Sinodraconarius gen. n., a new genus of Coelotinae spiders from Southwest China (Araneae, Agelenidae)

Abstract A new genus of the subfamily Coelotinae F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1893, Sinodraconarius gen. n., with four new species, S. cawarongensis sp. n. (♂♀), S. muruoensis sp. n. (♂♀), S. sangjiuensis sp. n. (♂♀, type species), S. yui sp. n. (♂♀) and S. patellabifidus (Wang, 2003) comb. n., ex. Draconarius Ovtchinnikov, 1999 is described. The genus is restricted to Southwest China. Sinodraconarius gen. n. is most similar to Draconarius but can be distinguished by the shape of the copulatory organs. The DNA barcodes of all species were documented for future use.


Introduction
The spider subfamily Coelotinae (Araneae, Agelenidae) comprises 694 valid species belonging to 27 genera worldwide (World Spider Catalog 2018), of which 88% of the species are restricted to Asia, 8% to Europe and 4% to North America. So far, 339 coelotine species in 21 genera are known from China, including three genera erected in recent years: Flexicoelotes Chen, Li & Zhao, 2015, Papiliocoelotes Zhao & Li, 2016 and Sinocoelotes . Draconarius Ovtchinnikov, 1999, with 246 named species, is the largest genus of Coelotinae. Recent molecular studies suggested that Draconarius is polyphyletic and requires taxonomic rearrangements (Zhao and Li 2017). Here, we described a new genus, Sinodraconarius gen. n., with four new species.

Material and methods
The specimens were examined with a LEICA M205C stereomicroscope. The photographs were captured with an Olympus C7070 wide zoom digital camera (7.1 megapixels) mounted on an Olympus SZX12 dissecting microscope and an Olympus BX51 compound microscope. Photos from multiple focal planes were combined using Helicon Focus (Version 3.00) photo stacking software. Epigynes and male palps were examined after dissection from the spiders' bodies. Epigynes were cleared by boiling in a 10% potassium hydroxide (KOH) water solution before taking photos of the vulva.
All measurements were obtained using a LEICA M205C stereomicroscope and are in millimeters. Eye sizes were measured as the maximum diameter from either the dorsal or frontal views. Leg measurements are given as: total length (femur, patellatibia, metatarsus, tarsus). The male palps depicted are the left ones. The terminology used in the text and figures follows Wang (2002). Abbreviations: Morphological characters: A epigynal atrium; ALE anterior lateral eye; AME anterior median eye; AME-ALE distance between AME and ALE; AME-AME distance between AME and AME; AME-PME distance between AME and PME; posterior lateral eye; PME posterior median eye; PME-PLE distance between PME and PLE; PME-PME distance between PME and PME; R receptacle; RTA retroventral tibial apophysis; ST subtegulum; T tegulum.

ALE-PLE
DNA barcodes were obtained for future use. A partial fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene was amplified and sequenced for all species, using the following primers: Forward: LCO1490-oono (5'-CWACAAAYCATARRGATATTGG-3') and Reverse: C1-N-2776 (5'-GGA-TAATCAGAATANCGNCGAGG-3'). For additional information on extraction, amplification and sequencing procedures, see Zhao and Li (2017). All sequences were analyzed using BLAST and are deposited in GenBank. The accession numbers are provided in Table 1.
All of the specimens (including molecular vouchers) are deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IZCAS), Beijing, China. Etymology. The generic name is derived from its similarity to Draconarius and the Latin adjective Sino-for Chinese referring to the main distribution region of the genus. The gender is masculine.
Diagnosis. The males of Sinodraconarius gen. n. are similar to those of Draconarius by having a patellar apophysis, two tibial apophyses (RTA and LTA) and a long median apophysis, but can be distinguished by the short cymbial furrow, less than 1/2 length of cymbium vs. long and generally more than 1/2 length of the cymbium in Draconarius; patellar apophysis bifurcate vs. not bifurcate in Draconarius. The females of Sinodraconarius gen. n. are similar to those of Draconarius by having a small epigynal atrium, with epigynal hoods located laterally, and the copulatory openings located centrally on the epigyne plate, but can be distinguished by lacking epigynal teeth; receptacles simple.
Description. Small to very large sized, with a total length of 6.90-17.60; body brownish to brown, with black setae. Carapace nearly pear-shaped, with longitudinal fovea and radial grooves; sternum brownish, heart-shaped. Abdomen nearly oval, grey to dark grey, with 4-5 grey chevron-like markings. Chelicerae with three promarginal and two retromarginal teeth. Leg formula (4 > 1 > 2 > 3). Male palp with one bifurcate patellar apophysis; two tibial apophyses (RTA and LTA), RTA extending beyond the tibia; cymbial furrow short, less than 1/2 length of cymbium; conductor short, with dorsal conductor apophysis; the apex of conductor with small basal lamella; embolus short; median apophysis long, finger-like; tegulum broad. Tibia strongly bent and dorsal part of tibia and patella bent almost to a right angle, ventral part of tibia at 45° angle. Epigyne: with septum; teeth lacking; atrium small, length of atrium two times longer than width, heart-shaped; epigynal hoods located laterally; copulatory openings located centrally on epigynal plate; copulatory ducts short, extending mesad of receptacles; receptacles broad, widely separated.
Comments. In addition to morphological study, we analyzed the relationships of coelotine spiders using eight genes from 286 species in 19 genera (Zhao and Li 2017). The molecular topologies inferred by three different approaches all supported Sinodraconarius gen. n. as a monophyletic group that is closely related to Draconarius. For details, please see SD001, SD002, SD019, SD028 and ZZ300 (Southern Coelotes groups) in Figure 3 and supplementary figures S4-S6 of Zhao and Li (2017).
Distribution. So far, the genus is known from Tibet and Yunnan, China (Fig. 11). Diagnosis. The males can be easily distinguished from other Sinodraconarius gen. n. species by the patellar apophysis longer than the tibia vs. shorter than the tibia in other species (Fig. 1A-C). The females can be easy distinguished from other Sinodraconarius gen. n. species by the epigynal hoods in the center of the epigynal plate vs. anterolaterally in other species ( Fig. 2A-B).
Distribution. Known only from Zayü, Tibet (Fig. 11). Diagnosis. The males are similar to S. patellabifidus by having an indistinct LTA and a long median apophysis but can be differentiated by the branches of the patellar apophysis, with the ventral branch larger than the dorsal branch in retrolateral view vs. the ventral branch equal to the dorsal branch in S. patellabifidus (Figs 3A-C, 7A-C). The females can be differentiated from S. sangjiuensis sp. n. by having the head of receptacles located anteriorly vs. mediolaterally in S. sangjiuensis sp. n. and the septum indistinct (apex of the septum is tapering in S. sangjiuensis sp. n.) (Figs  2A-B, 4A-B, 8A-B).
Sinodraconarius patellabifidus (Wang, 2003), comb. n.  Etymology. The specific name is after Hao Yu, the collector of specimens used in this study; noun (name) in genitive case.
Diagnosis. The males are similar to these of S. sangjiuensis sp. n. by the ventral branch of the patellar apophysis larger than dorsal one and the apex of the conductor pointed and bent retrolaterally, but can be easily distinguished from S. sangjiuensis sp. n. by the short palp (Figs 1A-C, 9A-C). The females are similar to S. sangjiuensis sp. n. by having the apex of the septum tapering but can be easily distinguished from S. sangjiuensis sp. n. by the epigynal hoods located anterolaterally vs. mediolaterally in S. sangjiuensis sp. n. (Figs 2A-B, 10A-B).
Comments. The male of the new species was first described by Hu (2001) as the allotype of Coelotes himalayaensis and later transferred from Coelotes to Draconarius by Wang (2003). However, we found that the male and female of D. himalayaensis were mismatched. Therefore, the male is established as a new species here, and both sexes are described.