Corresponding author: Petr Kment (
Academic editor: A. Wheeler
The genus
Kment P, Eger Jr JE, Rider DA (2018) Review of the Neotropical genus
Our examination of representative material of 1125 specimens of
Labels of the name-bearing types are quoted verbatim. A slash (/) is used to divide data on different lines of one label, a double slash (//) to divide data on different labels, and authors’ comments are given in square brackets []. Label data of paratypes and other non-type material are provided in standardized format.
The following dimensions were measured: total body length (from apex of mandibular plates to apex of membrane, in dorsal view), body length to segment VII (from apex of mandibular plates to apices of segment VII, in dorsal view), head length (from apex of mandibular plates to anterior margin of pronotum, in anterodorsal view, i.e. with surface of the head parallel with the plane of focus), head width (maximum width across eyes, in anterodorsal view), interocular width (between inner margins of compound eyes, in anterodorsal view), length of each antennal segment (maximum length), pronotum length (medially, in most exposed – i.e., anterodorsal – view), pronotum width (maximum width including humeral processes, in dorsal view), scutellum length (medially from base to apex, in dorsal view), and scutellum width (maximum width at base, in dorsal view). Measurements are presented, in millimeters, as median and minimum-maximum range.
Uncoated specimens were examined by a Hitachi S-3700N environmental scanning electron microscope at the Department of Palaeontology, National Museum, Prague. Habitus photographs were taken in National Museum in Prague using a Canon MP-E 65 mm macro lens attached to a Canon EOS 550D camera and stacked from multiple layers using the Helicon Focus 5.1 Pro software. Photos by Joe Eger were taken and edited using Auto-Montage™ software (Syncroscopy, Cambridge, UK) at the Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Gainesville, FL.
Morphological terminology mostly follows
The distribution maps were processed in QGIS 2.18 (
The material examined or cited is deposited in the following collections:
Habitus of
Habitus of
Measurements of
Measurement (mm): median, minimum–maximum, n of specimens |
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male | female | male | female | male | female | male | female | male | |
Total body length | 12.79 | 11.95 | 12.66 | 12.67 | 12.18 | 12.20 | 12.55 | 12.50 | 13.17 |
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n = 9 | n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 9 | n = 10 | n = 5 | n = 6 | n = 1 | |
Body length to segment VII | 11.31 | 11.19 | 10.92 | 11.90 | 10.78 | 11.23 | 11.20 | 11.25 | – |
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n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 7 | n = 8 | n = 1 | |
Head length | 2.41 | 2.45 | 2.46 | 2.55 | 2.50 | 2.50 | 2.48 | 2.51 | 2.65 |
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n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 7 | n = 10 | n = 1 | |
Head width | 2.31 | 2.30 | 2.34 | 2.40 | 2.35 | 2.38 | 2.30 | 2.34 | 2.40 |
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n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 7 | n = 10 | n = 1 | |
Interocular width | 1.05 | 1.05 | 1.08 | 1.16 | 1.12 | 1.05 | 1.10 | 1.10 | 1.18 |
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n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 7 | n = 10 | n = 1 | |
Pronotum length | 2.49 | 2.45 | 2.50 | 2.59 | 2.47 | 2.45 | 2.65 | 2.53 | 2.65 |
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n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 7 | n = 10 | n = 1 | |
Pronotum width | 8.36 | 7.99 | 7.69 | 8.00 | 7.67 | 7.88 | 8.80 | 8.43 | 8.14 |
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n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 7 | n = 10 | n = 1 | |
Scutellum length | 4.44 | 4.26 | 4.41 | 4.50 | 4.26 | 4.28 | 4.70 | 4.45 | 4.61 |
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n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 7 | n = 10 | n = 1 | |
Scutellum width | 3.77 | 3.60 | 3.73 | 3.83 | 3.53 | 3.70 | 3.90 | 3.80 | 3.73 |
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n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 7 | n = 10 | n = 1 | |
Scape (I) length | 0.79 | 0.75 | 0.76 | 0.77 | 0.79 | 0.80 | 0.79 | 0.78 | 0.78 |
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n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 7 | n = 10 | n = 1 | |
Basipedicellite ( |
1.25 | 1.22 | 1.32 | 1.33 | 1.30 | 1.20 | 1.30 | 1.23 | 1.22 |
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n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 7 | n = 10 | n = 1 | |
Distipedicellite ( |
2.55 | 2.35 | 2.50 | 2.44 | 2.56 | 2.55 | 2.70 | 2.52 | 2.63 |
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n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 7 | n = 10 | n = 1 | |
Basiflagellum ( |
3.37 | 3.18 | 3.06 | 3.12 | 3.50 | 3.50 | 3.65 | 3.44 | – |
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n = 10 | n = 9 | n = 10 | n = 8 | n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 7 | n = 8 | ||
Distiflagellum ( |
2.93 | 2.65 | 2.58 | 2.64 | 2.76 | 2.95 | 3.13 | 3.00 | – |
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n = 7 | n = 5 | n = 8 | n = 7 | n = 5 | n = 9 | n = 6 | n = 7 |
Morphology of
Scutellum (Figs
Apex of scutellum of
Clavus narrow, anteriorly with maximally 5 rows of punctures, narrowing towards frena (Figs
Mesosternum with low median carina, most prominent anteriorly; metasternum hexagonal, flat. Each ostiole between meso- and metacetabulum, small, oval (Figure
Morphology of
Femora slender, cylindrical (Figure
Lateral margins of connexivum exposed in dorsal view (Figs
Genital capsule (
Genital capsule (
Genital capsule (
Genital capsule (
Genital capsule (
Genital capsule (
Genital capsule and hypandrium in lateral view (magnification 35×).
Hypandrial processes in dorso-posterolateral (most exposed) view (magnification 110×).
Phallus in dorsal (
Phallus in dorsal (
Female external genitalia in ventro-posterior view.
The genus
Males of
The generic name is composed of the Ancient Greek words ρύγχος (
Based on label data and Joe Eger’s and Roland Lupoli’s field experience, most of the specimens were collected by various types of light traps (UV, mercury vapor, metal halide, black, GemLight and Polyvie). GemLight and Polyvie traps are automatic light traps with visible light from LED, blue, pink, white or green; SEAG (= Société Entomologique Antilles-Guyane) is performing year-round surveys of insects in French Guiana using those traps (R Lupoli, pers. comm.). Almost all of the traps were exposed to fairly dense forest or adjacent to such a forest, except in Macouria, where one specimen was collected in the littoral secondary forest and one in the savanna. They have never been seen when collecting by hand catching, sweeping, or beating the vegetation during the day or night by JE Eger (pers. observ.) or R Lupoli (pers. comm.). One specimen was collected by flight intercept trap at Matiti, French Guiana, but there were no specimens of
Collecting dates of the specimens examined indicate that species of
Annual distribution of collected
(Figs
Distribution maps of
Our examination of 1125 specimens revealed five more or less distinct morphotypes based almost exclusively on structure of the male genital capsule and especially the hypandrium (expanded portion of ventral rim). The five morphotypes may be grouped by morphological similarity as ((
The three remaining morphotypes form a distinct group characterized by the following shared characters: i) Genital capsule in ventral view with ventral rim apically convex, truncate or concave but never bilobed; posterior hypandrial projections visible in this view (Figs
These morphotypes represent three related species that form the
Although we cannot confirm that the morphological differences between morphotypes reflect their phylogenetic relationships, the genus
1 | Genital capsule in ventral view with ventral rim apically bilobed, small shallow V-shaped notch medially, hypandrial projections not visible (Figs |
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– | Genital capsule in ventral view with ventral rim apically slightly convex, truncate, or widely V-shaped concave but not bilobed with shallow V-shaped notch medially, posterior hypandrial projections visible in this view (Figs |
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2 | Anterior hypandrial projections in posterior view with apices appearing rounded (Figs |
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– | Anterior hypandrial projections in posterior view with apices appearing acute (Figs |
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3 | Genital capsule with posterolateral angles prominent (Figs |
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– | Genital capsule in ventral and dorsal view with posterolateral angles obtusangulate, not prominent (Figs |
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4 | Ventral rim in ventral view apically widely convex; posterior projections lateral on median projection (Figs |
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– | Ventral rim in ventral view apically with wide M-shaped projection, shallow V-shaped incision medially; posterior hypandrial projections posterolateral (Figs |
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French Guiana (without further details) (
Neotype (here suggested) (Figs
Coloration, structure of head, thorax and pregenital abdomen, and vestiture as in other species of the genus (see redescription of
See characters in the key above. Most specimens of this subspecies differ from
The species name is a composed Latin adjective,
Specimens mainly were collected by various types of light traps (UV light, mercury vapor light, GemLight and Polyvie traps) in dense forests or adjacent to such a forest, except in Macouria, where one specimen was collected in the littoral secondary forest and one in the savanna. This species has never been collected by hand catching, sweeping, or beating the vegetation during the day or night. One specimen was collected by flight intercept trap at Matiti, French Guiana (JE Eger, pers. observ.; R Lupoli, pers. comm.). Collection dates of specimens examined indicate that
(Figs
Records from Colombia, Guyana, and Suriname require confirmation based on males. The subspecific identity of
Our revision of the genus
The female external genitalia allow
The structure of the male genital capsule and, to a lesser extent, of the phallus thus remain the only reliable characters for identifying species of
Panama, Panamá Province, El Lano Cartí Road, km 8–11, 1100' [= 335 m a.s.l.], ca.
Holotype: ♂, "PAN. Panama Prv / El Lano Carti Rd k / 8–11 24 May–2 June / 1992 1100' JE Wappes [printed, white label] // DBT [printed, white label] // ♂ [printed, white label] // HOLOTYPUS /
Paratypes:
Coloration, structure of head, thorax and pregenital abdomen, and vestiture as in other species of the genus (see redescription of
Besides the usual variation in coloration and structure within
The subspecies name is a Latin adjective
Most specimens were collected by various types of light traps (UV light, mercury vapor light, metal halide light, black light) in or adjacent to dense forests. According to JE Eger, it has never been collected by hand catching, sweeping, or beating vegetation during the day or night. In Panama, three specimens were collected by "beating of forest vegetation along strips for boat navigation signs" (J Sekerka, pers. comm.) and one in "lower montane forest, [by] individual collecting" (J Hájek, pers. comm.) but without detailed information. Collection dates indicate that
(Figure
The subspecific identity of
French Guiana, Roura Commune, Route de Kaw, Camp Caimans,
Holotype: ♂ (Figs
Paratypes:
Coloration, structure of head, thorax and pregenital abdomen, and vestiture as in other species of the genus (see redescription of
See above key. All specimens differing from the majority of specimens of
We are pleased to dedicate the new species to our colleague, Thomas J. Henry, an excellent specialist in
Most specimens were collected by various types of light traps (UV light, mercury vapor light, white and blue LED) in or adjacent to dense forests. This species has never been collected by hand catching, sweeping or beating vegetation during the day or night (JE Eger, pers. observ.).
(Figs
Venezuela, Bolívar, Karnakuni, 450 m a.s.l., ca.
Holotype: ♂, "Kanarakuni, Bolivar, Venezuela, 450 m, 4-II-1967, F. Fernandez Y. and A. D. Ascoli col." (
Coloration, structure of head, thorax and pregenital abdomen, and vestiture as in other species of the genus (see redescription of
Table
See above key. Females with laterotergites VIII triangularly produced apically, distinctly more produced posteriorly (Figure
The species was dedicated to Dr. Martin Meinander, former curator of
Specimens mainly were collected by various types of light traps (UV light, mercury vapor light, black light) in or adjacent to dense forests. This species has never been collected by hand catching, sweeping, or beating vegetation during the day or night (JE Eger, pers. observ.). Adults have been collected in February, April–June, and August–December, with most in September and October (Figure
(Figs
Guyana, sources of Oronoque and New River (ca.
Holotype: ♂ (Figs
Coloration, structure of head, thorax and pregenital abdomen, and vestiture as in other species of the genus (see redescription of
See above key.
The species is dedicated to Alfred G. Wheeler, Jr. (Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA), our friend and colleague, and excellent specialist in systematics and biology of
Unknown.
(Figure
We are obliged to Anders Albrecht (