Corresponding author: Ralph Holzenthal (
Academic editor: S. Vitecek
A new genus and species of
Holzenthal RW, Blahnik RJ, Ríos-Touma B (2018) New species and a new genus of Philopotamidae from the Andes of Bolivia and Ecuador (Insecta, Trichoptera). ZooKeys 780: 89–108.
The cosmopolitan family
Genera of
Oriental | |
Cosmopolitan | ca. 50 species |
ca. 750 species | |
Australasian (New Zealand) | |
Neotropical | 1 species |
13 species | |
Palearctic (Europe) | |
Oriental (Sumatra) | 10 species |
1 species | |
Afrotropical (Madagascar) | |
3 species | |
Neotropical (southeast Brazil) | |
39 species | Nearctic |
|
2 species |
Neotropical (Bolivia) | |
1 species | Neotropical (Patagonia) |
20 species | |
Australasian (New Zealand) | |
4 species | Afrotropical |
4 species | |
Nearctic, Palearctic, Oriental | |
ca. 60 species | |
Oriental (India) | |
1 species | |
Oriental (India) | Cosmopolitan |
1 species | ca. 200 species |
Nearctic (eastern USA) | Australasian (New Zealand) |
1 species | 1 species |
Oriental | |
ca. 100 species | Afrotropical (Madagascar) |
16 species | |
Australasian, Neotropical* (Ecuador) | |
ca. 30 species |
Neotropical areas, especially the Tropical Andes, harbor an incredible and unexplored
Adult specimens of
Adult specimens were prepared and examined following standard methods for pinned and alcohol preserved material (
Types of the new species and other material examined are deposited in the
This species has the general venational attribute of lacking the second anal vein in the hind wing, a character used to define the genera
Adult. Head relatively short and rounded, postparietal sclerite short (ca. ½ diameter of eye). Spur formula 2:4:4. Maxillary palps 5-segmented, segment II with apicomesal bristles, labial palps 3-segmented. Venation complete for
Male. Sternum VII with short, rounded mesoventral process (rather than flattened, spatulate process typical of
Female. Genitalia elongate and tapering from segment VII; segment VII longer than preceding segment, with small ventral process at midlength; segment VIII nearly as long as segment VII, tapering, not synscleritous, sternite with lateral pair of very elongate, narrow apodemes. Segment IX very short, anterolateral margin with pair of elongate, narrow apodemes, extending anterad. Segment X composed of pair of elongate, narrow sensillate lobes, each with short apical cercus. Vaginal apparatus membranous, without evident sclerites.
The name Aymara is considered feminine and refers to the people and language of Bolivia; the suffix is considered to be a diminutive and makes the name euphonious with
Diagnosed by the characteristics of the genus as discussed above.
Adult. Forewing length (male) 5.5–5.8 mm (n = 2); (female) 5.8–6.3 mm (n = 2). Spur formula 2:4:4. Overall color, including wings and antennae, light brown, legs yellowish brown. Head short and rounded, eyes with short setae between facets, postparietal sclerite short (ca. ½ diameter of eye). Palps short; maxillary palp with segment I very short, segments II and IV short, II with apicomesal bristles, III only moderately elongate, V longer than III. Forewing with forks I-V, hind wing with forks I-III and V (IV absent). Forewing with discoidal cell relatively short, forks I and II approximately sessile, crossveins
Male. Abdomen with segments through VII with sternites generally setose, tergites V-VII with setae confined to (more or less) linear row on posterior margin, each seta with more or less evident, desclerotized area at base. Sternum VII with short rounded mesoventral process from posterior margin, directed posterad and positioned posterior to sclerotized line that extends near the posterior margin from the mesoventral process to midlateral margin of sternite. Segment VIII synscleritous, ventrally ca. ½ length of sternite VII, widening anterodorsally to width subequal to tergum VII; as viewed dorsally, with anterior margin concavely invaginated, mesally with pair of elongate, narrow, sclerotized processes, with apices acutely narrowed and somewhat laterally projecting, extending from near anterior margin of segment beyond posterior margin of segment IX; dorsomesal part of segment, from lateral margin of posteromesal invagination to posterior of segment, only weakly sclerotized or submembranous. Segment IX synscleritous, ventral margin subequal in length to sternum VIII, evenly narrowed from posterior margin to narrow, sclerotized, invaginated, dorsomesal strap; posterior of segment weakly sclerotized or submembranous. Tergum X simple in structure, elongate, narrow, slightly widened near base and uniformly narrowed apically; apex rounded, basally with pair of small rounded protuberances, each with 2-3 short stiff setae; dorsal surface with short setae or seta-like sensilla, declining in size apically, extreme apex with cluster of small sensilla. Preanal appendages elongate, narrow, emerging near base of tergum X; as viewed dorsally, somewhat mesally curved, emerging near base of tergum X. Inferior appendages elongate and relatively narrow, widest near base of basal segment; apex of apical segment slightly widened, with cluster of short, stiff setae on apicomesal surface. Phallic apparatus with phallobase more or less tubular, with usual basodorsal projection, relatively short, simple, tapering from base to apex; phallotremal sclerite small, indistinct, endotheca simple, without associated spines or ornamentation.
Female. Genitalia very elongate, tapering from segment VII; segment VII much longer than preceding segment (ca. 1½ x length), ventral margin with very small, acute, mesoventral process at midlength; segment VIII nearly as long as segment VII, tapering, not synscleritous, sternite with lateral pair of very elongate, narrow apodemes, extending from anterdorsal margin, apodemes nearly 1½ x length of segment VII. Segment IX very short, (apparently comprised of tergum only), anterolateral margin with pair of very elongate, narrow apodemes, extending anterad, length ca. 1½ x length of segment VIII; posterior margin with pair of elongate, narrow sensillate lobes (segment X), each with short apical cercus. Vaginal apparatus membranous, only indistinctly evident.
Named for the country where the species was discovered.
The generic placement of this new species from Bolivia, which is unlike other Neotropical species of
The generic name
Placement of the new species from Bolivia also requires a consideration of the species of
Given the unusual morphology of
This new species is distinctive. Especially diagnostic is the coloration, with yellowish head and thorax and brown wings; also diagnostic are the relatively short curved inferior appendages and the characteristic shape of tergum X. The general structure of the inferior appendages, with acute apices, is like that of
Adult. Forewing length (male) 5.7–6.7 mm (n = 9); (female) 6.1–7.0 (n = 4). Spur formula 2:4:4. Head, thorax, legs, and palps yellowish, setae of head and thorax golden (yellowish orange), postparietal sclerite and mesal suture of head slightly infuscated; basal antennal segments and basal half of subsequent segments brownish, apices yellowish; abdomen grayish brown; setae of wings, tibial spurs (and scant setae of legs) light to medium brown. Maxillary palps relatively short, segment I very short, globular, segments II and IV relatively short, subequal, segment II with apicomesal bristles, segments III and V subequal, moderate in length. Head very elongate (as in
Male. Abdominal segments through VII with relatively sparse, fine setae on sterna and terga, denser posteriorly. Segment VIII relatively short, ca. ½ length of preceding segments, sternum with granulate surface sculpture (posterior margin with fringe of setae, plus premarginal setae mesally); setation of tergum like preceding segments. Segment IX relatively simple in structure, longer than segment VIII, anterior margin nearly linear (slightly concave), ventral margin weakly produced; posterior margin sinuously invaginated at level of inferior appendages, dorsal part setose, broadly rounded and somewhat produced; as viewed dorsally, with dorsal margin narrow, concavely narrowed from both anterior and posterior margins. Tergum X relatively short, bilobed, separated by short, narrow, submembranous mesal lobe; apices of lobes capitate, each with short, acute lateral projection; base of each lobe with prominent lateral conical sensillum; apices of lobes with numerous small sensilla. Preanal appendages short, rounded, fused with posterodorsal margin of tergum IX. Inferior appendages moderately elongate, more or less linear, but distinctly curved dorsad, tapering from base to apex, apex with short, acute projection, lateral margins densely setose, mesal margin with linear row of short, stiff setae, extending nearly length of appendage. Phallobase relatively short, with basodorsal expansion, ventral apex projecting, weakly sclerotized, broadly rounded as viewed dorsally or ventrally, internally with 2 short conical sclerotized spines, bases often slightly enlarged; endotheca emerging from tubular structure, distinctly sclerotized basally, membranous and down-curved apically, with short, tubular, weakly sclerotized phallotremal sclerite apically; dorsally with additional hood-like membranous lobe, simple in structure and not at all pleated.
Female. Segment VIII relatively short, with short, but distinct apodemes on anterolateral margin, posterior margin with 3 pairs of setal warts, posteroventral margin with mesal, setose, strap-like projection, fused basally to sternum IX. Tergum IX relatively short, with pair of elongate, narrow apodemes from anterior margin (shorter than length of segment VIII), posterior margin with ca. 3 elongate setae, clustered laterally on either side of segment IX, apically with pair of bulbous, setose projections (tergum X), each with short apical cercus and short setose projection from basoventral margin. Sternum IX short, rounded, lightly sclerotized, not extending beyond ventral strap of segment VIII. Vaginal apparatus membranous, indistinct, apically with small cup-like sclerite.
Named for the Choco-Darién ecoregion, which occurs along the Pacific slope of the Andes from Panama to northwestern Ecuador and is known for its high level endemic biodiversity.
This new species is best diagnosed by its venation, elongate and relatively undifferentiated inferior appendages, simple structure of tergum X, and (especially) by the absence of preanal appendages.
Male. Forewing length 7.8 mm. Spur formula 2:4:4. Overall color fuscous (brownish black), antennae missing (except for scape). Head relatively small, postparietal sclerite moderate in length (shorter than diameter of eye), with 4 dark, stiff bristles subtending eye, eyes without apparent setae between facets. Palps relatively short, segment I very short, globular, segments II and IV short, subequal, II with stout apicomesal bristles, III and V moderate in length, subequal. Hind tibiae distinctly thickened and elongate. Forewing with forks I-V, hind wing with forks I-III and V (IV absent). Forewing with forks I and II slightly subsessile, crossveins
Genitalia. Sternites (through sternite V) only sparsely setose, V with conspicuous reticulate area surrounding opening of glands, which are well-developed, sternites VI-IX densely setose, with short setae; tergites subquadrate, distinctly narrower than sternites, with paired, desclerotized regions near posterior margins, each with ca. 3 prominent setae (2-5, variation), and also with sparse, minute setae surrounding the desclerotized areas, mostly confined to posterolateral margins. Segment VIII unmodified, only slightly shorter than preceding segments. Segment IX very simple in structure, subquadrate, as viewed laterally, ventral margin ca. twice length of dorsal margin, posteroventral margin slightly projecting; anterior margin nearly linear, with only slightly produced, broadly subtriangular apodemes near middle of segment; venter of segment IX with short suture from anterior margin, dorsum of segment absent (or strap-like and fused to base of tergum X). Tergum X very simple in structure, relatively elongate, narrow, and parallel-sided, apical ¼ abruptly narrowed and similarly parallel-sided, apex rounded, slightly down turned; tergum with numerous minute sensilla, most dense apically and laterally. Preanal appendages absent. Inferior appendages bi-segmented, very elongate, linear, densely setose; basal segment widest near base, narrowing apically; apical segment ca. ¾ length of basal segment, parallel-sided, apex rounded, with dense pad of short, thickened setae on mesal surface. Phallic apparatus very narrow, tubular, much shorter than inferior appendages; phallobase with usual basodorsal expansion, exposed part of endotheca distinctly expanded, apparently elongate (as judged by position of phallotremal sclerite), without spines or ornamentation. Phallotremal sclerite minute, weakly sclerotized.
Female. Unknown.
Named for the Andes Mountains, where the first specimen of this genus in the New World was discovered.
The placement of this species in
This species is similar to
Male. Forewing length 3.9 mm. Spur formula 2:4:4, foretibial spurs very short. Wing venation typical for
Genitalia. Segment VIII with tergum and sternum very narrowly separated, sternum with numerous short setae, tergum with scattered short setae on posterior half; as viewed laterally, with anterior margin nearly straight, posterior margin concave (conforming with contour of anterior margin of segment IX); as viewed dorsally, with shallow, crescentic posteromesal invagination, bordered laterally by very short spine-like projections and rounded lobes lateral to these. Segment IX synscleritous, dorsal and ventral margins invaginated anteromesally, dorsal margin very short (nearly obsolete), ventral margin about as long as sternum VIII; as viewed laterally, with anterolateral margin broadly rounded, not acutely projecting, posterior margin nearly straight. Tergum X very long, narrow, apex capitate, somewhat recurved dorsally, apex with scattered small sensilla; recurved apical projection acute as viewed laterally, rounded as viewed dorsally; apex of tergum continuous with rod-like mesal ridge, extending nearly to base; basal margins of tergum with rounded (or subangular) lateral projections as viewed dorsally, each with scattered small sensilla. Preanal appendages relatively elongate, digitate, somewhat curved basally (as viewed dorsally). Inferior appendages with basal segment elongate and wide, extending beyond tergum X; apical segment ca. ⅔ length of basal segment and much narrower, tapering apically, apex rounded, mesal surface with short, thick, spine-like setae, extending for ca. apical ⅔ of segment. Phallic apparatus proportionately very large, phallobase with greatly inflated basodorsal projection, narrowing apically; internally with very elongate, narrow spine, apex of spine acuminate.
Female. Unknown.
From the Latin
Despite the variation of
The description of these taxa, including a new genus and a new continental record of a formerly Australian endemic genus, indicates that there is still much to be learned and discovered of the taxonomy of the
This research was supported by University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station projects MIN17-017 and 17-094 and Universidad de Las Americas project AMB.BRT.17.005 “Diversidad y Distribución de