep, not reaching posterior margin; disc with very shallow transverse wrinkles alongside median line. Basal fovea deep, inner groove straight, a little longer than curved outer groove, region between them deeply depressed; basal foveal area with some fine but distinct punctures and wrinkles.
Elytra oviform, EL/EW = 1.65, gradually widened to apex, widest near posterior third; basal ridge complete, forming an indistinct obtuse angle with elytral lateral margin, humeral teeth not pointed. Intervals barely convex, striae deeply incised, with fine and dense punctures alongside; scutellar stria moderately long, apex conjoined to first stria; parascutellar pore located at base of first stria; third interval with three setigerous pores: first one close to third stria, other two close to second; umbilicular series on ninth interval composed of approximately 25 pores, sparse in middle and dense in anterior and posterior areas. Hind wings well developed.
Ventral side: propleuron and mesopleuron with dense, coarse punctures; metepisternum long and narrow, length greater than its basal width (L/W = 1.35), with sparse, coarse punctures; abdominal sterna glabrous in middle, with dense, coarse punctures on lateral sides of sternum II and sternum III, and shallow wrinkles on lateral sides of all sterna.
Legs: three basal metatarsomeres with distinct carina along almost the full length of outer surface, three basal mesotarsomeres, and fourth with weaker carina only near base; fifth tarsomeres with 3–4 pairs of spines ventrally.
Male genitalia: median lobe of aedeagus with apical orifice opened dorsally; in lateral view, ventral margin slightly expanded in middle, basal portion not narrowed, apical lamella slightly thickened and turned ventrally; in dorsal view, aedeagus gradually narrows from middle to apex, apical lamella very short, length approximately one-third of basal width, apex a little truncated; apical portion a little inclined to right side. Endophallus (Fig.
This species is known only by the holotype, which was collected from Yunnan, Yingjiang, Nabang, the same locality as the previous new species (Map
The new species is named for our friend Mr. Yang Xiaodong, who collected the holotype of this beautiful and rare new species.
Among all Chinese
Distribution map for
(Fig.
According to the materials and endophallus illustrations provided by
The endophallus type I (as shown in Figs
Endophallic axis nearly straight; extending to genital apex, or more or less deflected to dorsum, with the angle inscribed between axes of aedeagus and endophallus (
A total of 10 Chinese species have the type I endophallus:
The remaining two species,
Based on the endophallus illustrations provided by
The endophallus type II (Figs
Type II endophalli are well characterized by the endophallic axis markedly deflexed to left, but it seems that such a character cannot support close relationships among species with the type II endophallus. Based on other similarities among related species, we inferred that the type II endophallus might be derived from type I by the elongation of the endophallic base and deflection of the endophallic axis to the left, with
The endophallus type III (Fig.
The endophallus type IV (Fig.
Although highly specialized, the type IV endophallus was still inferred as a modified type from the type I, and homologies of all lobes can be distinguished (Fig.
Endophallus of species representatives.
There are four Chinese
It is difficult to infer species relationships in
Presently, the genus
However, this subgeneric system was not accepted in many important revisions (i.e.
In the present study, we examined all Chinese
In conclusion, except the monotypic
*New province record with examined materials: 1 female (
*New province record with examined materials: 2 females (
*New record with examined materials: 1 female (
We wish to thank Mr. Changchin Chen (