Review of the bamboo-feeding leafhopper genus Neomohunia, with descriptions of two new species from China (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae, Mukariini)

Abstract The bamboo-feeding leafhopper genus Neomohunia Chen & Li, 2007, is reviewed to include three species: N.longispinasp. n., N.pyramida (Li & Chen, 1999), and N.sinuatipenissp. n. The generic characteristics are redefined and the new species are described and illustrated. A key to species based on male genitalia is also provided.


Introduction
established the Chinese bamboo-feeding leafhopper genus Neomohunia (Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae: Mukariini) for Mohunia pyramida Li & Chen, 1999 (type species). The genus belongs to the tribe Mukariini based on body medium sized, with orange, brown and reddish orange markings dorsally; head moderately produced; ocelli distant from eyes; frontoclypeus strongly convex basally, depressed apico-medially, without median carina. Forewing venation obscure except near apex, with four apical cells and appendix well developed.
In this paper, two new species: N. longispina sp. n. and N. sinuatipenis sp. n., from China are described and illustrated. A key based on male genitalia to distinguish males of all three included species is given.

Materials and methods
Terminology used for morphological and genital characters follow Li et al. (2011) and Zahniser and Dietrich (2013). Leg chaetotaxy follows Dietrich (2005). All specimens were collected by sweep net, dry male specimens were used for the description and illustration. External morphology was observed under a stereoscopic microscope and characters were measured with an ocular micrometer. Measurements are given in millimeters; body length is measured from the apex of the head to the apex of the forewing in repose. Habitus photographs were taken using a KEYENCE VHX-1000 system. The genital segments of the specimens examined were macerated in 10% NaOH and drawn from preparations in glycerin jelly using a Leica MZ 12.5 stereomicroscope. The photographs and the illustrations were scanned with Canon CanoScan LiDE 100 and imported into Adobe Photoshop CS5 for plate composition and labeling.
The type specimens examined are deposited in the Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China (IEGU) and the Natural History Museum, UK (NHMUK).
Diagnosis. The genus is separated from other similar genera of Mukariini by crown rounded to face, without apical transverse marginal carina; frontoclypeus strongly convex dorsally, depressed ventro-medially; male pygofer with one or two processes at caudal apex; subgenital plate with numerous macrosetae laterally; aedeagus with pair of spinous processes arising from base, with or without a single ventral basal medial process.
Description. Medium-sized, delicate leafhoppers; with orange, brown and reddish orange markings dorsally including reddish medial longitudinal stripe on head and pronotum.

Key to species of the genus Neomohunia (males)
1 Aedeagal shaft with a ventral medial process arising from basal one-third of shaft (Figs 24-25 Diagnosis. The salient characteristics of the new species include the pygofer in profile with pair of small unequal spines arising directly from posteroventral margin (Figs 8-9), and the aedeagus with its shaft slightly laterally compressed, with three spinous processes arising from base of long preatrium (Figs 11-13). Description. Measurements. Body length (including forewing): male 5.11-5.67 mm (7 specimens); female 5.92-5.98 mm (4 specimens).
Male genitalia. Pygofer in profile with pair of small unequal spines arising directly from posteroventral margin (Figs 8-9). Aedeagus with shaft slightly laterally compressed, gonopore subapical on dorsal surface; with three spinous processes arising from base of long preatrium, two shorter lateral processes directed obliquely outwards and a longer medial process curving ventrally from base at its articulation with connective then curved dorsally and tapered to acute apex (Figs 11-13).
Female genitalia. Sternite VII ( Figure 37) with anterior margin slightly concave; lateral margin slightly expanded at basal 1/3; posterior margin strongly convex and with acute median tooth. Ovipositor as in generic description.

Distribution. China (Guizhou Province).
Remarks. We re-examined the type specimens of this species and found that there were some inaccuracies in original figures in Chen et al. (2007), e.g., the style was damaged. Hence, we have redrawn the species and provide digital images of the male adult. The species resembles N. sinuatipenis sp. n. but differs from the later by the aedeagal shaft being tubular with a blunt apex and with a ventral medial process arising from the basal one-third of shaft. Additionally, the gonopore is apical (Figs 24, 25).
External features as in N. longispina but body slightly smaller.
Male genitalia. Male pygofer as in N. longispina but pygofer with ventroposterior angle produced into one short and a long process arising directly from posteroventral margin, the shorter process directed posteriorly and the longer one directed dorsally . Aedeagus simple, with shaft laterally compressed, sinuate in lateral view, with a pair of long spinous processes arising dorsobasally, curved caudoventrally; gonopore subapical on dorsal surface (Figs 35-36). Remarks. The new species is similar to N. pyramida (Li & Chen, 1999), but differs in the aedeagal shaft being sinuate in lateral view, with two dorsal processes arising from base; the gonopore is subapical (Figs 35, 36).
Etymology. The name is derived from the Latin words sinuosus and penis, which refers to the sinuate aedeagal shaft in lateral view ( Figure 36).

Discussion
Species of Neomohunia are distinctly marked leafhoppers, mainly with orange, brown and reddish orange markings dorsally including a reddish medial longitudinal stripe on the head and pronotum. In the male genitalia they can be distinguished by the aedeagus with pair of spinous processes arising from base. All are very similar in coloration  (Li & Chen, 1999) resting on a leaf of host plant (bamboo) 47 The habitat photo of N. pyramida (Li & Chen, 1999)  and difficult to distinguish externally, but can be easily separated from other species by the structure of male genitalia: (1) aedeagal shaft evenly curved in lateral view; three spinous processes arising from base of preatrium of aedeagus in N. longispina sp. n.; (2) aedeagal shaft with a ventral medial process arising from basal one-third of shaft in N. pyramida; (3) aedeagal shaft sinuate in lateral view in N. sinuatipenis sp. n.
As a result of our investigation in the field, members of Neomohunia were found feeding exclusively on some native bamboos, with many specimens collected from the beginning of May to the end of September in Guizhou province. So far, there are no collection records in other zoogeographic regions or on other plants in China, which may suggest that the distribution and host of Neomohunia species are very limited. More precise ecological records are needed.