2urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:45048D35-BB1D-5CE8-9668-537E44BD4C7Eurn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:91BD42D4-90F1-4B45-9350-EEF175B1727AZooKeysZK1313-29891313-2970Pensoft Publishers10.3897/zookeys.779.2456224562ChecklistAnomiidaeArcidaeArcoidaBivalviaBuccinoideaCaecidaeCarditidaeCarditoideaCerithiidaeCerithiopsidaeChamidaeChamoideaCystiscidaeFissurellidaeFissurelloideaGaleommatidaeGaleommatoideaGastropodaIschnochitonidaeLucinidaeLucinoideaMarginellidaeMolluscaMuricidaeMytilidaeMytiloidaNassariidaeNeoloricataNoetiidaeOstreoidaPickworthiidaePolyplacophoraPyramidellidaeRissoellidaeRissoidaeScissurellidaeSemelidaeTellinoideaTornidaeTriphoridaeTrochidaeTurridaeVeneridaeVeneroidaVeneroideaVermetidaeVetigastropodaBiodiversity & ConservationCatalogues and ChecklistsFaunistics & DistributionSpecies InventoriesSystematicsAmericasAtlantic OceanMexicoFirst survey of Interstitial molluscs from Cayo Nuevo, Campeche Bank, Gulf of MexicoOrtigosaDeneb1Suárez-MozoNancy Yolimarhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9998-40001BarreraNoe C.2SimõesNunons@ciencias.unam.mxhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7490-3147132Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación Sisal (UMDI-SISAL), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto de abrigo s/n, Sisal, CP 97356 Yucatán, MexicoHarte Research Institute, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, 300 Ocean Dr., Unit 5869, Corpus Christi, Texas 78412-5869, U.S.A.Laboratorio Nacional de Resiliencia Costera Laboratorios Nacionales, CONACYT, Mexico City, MexicoInternational Chair for Coastal and Marine Studies, Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies, Texas A&M University – Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, Texas, USA
20180208201877911789A25B2F-91B0-548F-9811-0AFA7B614519CE8D6959-7966-480C-ADF6-D514071AAF2913431522002201809072018Deneb Ortigosa, Nancy Yolimar Suárez-Mozo, Noe C. Barrera, Nuno SimõesThis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.http://zoobank.org/CE8D6959-7966-480C-ADF6-D514071AAF29
Six sediment samples weighing between 224–735 g were collected in June of 2016 from Cayo Nuevo reef, located at the Campeche Bank, southern Gulf of Mexico. Samples were collected by SCUBA diving, from were two stations at depths of 7.6 and 18.2 m. Sediment was sieved and molluscs (adults and micromolluscs ≤ 10 mm) were sorted, examined, and identified to the lowest taxonomic level. A total of 1,347 specimens was found, of which 224 shells were dead and 1,123 were alive. Thirty-four families, 53 genera, and 67 species were identified. The most abundant families were Chamidae and Arcidae for the Bivalvia class, and Caecidae and Tornidae for the Gastropoda class. The vertical range of Bentharca sp. was extended.
baselineinventoryCampeche BankGulf of MexicomicromolluscsUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México501100005739http://doi.org/10.13039/501100005739Citation
Ortigosa D, Suárez-Mozo NY, Barrera NC, Simões N (2018) First survey of Interstitial molluscs from Cayo Nuevo, Campeche Bank, Gulf of Mexico. ZooKeys 779: 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.778.24562
Introduction
Frequently, species molluscan biodiversity accounts are incomplete because of the lack of some groups such as sea slugs and micromolluscs. Compared with macromolluscs, the study of micromolluscs is still in its infancy, which is probably due not to the difficulty involved in obtaining samples, but difficulties in identification of such small animals and the time-consuming process required to separate specimens from sand or other substrates (e.g., algae or rocks), and photography. In order to get a more realistic picture of the biodiversity for different habitats, micromolluscs should be incorporated into the different studies (Sasaki 2008, and pers. obs.).
The term micromollusc has been applied in arbitrary and non-standardised ways. Micromolluscs are molluscs not visible without some type of artificial assistance, such as a microscope or magnifying glass. The most restrictive definition, or sensu stricto, stated that micromollusc size should be less than 5 mm as an adult (Narciso 2005, Geiger et al. 2007). Other authors considered micromolluscs as specimens smaller than 10 mm as an adult (Barrera and Tunnell 2001). Finally, the wider definition of micromollusc, or sensu lato, includes molluscs whose size is typically less than 10 mm as an adult and also included juvenile representative of macromolluscs (Moore 1964; García-Cubas 1970; Tunnell 1974; Kay 1980; Vokes and Vokes 1983).
Barrera (2001) stated that within Texas and Mexico, the majority of the studies involved macromolluscs. In Mexico, more than 4,643 species of marine molluscs have been recorded, and approximately 2,067 of them inhabit the Gulf of Mexico (GoMx) and the Mexican Caribbean Sea (Castillo-Rodríguez 2014). Unfortunately, Castillo-Rodríguez did not state which of them were micromolluscs. Important molluscan compilations focusing on these groups include publications by García-Cubas and Reguero (2007) and Vokes and Vokes (1983), although only a few publications have addressed the micromolluscan fauna specifically such as García-Cubas (1963, 1970 and 1971) for lagoons in the Gulf of Mexico and Hicks et al. (2001) at Alacranes reef.
The Campeche Bank is located at the southern GoMx and is composed of several emergent and submerged coral reefs (Tunnell et al. 2010). One of the smaller and most remote reefs is Cayo Nuevo, located between Arenas and Triángulos reefs (190 km offshore) in the GoMx (Fig. 1). Studies on this reef are almost non-existent with the exception of polychaetes (Granados-Barba et al. 2003).
Map of the Gulf of Mexico, with the largest reef in the GoMx and sampling locations where micromolluscs have been documented in the literature and this study (adapted from Felder and Camp 2009).
https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/220643
The present work focuses on the molluscs of the Cayo Nuevo sandy bottoms, Gulf of Mexico. In this substrate we could find micromolluscs sensu stricto and juveniles of macromolluscs species that inhabit the interstitial as but also empty shells that could be carried by external factors such wind and currents.
Materials and methods
Using SCUBA gear, six sediment samples of coarse sand to fine gravel weighing 224–735 g each were collected by hand at 7.6 and 18.2 m on 19 June 2017 at Cayo Nuevo reef (Table 1). Each sample was sieved by pouring water through six differently sized sieves (2 mm, 1.4 mm, 1 mm; 710 µm, 500 µm, and 250 µm) (Table 2) and sorted dry using a dissecting Nikon SMZ800 microscope. Specimens were picked out using soft forceps and 000 fine paint brushes. Molluscs were placed into 2 mm tubes and micromolluscs were placed into PCR tubes, both with 70% ethanol for long-term storage. Identification of specimens to species level was based on Abbott (1974), Tunnell et al. (2010) and Redfern (2013). Whenever possible, at least one specimen of each species or morphotype was photographed. All the specimens were deposited at the “Colección de Moluscos de la Peninsula de Yucatán” (CMPY), Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación Campus Sisal, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
Sampling stations and coordinates at Cayo Nuevo on 18 June 2016.
Station
Depth (m)
Latitude (N)
Longitude (W)
Sample
1
18.2
21°49'40.32", 92°4'37.62"
GoMex-001
GoMex-002
GoMex-002
GoMex-004
2
7.6
21°49'47.82", 92°4'34.32"
GoMex-005
GoMex-006
Weight of each sample per sieve size in grams.
Sieve
GoMex-001
GoMex-002
GoMex-002
GoMex-004
GoMex-005
GoMex-006
2 mm
86.89
335.85
372.2
645.4
679.1
615.19
1.4 mm
46.94
60.04
21.7
46
80.7
91.53
1 mm
34.01
28.43
5.7
27.3
14.8
22.96
710 µm
27.1
11.13
1.3
28.5
2.3
5.32
500 µm
16.04
3.07
0.3
16.7
0.7
0.82
250 µm
13.86
1.2
0.07
2.6
0.6
0.004
Total
224.84
439.72
401.27
766.5
778.2
735.824
The nomenclature of the species listed was assigned according to Bouchet and Rocroi (2010) for Bivalvia, Bouchet et al. (2017) for Gastropoda, and Kaas and Van Belle (1985) for Polyplacophora, due to the variability of some categories we only present the Linnaean ones. Abundance categories were assigned following Hicks et al. (2001): Abundant ≥ 50 (A); Common = 6–49 (C); Uncommon = 2–5 (UC), and Rare = 1 (R). Juvenile species are denoted by an asterisk (*).
Results
The results from the analysis of the sediment from Cayo Nuevo reef revealed 67 species of molluscs, from which 50 species are gastropods, 14 species are bivalves and three are chitons. These species belong to 38 different families.
Gastropoda1–26: 1Cerithiumatratum1a ventral view 1b dorsal view, scale bar 1 mm 2Alabaincerta2a ventral view 2b dorsal view, scale bar 0.25 mm 3Finella sp. 3a ventral view 3b dorsal view, scale bar 1 mm 4Sansoniatuberculata4a ventral view 4b dorsal view, scale bar 1 mm 5Hipponix sp. 5a ventral view 5b dorsal view, scale bar 0.1 mm 6Iniforisturristhomae6a ventral view 6b dorsal view, scale bar 1 mm 7Metaxiarugulosa7a ventral view 7b dorsal view, scale bar 0.5 mm 8Cerithiopsis sp. 8a ventral view 8b dorsal view, scale bar 1 mm 9Cerithiopsiscf.iuxtafuniculata9a ventral view 9b dorsal view, scale bar 1 mm 10Vermetidaeincertae sedis irregularis scale bar 1 mm 11Dendropomacorrodens scale bar 1 mm 12 Vermetid sp. C, ventral view, scale bar 0.25 mm 13Petaloconchusmcgintyi, ventral view, scale bar 0.25 mm 14Thylacodes sp. scale bar 1 mm 15Simulamerelinacaribaea15a ventral view 15b dorsal view, scale bar 1 mm 16Schwartziellafischeri16a ventral view 16b dorsal view, scale bar 1 mm 17Zebina sp. 2 17a ventral view 17b dorsal view, scale bar 1 mm 18Zebina sp. 2 18a ventral view 18b dorsal view, scale bar 0.5 mm 19Truncatella sp. 19a ventral view 19b dorsal view, scale bar 0.5 mm 20Caecumcircumvolutum, lateral view, scale bar 0.2 mm 21Caecumdonmoorei21a stage 1, lateral view, scale bar 0.2 mm 21b adult, lateral view, scale bar 0.2 mm 22Caecumjohnsoni, lateral view, scale bar 0.2 mm 23Caecumpulchellum, lateral view, scale bar 0.2 mm 24Caecumtextile, lateral view, scale bar 0.2 mm 25Caecum sp. B, lateral view, scale bar 0.2 mm 26Meiocerasnitidum, lateral view, scale bar 0.2 mm.
https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/220645
Family Litiopidae Gray, 1847
Genus Alaba H. adams & A. Adams, 1853
Alabaincerta (d’Orbigny, 1841) (C) (Fig. 3–2a, b)
Family Scaliolidae Jousseaume, 1912
Finella sp. (UC) (Fig. 3–3a, 3b)
Family Pickworthiidae Iredale, 1917
Subfamily Pickworthiinae Iredale, 1917
Genus Sansonia Jousseaume, 1892
Sansoniatuberculata (Watson, 1886) (R) (Fig. 3–4a, b)
Family Hypponicidae Troschel, 1861
Hipponix sp. (C) (Fig. 3–5a, 5b)
Family Triphoridae Gray, 1847
Genus Iniforis Jousseaume, 1884
Iniforisturristhomae (Holten, 1802) (UC) (Fig. 3–6a, b)
Genus Metaxia Monterosato, 1884
Metaxiarugulosa (C. B. Adams, 1850) (R) (Fig. 3–7a, b)
Family Cerithiopsidae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853
Genus Cerithiopsis Forbes & Hanley, 1850
Cerithiopsis sp. (R) (Fig. 3–8a, 8b)
Cerithiopsiscf.iuxtafuniculata Rolán, Espinosa & Fernández-Garcés, 2007 (R) (Fig. 3–9a, b)
Family Vermetidae Rafinesque, 1815
Vermetidaeincertae sedis irregularis d’Orbigny, 1841 (Fig. 3–10)
Ammoniceraminortalis Rolán, 1992 (A) (Fig. 4–13a, b)
Family Rissoellidae Gray, 1850
Genus Rissoella Gray, 1847
Rissoellagalba Robertson, 1961 (R) (Fig. 4–14a, b)
Order Aplysiida
Family Aplysiidae Lamarck, 1809
Genus Aplysia Linnaeus, 1767
Aplysia sp. (R)
Order Siphonarimorpha
Family Pyramidellidae Gray, 1840
Genus Pseudoscilla Boettger, 1901
Pseudoscillaaff.babylonia (C. B. Adams, 1845) (R) (Fig. 4–15a, 185b)
Discussion
The most abundant families of gastropods were the Caecidae (456 specimens, seven species), Tornidae (221 specimens, two species), and Omalogyridae (132 specimens, two species). The most abundant families of bivalves were Arcidae (40 specimens, five species) and Chamidae (59 specimens, two species). The most abundant gastropod species were Caecumjohnsoni (310 specimens), Vitrinella sp. (208 specimens), Vermetid sp. C (91 specimens), Lodderenaornata (71 specimens), and Caecumdonmoorei (147 specimens). For the Bivalvia the most abundant species were Chamasinuosa (57 specimens), Barbatiadomingensis (57 specimens) and Carditopsissmithii (12 specimens).
From the six sediment samples, the most commonly found molluscs were Lodderenaornata, Caecumjohnsoni and Ammoniceralineofuscata, while other species appeared only once: Leptochiton sp., Arcidae sp., Bentharca sp., Crenella sp., Anomia sp., Chama sp., Galeommatidae sp., Chioneelevata, Semelebellastriata, Cerithium sp. 1, Gastropoda sp., Diodoralisteri, Cerithiumatratum, Sansoniatuberculata, Iniforisturristhomae, Metaxiarugulosa, Cerithiopsiscf.iuxtafuniculata, Cerithiopsis sp., Vermetidaeincertae sedis irregularis, Dendropomacorrondens, Thylacodes sp., Finella sp., Caecumtextile, Hipponix sp., Volvarina sp. 2, Columbellidae sp. 2, Aplysia sp., and Pseudoscillaaff.babylonia.
This new data becomes a taxonomic reference list for the molluscs that inhabit Cayo Nuevo, GoMx, including micromolluscs as well as juvenile macromolluscs. To place it within a useful context we mention other inventories made in this area: Felder and Camp (2009) recorded some 5,517 species of invertebrates in the GoMx, of which 2,455 were marine molluscs (Moretzsohn et al. 2009). González et al. (1991) recorded 298 species of molluscs and included 33 localities distributed around the coasts of the Yucatan Peninsula and adjacent coral reefs but did not mentioned Cayo Nuevo. García-Cubas et al. (1999) recorded 110 species of gastropods in the northern and northeastern regions of the Yucatan Peninsula. Rice and Kornicker (1962) recorded 130 species for Alacranes reef in the Campeche Bank and later, Hicks et al. (2001) recorded 215 species of molluscs on the same reef. Although earlier articles include reefs or sampling locations within the Bank of Campeche (e.g., Rehder and Abbott 1951, Springer and Bullis 1956, Kornicker et al. 1959), no mention of molluscs from Cayo Nuevo were found. Only Barrera (2001) study focuses on reef micromolluscs, recording 131 species from the East and West Flower Garden Banks (FGB).
The molluscan assemblage at Cayo Nuevo shares many species also present at the FGB (Barrera 2001) and Alacranes Reef (Hicks et al. 2001) (19 families/21 genera and 21 families/22 genera, respectively) (Table 3). The most diverse families recorded by Barrera (2001) and Hicks et al. (2001) were Caecidae (six genera and ten species) and Rissoidae (five genera and seven species) for Gastropoda and Arcidae (four genera and seven species) for Bivalvia.
Comparison of molluscs recorded at Cayo Nuevo (present study) and other interstial records at the GoMx; Madre: García-Cubas (1970), Tamiahua: García-Cubas (1971), Términos: García-Cubas (1963, 1981), East Flower Garden: Barrera and Tunnell (2001), Alacranes: Hicks et al. (2001). The maximum recorded size is provided: Key: a) García-Cubas and Reguero (2004), b) Tunnell et al. (2010), c) Redfern (2013).
Systematics
Lagoons
Reefs
Maximum recorded size (mm)
Madre
Tamiahua
Términos
East Flower Garden
Alacranes
Cayo Nuevo
Class Bivalvia
Arcaimbricata
*
*
*
48c
Barbatiadomingensis
*
*
*
30b
Carditopsissmithii
*
*
*
1.5c
Chamasinuosa
*
*
76b
Crassinellalunulata
*
*
8b
Semelebellastriata
*
14c
Class Gastropoda
Diodoraminuta
*
10.5c
Diodoralisteri
*
*
45b
Scissurellaredferni
*
1c
Synaptocochleapicta
*
*
3.5c
Lodderenaornata
*
*
*
0.8c
Cerithiumatratum
*
Alabaincerta
*
Sansoniatuberculata
*
1.5c
Iniforisturristhomae
*
*
*
6c
Metaxiarugulosa
*
7c
Cerithiopsiscf.iuxtafuniculata
*
3c
Vermetidaeincertae sedis irregularis
*
6b
Dendropomacorrodens
*
*
10b
Petaloconchusmcgintyi
*
*
*
35b
Simulamerelinacaribaea
*
3b
Schwartziellafischeri
*
3.5c
Caecumcircumvolutum
*
4b
Caecumdonmoorei
*
2c
Caecumjohnsoni
*
*
*
5b
Caecumpulchellum
*
*
*
*
*
*
2a
Caecumtextile
*
*
2b
Meiocerasnitidum
*
*
*
3b
Gibberulalavalleeana
*
*
4b
Steironepionmoniliferum
*
Ammoniceralineofuscata
*
0.6c
Ammoniceraminortalis
*
*
0.5c
Rissoellagalba
*
*
1c
Pseudoscillaaff.babylonia
*
*
*
3b
Barrera (2001) most abundant gastropod species were Amphithalamusvallei (672 individuals) and cf. Vitrinella sp. (534 individuals); however, at Cayo Nuevo, 208 individuals of sf. Vitrinella sp., were found. Differences in the numbers of collected individuals can be explained by geography, but also by differences in the quantity of sediment collected and processed, fifteen sites with 300 ml sediment sampled at FGB and six samples of 224–735 g at Cayo Nuevo. Vitrinella sp. could not be identified to specific level due to the low similarity of characters shown with other described western Atlantic species. Barrera (2001) previously suggested that it could be an undescribed new species, but further detailed studies are required to establish its identity.
Regarding bivalves, the most abundant species reported by Barrera (2001) for the FGB were Gregariellacoralliophaga (145 individuals) (summing nine identified as Barbatiadomingensis (102 individuals) and eleven identified as Barbatiacancellaria (68 individuals, currently a synonym), and Carditopsissmithii (51 individuals). In comparison, 37 individuals of Barbatiadomingensis and 12 Carditopsissmithii were collected at Cayo Nuevo and these were not the most abundant species.
It should come as no surprise that many organisms were not identified to species level (e.g., Leptochiton sp., Bentharca sp., Crenella sp., Anomia sp., Lottia sp., Diodora sp., Cerithium sp., Cerithiopsis sp., Thylacodes sp., Zebina sp. 1, Zebina sp. 2, and Phrontis sp.). We relied on regional and local literature that in fact was scarce. In the case of juveniles, shells within a genus are similar because they share many characters and the differential characters are difficult to discern even as adults and almost impossible in juveniles. Our specimens identified under the name of Gibberulalavalleeana could be considerate as a species complex, due to the evidence and description of new species in Cuban waters (Espinosa and Ortea 2007).
These faunistic results from Cayo Nuevo represent the first inventory of molluscs from this remote reef. These findings contribute to record expansions for the southern GoMx of Bentharca sp. This contribution highlights the importance of conserving small areas that can harbour a considerable diversity of organisms. Seasonal changes on the mollusc community assemblages were not evaluated but would be an interesting future project, as would collecting growth series of species to assist in confirming identifications. In 2004, González and Torruco stated the importance of the Campeche Bank’s reefs and proposed a marine reserve for the reefs located within this area, Cayo Nuevo included. However, this proposal never materialized and, up to now, only Alacranes reef has governmental protection under the status of marine reserve. Species checklists of micromolluscs, as well as other faunal groups, are of vital importance to serve as a baseline data set, due to the proximity to Mexico’s offshore oil production area within the GoMx. The soft benthic interstitial mollusc communities are diverse, and their monitoring could well represent ecological indicators of ecosystem health, especially in the light of potential future oil-spills.
Acknowledgements
We give our gratitude to the researchers from the Yucatan Marine Biodiversity Team (BDMY) who participated in the expedition on the boat “Isla Mujeres”, especially to P. Tapia Díaz who collected the samples. Thanks to M. Badillo Alemán and C. Galindo de Santiago for their general laboratory technical assistance and to B. Rodrigo Cobarrubias Contreras for his technical assistance with the granulometry analysis, all at the Unidad Académica Sisal, UNAM. Professor Fabio Moretzsohn kindly provided the base map. Financial support provided by the Harte Charitable Foundation, through the Harte Research Institute (Biodiversity of the southern Gulf of Mexico) and by the CONABIO NE018 Project (Update on the knowledge of the biodiversity of shallow water benthic marine invertebrate species (<50m) from the southern GoMx). First author received a postdoctoral grant from DGAPA-UNAM 2018-2019. We are grateful to Editor Nathalie Yonow for comments in the manuscript. We also thank the reviewer Dr. Henk Dekker and two other anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments and suggestions. We dedicate this work to our malacologist colleague, Dr. Wes Tunnell, who just left us. Dr. Tunnell was always curious for the Gulf of Mexico invertebrates and tireless promoter of marine biodiversity knowledge in the region.
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Species abundance per sample
Data type: occurences
https://binary.pensoft.net/file/220648This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.Deneb Ortigosa, Nancy Yolimar Suárez-Mozo, Noe C. Barrera, Nuno Simões