Corresponding author: Zai-fu Xu (
Academic editor: Michael Sharkey
Six species are new to science:
The following 9 new synonyms are proposed:
The family
The actual biology of nearly all
Stephanids were classified with other distantly related wasp clades or families for a long time since they are somehow externally similar with some
Recent main classification efforts on
Presently about 13 valid genera and 351 valid species (including 6 extinct species in 2 extinct genera) of
At present about 20 species of
List of Species of
Species | Distribution |
---|---|
Yunnan (Oriental) | |
Taiwan (Oriental) | |
Taiwan (Oriental) | |
Yunnan (Oriental) | |
Yunnan (Oriental) | |
Yunnan (Oriental) | |
Taiwan (Oriental) | |
Taiwan (Oriental) | |
Taiwan (Oriental) | |
Yunnan (Oriental) | |
Taiwan (Oriental) | |
Yunnan (Oriental) | |
Hubei (Palearctic) | |
Fujian (Oriental) | |
Fujian(Oriental), Shaanxi (Palearctic) | |
Yunnan (Oriental) | |
Taiwan (Oriental) | |
Shaanxi (Palearctic) | |
Henan (Palearctic) | |
Henan, Shaanxi (Palearctic) |
The studied
The types examined in this paper are deposited in Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (CAZB), the Insect Museum of Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China (CAFB), the Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom (BMNH), Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Müncheberg, Germany (SDEI), The Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity Naturalis, Leiden (RMNH) and Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest (HNHM).
Morphological terminology, including the wing venation system (
Fore and hind wings of
Body slender and richly sculptured; head with five “coronal teeth” around front ocellus; somewhat subspherical; flagellum with 23–40 flagellomeres; clypeus small and protruding; labrum strongly protruding; frons and temple often with ivory streaks in some genera; pronotum modified; posterior pronotum partly covering mesoscutum anteriorly; hind leg highly modified, hind coxa often transversely costate or striate; basal half of hind tibia more or less compressed; inner side of hind tibia usually with a submedial impression; hind femur more or less swollen and dentate, usually with 2 or 3 large teeth and several small ones ventrally; first metasomal tergite more or less elongate and cylindrical; females possessing a triangular or reversed U/V-shaped pygidial impression; ovipositor sheath very long and often with ivory or whitish subapical band in some genera (
Cosmopolitan, but mainly restricted to tropical and subtropical areas (
The name is derived from the Greek word “Stephanos”, meaning “corona” or “crown”, in reference to the five corona-like tubercles around the anterior ocellus.
Before this study, 345 extant species in 13 genera in the family
(modified after
1 | Sternite of first metasomal tergite differentiated from its tergite ( |
|
– | Sternite of first tergite not differentiated from its tergite ( |
2 |
2 | First subdiscal cell of fore wing comparatively wide basally, wider than first discal cell ( |
3 |
– | First subdiscal cell of fore wing comparatively narrow basally, about as wide as first discal cell or narrower ( |
4 |
3 | Veins 2-SR and 2-SR+M of fore wing absent ( |
|
– | Veins 2-SR and 2-SR+M of fore wing present ( |
|
4 | Hind tarsus of female with five tarsomeres; hind femur ( |
|
– | Hind tarsus of female with three tarsomeres; hind femur ( |
5 |
5 | Ovipositor sheath without ivory subapical band; pronotum with weak or strong transverse protuberance; temple with pale yellowish streak along eye; hind tibia with a ventral carina and/or with oblique striae ventro-posteriorly | |
– | Ovipositor sheath with ivory subapical band ( |
Temple often with pale yellowish streak along eye (
Afrotropical, Neotropical, Palaearctic and Oriental.
Before this study, 159 species in the genus
1 | Pterostigma comparatively short and wide, apically obtuse (Figs |
2 |
– | Pterostigma long and narrower, more or less subparallel-sided, apically acute ( |
5 |
2 | Third metasomal tergite with two large ivory patches ( |
|
– | Third tergite entirely dark brown or blackish ( |
3 |
3 | Propodeum sparsely and superficially foveolate ( |
|
– | Propodeum mostly distinctly foveolate ( |
4 |
4 | Vein 2-CU1 of fore wing long, 0.7–1.1 times as long as vein cu-a ( |
|
– | Vein 2-CU1 of fore wing short or absent, up to 0.2 times as long as vein cu-a ( |
|
5 | Pterostigma comparatively obtuse apically ( |
|
– | Pterostigma distinctly acute apically ( |
6 |
6 | Vein r of fore wing strongly oblique and gradually merging into vein 3-SR+SR1 ( |
7 |
– | Vein r of fore wing moderately oblique and distinctly angled with vein 3-SR+SR1 ( |
8 |
7 | Foveolae of propodeum and interspaces between foveolae smooth ( |
|
– | Foveolae of propodeum and interspaces between foveolae coriaceous ( |
|
8 | Middle pale stripe of frons comparatively wide dorsally ( |
|
– | Middle pale stripe of frons absent or narrow dorsally ( |
9 |
9 | Pronotum robust in dorsal view and its posterior half distinctly striate or carinate ( |
|
– | Pronotum slender in dorsal view and its posterior half mainly reticulate-coriaceous, at most with some short striae or carinae ( |
10 |
10 | Ovipositor sheath completely black ( |
|
– | Ovipositor sheath with ivory subapical band ( |
Holotype, ♀ (CAZB), “CHINA: Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Meng’a, 1050–1080 m., Chinese Academy of Sciences (C.A.S.)”, “11.v.1958, Shu-yong Wang”, “HOLOTYPE”, “
1 ♀ (SCAU): CHINA: Guangdong, Mt. Nanling, 16.vi.2009, Wang Zi-chen, No. 200800190.
Vertex distinctly carinate, more coarsely near ocelli (
Redescribed after a female from Guangdong (Mt. Nanling), length of body 22.8 mm, of fore wing 11.6 mm, and of ovipositor sheath 28.9 mm.
Oriental China (Yunnan, Guangdong).
Lectotype of
Holotype of
Holotype of
2 ♀ + 1 ♂ (SCAU): 1 ♀, CHINA: Hainan, Mt. Diaoluoshan, 16.vii.2006, Li-qiong Weng, No. 200800171; 1 ♀, CHINA: Hainan, 3.ii.1981, Li-zhong Hua, No. 870229; 1 ♂, CHINA: Guangxi, Longzhou, Nonggang, 18.v.1982, Jun-hua He, No. 821489; 1 ♀ (RMNH): “N. Vietnam: Hoa Binh Pa Co Hang Kia N. R., 1041 m, N20°44'29" E04°55'44",11–23. x. 2009, Mal. tr. 23, RMNH 09 C. v. Achterberg & R. de Vries”; 4 ♀ (HNHM): “Formosa, Sauter”, “Kosempo, ix.1909, id., i.1910”, “Fuhosho, viii.1909, id., ix.1909”.
Head transverse in dorsal view
Redescribed after a female from Hainan (Mt. Diaoluoshan), length of body 13.1 mm, of fore wing 7.0 mm, and of ovipositor sheath 9.1 mm.
China (Yunnan, Guangxi, Taiwan, Hainan); Vietnam.
The type series of
Holotype (SCAU), ♀, CHINA: Hainan, Mt. Yinggeling, 2008.v.1–2, Jing-xian Liu, No. 200800051. Paratypes, 2 ♂ (SCAU), CHINA: Hainan, Mt. Yinggeling, 16.xi.2008, Zai-fu Xu, No. 200800189; CHINA: Guangdong, Mt. Guanyinshan, 15–16.ix.2007, Zai-fu Xu, No. 200800179; 1 ♂ (RMNH), id., but No. 200800180.
Vertex finely transversely striate (
Holotype, female, length of body 12.5 mm, of fore wing 6.7 mm, and of ovipositor sheath 11.8 mm.
Oriental China (Guangdong, Hainan).
The species was named
Holotype of
Holotype of
Holotype of
3 ♀ + 6 ♂ (SCAU): 1 ♀ + 1 ♂, CHINA: Guangdong, Guangzhou, Shaojiwo, 3.v.2009, Ming-yi Tian, No. 200800185; No. 200800186; 2 ♀, CHINA: Guangdong, Mt. Nankunshan, 1.vi.2009, Zai-fu Xu, No. 200800187; No. 200800188; 1♂, CHINA: Guangdong, Mt. Nankun, x.2009, Chun-dan Hong, No. 200800191; 5 ♂, CHINA: Guangdong, Zhaoqing, Xiwanggu, 14–15.iv.2007, Zai-fu Xu, No. 200800173; No. 200800174; No. 200800175; No. 200800176; CHINA: Guangdong, Mt. Nankunshan, x.2009, Chun-dan Hong, No. 200800191; 3 ♀ (ZJUC): CHINA: Guangxi, Nanning, 1982.v.11, Jun-hua He, No. 821224; id., but No. 8212248; CHINA: Guangxi, Nanning, 1982.v.11, Jun-hua He, No. 821228.
Vertex finely transversely striate (
Redescribed after a female from Guangdong (Guangzhou), length of body 15.7 mm, of fore wing 8.4 mm, and of ovipositor sheath 10.8 mm.
Oriental China (Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Hong Kong); Vietnam.
The holotype of
Lectotype of
Lectotype of
1 ♀ (ZJUH): CHINA: Guangxi Longzhou Nonggang, 1982.v.20, He Jun-hua, No. 821599; 107 ♀ + 42 ♂ (HNHM): All with “Formosa, Sauter”; 69 ♀ + 31 ♂, “Kosempo, ix.1909 or x.1909”, 1 ♀, id., but “vii.1909”; 1 ♀, id., but “15–23.vi.1908”; 4 ♀ + 1 ♂, id., but “i.1910”; 1♀, id., “1–5.v.1908”; 3 ♀, “Fuhosho, iii.1909”; 1 ♀, “Mt. Hoozan, xii.1909”; 2 ♀, “Alikang, vi.1909”; 5 ♀, id., but “viii.1909”, 5 ♀, id., but “ix.1909”; 3 ♀, id., but “x.1909”; 1 ♀, “Taihorinsho, xi.1909”, 6 ♀ + 6 ♂, id., but “ix.1909”, 1 ♀, id., but “viii.1909”, 1 ♀ + 4 ♂, id., but “x.1909”, 2 ♀ + 1 ♂, id., but “xi.1909”; 1 ♀, id., but “iv.1910”.
Vertex transversely carinate or striate, centrally and area near eyes more or less coarsely rugose (
Redescribed after a female from Guangxi, length of body 13.8 mm, of fore wing 9.5 mm, and of ovipositor sheath 20 mm.
China (Guangxi, Taiwan); Japan.
Lectotype of
Holotype of
Lectotype of
8 ♀ + 2 ♂ (HNHM): 1 ♀, “Taihorinsho, x.1909”; 1 ♀, id., but “xi.1909”, 3 ♀, id., but “ix.1909”; 1 ♂, id., but “viii.1909”; 1 ♀ + 1 ♂, “Kosempo, x.1909”; 1 ♀, id., but “ii.1908”; 1 ♀, “Teraso, v.1909” ; 1 ♀ (RMNH): 1 ♀, CHINA: Guangdong, Mt. Nankunshan, 20.viii.2005, Zai-fu Xu, No. 200800169; 4 ♀ (SCAU): 1 ♀, CHINA: Hong Kong, Kowloon, 10.x.2006, No. 200800172; 1 ♀, CHINA: Guangdong, Guangzhou, Tianlu Lake, 24.vi.2003, Jing-xian Liu, No. 200800164; 1 ♀, CHINA: Guangdong, Mt. Nankunshan, 20.viii.2005, Zai-fu Xu, No. 200800168; 1 ♀, CHINA: Guangdong, Liuxihe, 12.vi.2008, Zai-fu Xu, No. 200800181.
Vertex transversely striate (
Redescribed after the lectotype from Taiwan, female, length of body 15.6 mm, of fore wing 7.3 mm, and of ovipositor sheath 14.2 mm.
Oriental China (Taiwan); Vietnam.
Holotype, ♀ (SCAU): CHINA: Hainan, Mt. Bawangling, 7.vii.2006, Jing-xian Liu, No. 200800170.
Head transverse in dorsal view and elliptical in lateral view (
Holotype, female, length of body 6.0 mm, of fore wing 3.5 mm, and of ovipositor sheath 4.0 mm.
China (Hainan).
From “macula” (Latin for patch) and “ferus” (Latin for carrying) because of the two pale patches of the third metasomal tergite.
This species is similar to
Holotype, ♀ (CAZB): “CHINA: Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Menglong, 650 m. C.A.S.”, “13.vi.1958, Shu-yong Wang”, “HOLOTYPE”, “
Head transverse in dorsal view and elliptical in lateral view (
Holotype, female, length of body 7.4 mm, of fore wing 4.6 mm, and of ovipositor 6.8 mm.
China (Yunnan).
Holotype, ♀ (BMNH): “Type”, “B.M. Type Hym., 3.a.4”, “
Head more or less globose in dorsal view; vertex transversely striate (
Laos.
This species is not known from China at present. It is included in the key because it may occur in South China.
Lectotype of
Holotype of
4 ♀ (SCAU): 1 ♀, CHINA: Guangdong, Arboretum of Nanling, 21.vii.2008, Chun-dan Hong, No. 200800182; 1 ♀, CHINA: Guangdong, Mt. Chebaling, 10.vii.2003, Jing-xian Liu, No. 200800165; 1 ♀, CHINA: Guangdong, Mt. Nanling, 6.x.2004, Zai-fu Xu, No. 200800166; 1 ♀, CHINA: Hainan, Mt. Jianfengling, 5–7.vi.2007, Li-qiong Weng, No. 200800177; 1 ♀ (ZJUH): CHINA: Guangxi, Longzhou, Nonggang, 18.v.1982, Jun-hua He, No. 821489; 1 ♀ (RMNH): CHINA: Guangdong, Mt. Nanling, 1–6.x.2004, Zai-fu Xu, No. 200800167.
Headtransverse in dorsal view and (
Redescribed after a female from Guangdong (Nanling), length of body 10.3 mm, of fore wing 5.6 mm, and of ovipositor 10.5 mm.
Oriental China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Taiwan, Hainan); Vietnam.
Holotype, ♀ (CAFB): CHINA: Guangdong, Deqing, on trunk of
Body largely dull; vertex transversely striate (
Holotype, female, length of body 13.4 mm, of fore wing 6.7 mm, and of ovipositor sheath 11.6 mm.
Oriental China (Guangdong).
This species is named after Prof. Zhong-qi Yang (CAFB) who generously loaned the specimen for the study.
Temple without pale yellowish streak along eye, at most with a ventral patch (
Cosmopolitan.
Before this study, 83 species in the genus
(after
1 | Temple narrowly rounded medially behind eye in dorsal view ( |
|
– | Temple medially roundly convex behind eye in dorsal view ( |
2 |
2 | Temple slightly convex behind eye ( |
|
– | Temple distinctly convex behind eye ( |
Holotype, ♂ (ZJUH): CHINA: Hubei, Shennongjia, viii.1982, Shang-bo Shi, No. 870112.
Head largely orange brown; temple medially distinctly convex behind eye in dorsal view (
See
China (Hubei).
The name of this species is derived from the Latin “a-” and “plicatus” which means without fold, because this species has no pronotal fold on the pronotum.
Temple medially roundly narrowed behind eye in dorsal view; neck postero-dorsally at about same level as middle pronotum, without distinct pronotal fold and without a cavity (
Holotype, ♀ (CPPF): “[CHINA], Fukien [=Fujian], Foochow [=Fuzhou], 10.vi.1954, H. F. Chao coll.”; “
See
China (Fujian).
This species is named in honour of the late Prof. Dr Hsiu-Fu Chao (Fuzhou) for his important contributions to our knowledge of the entomofauna of China (
6 ♀+ 1 ♂: 2 ♀ (SCAU), CHINA: Guangdong, Chebaling, 26.vii.2008, Zai-fu Xu, No. 200800183; Chun-dan Hong, No. 200800184; 1 ♀ (ZJUH), CHINA: Sichuan, Nanchong, 24.vi.1940, No. 65021.10; 1 ♀ (ZJUH), CHINA: Zhejiang, Quxian, 24.v.1959, Zheng-nan Zhou, No. 5931.1; 1 ♂ (ZJUH), CHINA: Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 7. vii. 1980, Ben-yue Zhang, No. 810242. 1 ♀ (CAFB): “China: Shaanxi, Yangling, 30.viii.1994, ovipositing on larvae of
Head largely blackish or dark brown; temple medially slightly convex behind eye in dorsal view (
Redescribed after a female from Guangdong (Chebaling), length of body 13.9 mm, of fore wing 7.5 mm, and of ovipositor sheath 12.8 mm.
A parasitoid of
China (Shaanxi, Zhejiang, Sichuan, Fujian, Guangdong).
The name of this species is derived from the generic name of its host,
Temple with pale yellowish streak along eye (
Australian, Palaearctic and Oriental.
Before this study, 56 species in the genus
1 | Pygidial process of female rounded apically ( |
|
– | Pygidial process of female horn-shaped apically ( |
2 |
2 | Pterostigma distinctly widened and comparatively short, 4–5 times as long as wide ( |
|
– | Pterostigma hardly widened and longer, 5–6 times as long as wide ( |
3 |
3 | Middle basitarsus of female about 6 times as long as its medial with; first discal cell of fore wing comparatively narrow and its length about 3.1 times as long as vein 1-M ( |
|
– | Middle basitarsus of female 8–12 times as long as its medial with; first discal cell of fore wing comparatively wide and its length 2.2–2.7 times as long as vein 1-M ( |
4 |
4 | Hind femur shiny and largely smooth ( |
|
– | Hind femur matt or with satin sheen, largely coriaceous ( |
Holotype,♀ (SCAU): CHINA: Hainan, Mt. Jianfengling, 5–7.vi.2007, Li-qiong Weng, No. 200800178.
Frons densely foveolate-rugose and with obvious medial groove (
Holotype, female, length of body 13.1 mm, of fore wing 8.4 mm, and of ovipositor sheath 19.3 mm.
China (Hainan).
The name is derived from “angulatus” (Latin for angled) because of the angled temples.
Holotype, ♀ (ZJUH): CHINA: Zhejiang, Wuyanling, 29. vii. 2005, Peng Xu, No. 200605074.
Frons densely foveolate-rugose (
Holotype, female, length of body 16.2 mm, of fore wing 9.9 mm, and of ovipositor sheath 22.9 mm.
China (Zhejiang).
The name is derived from “brevis” (Latin for short) and “coxa” (Latin for hip) because of the short hind coxa.
Holotype of
7 ♂ (ZJUH): 1 ♂, CHINA: Guangxi, Longzhou Nonggang, 1982.v.21, Jun-hua He, No. 821669; 6♂, CHINA: Guangxi, Longzhou, 1982.v.22, No. 822167, No. 822168, No. 822169, No. 822147, No. 822148, No. 822149.
Head in dorsal view orange brown and sparsely striate (
Holotype, male, length of fore wing 4.1 mm, and of incomplete body 2.8 mm (metasoma lost).
China (Guangxi, Taiwan).
Paratypes, 2 ♀ (RMNH): “JPN [= Japan]/Kyushu [Kagoshima] Makizono t. Takachiho, 29.vii.2005, 31°52'33"N/130°53'29"E, R. Matsumoto”, “♀
5 ♀+7 ♂ (ZJUH): 1 ♀, CHINA: Shaanxi, Qinling, Mt. Tiantai, 1999.ix.3, Yun Ma, No. 991151; 1♀, CHINA: Henan, Songxian, Mt. Baiyun, 1996.vii.19, Ping Cai, No. 972997; 3♀, CHINA: Henan, Luoshan, Lingshan, 2000.v.22, Ping Cai, No. 200101896; id., but No. 200101873, No. 200101882; 6 ♂, id., but No. 200101876, No. 200101884, No. 200101893, No. 200101906, No. 200101908, No. 200101911; 1 ♂, CHINA: Zhejiang Suichang, 1982.vi.28–vii.1, Han-lin Chen, No. 924696; 1♀ (HNHM), “Formosa, Sauter”, “Polisha, x.1909”.
Frons largely dark brown and reticulate-rugose (
Redescribed from a female from Henan, length of body 13.4 mm, of fore wing 7.1 mm, and of ovipositor sheath 19.2 mm.
China (Shaanxi, Henan, Zhejiang); Japan (Kyushu).
This species is new record from China.
Holotype, ♀ (ZJUH): CHINA: Zhejiang, Kaihua, Mt. Gutian, 2005.vii.1–3, Xue-xin Chen, No. 200604294.
Temple completely yellowish, yellowish streak stretching to vertex and reaching occipital carina (
Holotype, female, length of body 9.8 mm, of fore wing 5.8 mm, and of ovipositor sheath 10.2 mm.
China (Zhejiang).
The name is derived from “Zhejiang” because the type locality is situated in Zhejiang Province (China).
Pronotum more or less rectangularly connected with rest of pronotum (
Nearctic, East Palaearctic and Australian (only Tasmania: introduced for biological control of introduced
Two species of
1 | Posterior pronotum gradually elevated ( |
|
– | Posterior pronotum steeply elevated ( |
Holotype, ♀ (HNHM), “KOREA, Prov. North Pyongan, Mount Myohyang-san”, “17.07.1982, No.815, Leg. Dr. L. Forro & Dr. L. Ronkay”, “Holotypus ♀
1 ♂ (ZJUH): CHINA: Shaanxi, Liuba, Mt. Zibai, 1632 m, 4.viii.2004, Hong-ying Zhang, No. 20047080.
Posterior half of pronotum comparatively low and dorso-posteriorly finely transversely rugose (
Redescribed after the male from Shaanxi (Liuba), length of body 9.8 mm, and of fore wing 6.5 mm.
Palaearctic China (Shaanxi); North Korea.
For redescription in Chinese, see
Temple without yellowish streak along eye, at most with yellow patch (
Palaearctic and Oriental.
Before this study, 5 species in the genus
1 | First metasomal tergite comparatively slender, about 9 times as long as its maximum width ( |
|
– | First metasomal tergite often comparatively robust, 3–5.7 times as long as its maximum width ( |
Holotype, ♀ (CAFB), “CHINA: Henan, Longyuwan, Lianchuan, 700m, on trunk of
1 ♀ (SCAU): CHINA: Henan, Neixiang County, Baotianman, 13–15.vii.1998, Yun Ma, No. 987231.
Pronotum without distinct pronotal fold medially (
Redescribed after a female from Henan (Baotianman), length of body 17.7 mm, of fore wing 11.9 mm, and of ovipositor sheath 28 mm.
A parasitoid of
Palaearctic China (Henan).
The name refers to the two ventral teeth of the hind femur. This species is unique in the
Holotype, ♀ (CAFB), “CHINA: Henan, Longyuwan, Luanchuan, 700 m, ovipositing on
2 ♀ + 1 ♂ (ZJUH): 2 ♀, CHINA: Shaanxi, Mt. Xinjia, 28–30. vi.1992, No. 200011622; No. 200011617; 1 ♂, CHINA: Henan, Jiyuan, 7.vi.2000, Ping Cai, No. 200102040.
Pronotum (
Redescribed after a female from Shaanxi (Mt. Xinjia), length of body 13.8 mm, of fore wing 10.8 mm, and of ovipositor sheath 18.0 mm.
A parasitoid of
Palaearctic China (Shaanxi, Henan).
The name refers to the three ventral teeth of the hind femur (
Temple with pale yellowish streak along eye; pronotum with weak or strong transverse protuberance; hind femur comparatively robust and less elongate, largely smooth and with some punctures, ventrally with 2 large teeth; hind tibia with a ventral carina and/or with oblique striae ventro-posteriorly, inner side of hind tibia usually with wide submedial depression, occupying entire width of tibia or depression absent; hind tarsus of female with three tarsomeres; ovipositor sheath without ivory subapical band.
Philippines, Indonesia, insular Malaysia, Arabian peninsula, Africa (
This species is included in the generic key because it may occur in China. At present 4 species were known worldwide (
The paper has been made possible by the support of a Martin-Fellowship from NCB Naturalis, Leiden to the first author, and by grants of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.30770265) and the Ministry of Science and Technology of P. R. China (MOST grant N. 2006FY110500).
We wish to thank Prof. Jun-hua He and Prof. Dr Xue-xin Chen of Zhejiang University for their generous loan of their specimens of
We are very grateful to two anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions to improve the manuscript.