Corresponding author: Anthony I. Cognato (
Academic editor: Bjarte H. Jordal
A cladistic analysis based on 20 morphological characters was conducted for 11 species representing two valid and two synonymized
The most diverse and unknown scolytine fauna lies in the tropics. Although a recent monograph of the South American scolytines has been published, approximately another 2500 species remain undiscovered in the Neotropics (
In this study, we assembled specimens of Neotropical, Nearctic, and Australian
Specimens of one Chramesus (outgroup), one Aricerus and 11 Phloeotribus species, which included all species described as Dryotomicus and Eulytocerus (
Characters and their states used in the phylogenetic analysis.
Character 1 | Antennal club. 0: segments fused, 1: segments articulated. |
Character 2 | Antennal club, shape of first segment. 0: not applicable, 1: asymmetrical with a constant width, 2: Asymmetrical, expanded at base (j- shaped), 3: symmetrical chevron-shaped. |
Character 3 | Second funicular segment. 0: not longer than total length of segments 3-5, 1: longer than total length of segments 3-5. |
Character 4 | Length of scape. 0: not extending beyond the anterior margin of the pronotum, 1: extending beyond the anterior margin of the pronotum. |
Character 5 | Area between the antennal insertions and mandibles. 0: less than or equal to length of the mandibles, 1: greater than the length of the mandibles. |
Character 6 | Male frons with median tubercule(s). 0: absent, 1: one 2: > one. |
Character 7 | Male frons with lateral carina. 0: absent, 1: present. |
Character 8 | Male head sulcate from the apex of the eyes to the vertex. 0: absent, 1: present. |
Character 9 | Declivitous anterior edge of the pronotum. 0: absent, 1: present. |
Character 10 | Dorsum of the pronotum. 0: with dense, minute, oppressed setae, 1: with scattered longer erect setae. |
Character 11 | Anterior and lateral margins of the pronotum. 0: without asperities, 1: with asperities. |
Character 12 | Basal margin of the elytra. 0: crenulate, 1: carinate. |
Character 13 | Elytral striae. 0: deeply impressed, 1: shallowly impressed. |
Character 14 | First and second interstriae on elytral declivity. 0: raised above striae, 1: flush with striae. |
Character 15 | Third, fifth and seventh elytral interstriae on declivity. 0: with tubercules, 1: smooth. |
Character 16 | Scales on elytral declivity. 0: absent, 1: present. |
Character 17 | Tubercles on protibia (male). 0:3, 1:5, 2:6, 3:7, 4:8, 5:9. |
Character 18 | Protibiae. 0: without socketed teeth, 1: with socketed teeth. |
Character 19 | Metatibae. 0: widest at distal end, 1: widest near the middle. |
Character 20 | Metatibae. 0: with less than five denticles, 1: with more than five denticles. |
Using this data matrix (
Character states used for the reconstruction of the
Characters | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | |
1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ? | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
|
1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
|
1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
|
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ? | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 | ? |
1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
|
1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ? | ? | ? | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
|
? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | ? | 1 | 1 | 1 |
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
One hundred-eighty mpts where reconstructed for the 13 taxa. The strict consensus tree of the mpts was mostly unresolved except for the monophyly of
Phylogeny of
The relationship of the four
The asymmetrical first segment of antennal club, socketed teeth on the protibae, and rounded lateral margins of the pronotum distinguish this genus from
Holotype, male, total length 4.5 mm (3.8–4.5 mm, n=7), 2× longer than wide, color reddish-black (
Head. Frons shagreen with setae as long as or longer than the large median tubercle, longest setae close to epistoma and frontal margins; a large median tubercle between antennal insertions and dorsal margin of eye; lateral carinae from epistoma to dorsal end of eye thicker at antennal insertion and ending acutely (
Pronotal width 2.2 mm (1.7–2.2 mm, n=7), 0.64× longer than wide; quadrate flat summit not apparent, densely punctured with appressed minute pubescence and scattered longer setae approximately as long as the funicle concentrated anteriorly and laterally.
Elytra 1.2× longer than wide, 2× longer than pronotum, striae on disk impressed, punctures only evident near declivity; striae 4–9 marked by shallow, uniserial punctures; interstriae on disk 2–3× width of striae, confused scales from base to apex on interstriae 1 and 2, interstriae 1 and 3–9 with long uniserial setae approximately as long as the funicle; interstriae 3–9 minutely punctured. (
Male genitalia. Aedeagal body (median lobe) conical, apex acute, lateral margins heavily sclerotized medially on apical half, apophyses (struts) as long as body, attached ventrally; internal sac central area lightly sclerotized, lateral margins heavily sclerotized appearing as ventral apophyses (struts) directed apically , seminal trough at proximal end comprised of two lobes that curve medially (
Female similar to male in most features, except frons flat to slightly convex, densely punctured, without median tubercles and carinae (
Holotype and 6 paratypes (3 males and 3 females) bear two collection data labels, First: “Guyana: Iwokrama Forest, GPS N 04,40.486’, W 58.41.028’, 4–9 March 2007, Cognato, Hulcr, Smith, Dole, McCall Colls”; Second: “Collected with ethanol trap”. The holotype is deposited in the Biodiversity Center at the University of Guyana and 4 paratypes are deposited in the A. J. Cook Arthropod Research Collection, Michigan State University, East Lansing; 2 paratypes are in the U.S. National Museum of Natural History, Washington D.C.
In Guyana, we collected all specimens from 20 plastic cups filled with 100 ml of 90% ethanol and nailed to trees 1.5 meters above ground.
oeno (G) = wine, philis (G) = lover. The name “wine-lover” signifies the collection of all specimens from ethanol traps.
Holotype, male, total length 4.6 mm, 2× longer than wide, antennae reddish-black, head, legs, thorax, and elytra tannish (perhaps teneral). Pronotum tannish with dark diamond pattern (
Head. Frons shagreen with setae approximately as long as or longer than funicle; three medial tubercles arranged transversely on a tumescence between antennal insertion and dorsal margin of eye; lateral carinae from epistoma to dorsal end of eye thicker at antennal insertions (
Pronotal width 2.3 mm, 0.65× longer than wide; quadrate disk, summit not distinct, surface densely punctured with appressed pubescence and scattered longer setae approximately as long as funicle concentrated anteriorly and laterally.
Elytra 1.2× longer than wide, 2× longer than pronotum, striae on disk not impressed, punctures distinct; interstriae 3–4× width of striae, long uniserial setae approximately as long as funicle arising from granules (
Male genitalia. Aedeagal body (median lobe) conical, apex acute, lateral margins heavily sclerotized medially on apical half, apophyses (struts), as long as body, attached ventrally; internal sac central area lightly sclerotized, lateral margins heavily sclerotized appearing as ventral struts directed apically, seminal trough proximal end comprised of two parallel lobes (
Female is unknown.
Holotype bears the collection data label: “PERU: Dept. Loreto, 1.5km N Teniente Lopez, 4°35.66’S; 76°06.92’W, 22 July 1993, 210–240 m, Richard Leschen #164, ex: flight interception trap”. The holotype is deposited in the Snow Museum, University of Kansas [SMEC].
The name “woodrex” honors Dr. Stephen L. Wood’s kingly contribution to the knowledge of scolytine and platypodine taxonomy. It is used as a noun in apposition.
This species differs from other
See
This species differs from other
See
1. | First segment of antennal club symmetrical chevron-shaped ( |
|
– | First segment of antennal club asymmetrical; protiba with socketed teeth; lateral margin of pronotum rounded, without asperites | 2 |
2. | Second antennal funicular segment longer than total length of funicular segments 3–5; anterior edge of the pronotum declivitous; elytral declivity with scales and long setae |
|
– | Second antennal funicular shorter than total length of funicular segments 3–5; anterior edge of the pronotum flat; elytral declivity with long setae only |
|
1. | Elytral declivity with tubercules on the third, fifth and seventh interstriae | 2 |
– | Elytral declivity without tubercules on the third, fifth and seventh interstriae | 3 |
2. | Interstriae of elytral disk smooth and with 3 or fewer tubercles | |
– | Interstriae of elytral disk rugose and with more than 3 tubercles ( |
|
3. | First and second interstriae on elytral declivity flush with striae | |
– | First and second interstriae on elytral declivity raised above striae ( |
We thank Robin McCall and the faculty of University of Guyana who helped with the acquisition of collecting and export permits for Guyanese specimens. We also thank Max Barclay (BMNH), Natalia Vanderburg (USNM), Zack Falin (SEMC) and Peter Grootaert (IRSNB) for the loans of specimens. This research was supported by NSF-PEET grant (DEB-0328920).