New chrysilline and aelurilline jumping spiders from Pakistan (Araneae, Salticidae)

Abstract Epocillapakhtunkhwa Ali & Maddison, sp. n. and Stenaelurillusmardanicus Ali & Maddison, sp. n. are described from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan. Noted for the first time is the presence in Epocilla of a small bump just anterior to the fovea of the carapace, of unknown functional significance, otherwise known in the unrelated Opisthoncus L. Koch, 1880 and Cocalus Pocock, 1897. In addition, the female of Menemerusnigli Wesołowska & Freudenschuss, 2012 is described for the first time.


Introduction
The salticid spider fauna of Pakistan is little studied, with only a few species reported to date (Azarkina 2004;Bauer et al. 2015;Logunov and Azarkina 2018;Logunov et al. 2011;Wesołowska and Freudenschuss 2012). However, an ongoing project to discover the country's salticid diversity is revealing that many species are present, especially of

Tribe Chrysillini Simon, 1901
The Chrysillini includes about 600 species in 31 genera (Maddison 2015) of which Epocilla Thorell, 1887 andMenemerus Simon, 1868 are unusual for their large bodies and robust legs. Epocilla is especially distinctive for its robust first legs and a striking appearance of orange stripes. The genus includes eleven described species, restricted to south and southeast Asia except for one species in Mauritius and one reaching Hawaii (Peng et al. 1993;Saaristo 2002;Jastrzębski 2007;Caleb et al. 2017a;World Spider Catalog 2018). The westernmost localities in mainland Asia reported to date are in India, but recent collecting in Pakistan has revealed a new species, which we describe here as E. pakhtunkhwa, new species. Our collecting also allows us to describe for the first time the female of Menemerus nigli Wesołowska & Freudenschuss, 2012.
An unusual feature of some species of Epocilla is the presence, in both males and females, of a distinct integumental bump in the ocular area, in front of the fovea and between the PLE (Figure 1, triangle; visible on Figure 2 as a small paler spot on the midline between the anterior edges of the PLE). Although not reported previously in Epocilla, we have observed it in both males and females of Epocilla calcarata from Sarawak, Malaysia. It can also be seen in figures in the literature, though without comment. Prószyński (1987, p. 26) shows it in a drawing of a paralectotype of E. aurantiaca, and Kananbala et al. (2014, figure 2) show it in a photograph of E. praetextata. A similar bump just anterior to the fovea is well known in the astioid Opisthoncus (e.g., Gardzińska and Żabka 2013) and the spartaeine Cocalus (Wanless, 1981). Its func-tional significance, if any, is unclear. The fact that it is present in females in all three genera suggests that it is not a courtship ornament. As it is distinctly in front of the fovea, it is presumably not an attachment point of the lorum-dorsal apodeme muscle. It is approximately where one set of eye muscles would attach to the carapace. Etymology. The name of the province of the type locality, treated as a noun in apposition.

Epocilla pakhtunkhwa
Diagnosis. Epocilla pakhtunkhwa is most similar to E. sirohi (Caleb et al. 2017a) in having a long embolus curving retrolaterally, but differs in having an expanded flange near the tip of the embolus (lacking in E. sirohi; Caleb et al. 2017a) and a narrower and deeper cleft between the embolus and tegulum. Two other species with a long embolus are E. aurantiaca and E. blairei, but these have an embolus that is sinuous, curving toward the retrolateral but then reversing the curve to point toward the tip of the cymbium (Prószyński 1984;Żabka 1985 Structure. Ocular area with a distinct integumental bump in front of the fovea and between the PLE (Figure 1, triangle). Carapace sides extend laterally with gentle slope in thoracic and cephalic regions, making the thoracic area broad. Posterior to fovea, thoracic area slopes gently before sloping more abruptly near back margin. Chelicera with one simple retromarginal tooth and 2 promarginal teeth; basal segment more or less vertical, relatively long, narrowing toward the tip but then expanding just before the fang (Figure 1). Palp tibia swollen retrolaterally, with dual apophysis as typical of Epocilla. The more prolateral of these is the RTA itself, somewhat hidden (Figs 3, 4, "RTA"). End of cymbium fairly wide, blunt. Embolus long, with an expanded flange near the tip, though the tip itself is narrow and curves slightly toward the ventral. Leg I stout, with tibia ventrally having 4 pairs of macrosetae, the anterior of each of which is much larger. Abdomen squared at the anterior margin, somewhat cone-shaped to the posterior. Colour. Carapace edges are dark brown, above which are broad lateral bands of yellow white scales extending from beneath the ALE on the clypeus to the posterior edge and lying over orange-brown integument. Centrally the thoracic region is reddish brown with a medial paler area, with traces of brown hairs and scales present. Ocular area black to dark brown, with fringe of orange hairs at front extending over the AER, appearing from the front as two eyebrows. Posterior to that is a patch of white scales centrally in the ocular area, surrounded by darker scales. Clypeus dark brown below AME, having a few orange hairs, contrasting strongly with white scales under ALE that belong to the lateral carapace bands. Chelicerae yellowish brown near fangs, darker brown otherwise. Palp coxa and trochanter light brown; femur, patella and tibia paler orange-yellow; cymbium brown with orange-yellow tip. Sternum whitish yellow with edges brown. Leg I medium brown except for a much darker longitudinal brown band along the prolateral side of the coxa, trochanter and femur, a lighter patch on the tibia, and pale yellow-white metatarsus and tarsus. Legs II, III, IV pale yellow-white. Abdomen longitudinally striped, with wide brown band running medially, lateral to which is a band of yellow-white scales, lateral and ventral to which are reflective transparent or grey scales. Spinnerets are yellow-brown with grey hairs.
Habitat. Specimens were collected by hand picking from maize, both living and cut, in maize fields.

Menemerus nigli Wesołowska & Freudenschuss, 2012 Figs 5-13
Notes. This species was described by Wesołowska and Freudenschuss (2012) based on a male from Baluchistan Province, Pakistan, and redescribed (also from the male) by Chatterjee et al. (2017) from India. In our collecting, we found a male matching M. nigli in close proximity and in similar habitat to a female of similar size and markings. As no other species of Menemerus has yet been collected from Pakistan, except the distinctly different M. bivittatus (Dufour, 1831) and M. marginatus (Kroneberg, 1875) (Bauer et al. 2015), we interpret the female collected to be that of M. nigli. The female is described for the first time.
Female (  Structure. Carapace flat in the cephalic region, dropping down to a lower thoracic area. Chelicerae stout, unidentate, with two promarginal teeth and long fangs. Posterior lateral spinnerets longer than others. Epigynum (Figs 11-13) with broad atria (Figure 11, "At") opening toward the anterior, on the inner (dorsal) wall of which is a sharp fold (Figure 11, "F"), which may serve to guide the entrance of the embolus.
The precise point at which the atrium becomes narrowed into the copulatory duct is unclear, but it appears that the path of the embolus (or sperm) would be toward the posterior initially in the broad atrium, then turning medially, and once at the midline then turning posteriorly, at that point clearly in the copulatory duct. Spermatheca touching at midline, overlapped. Fertilization duct long.
Colour (Figs 9-10). Carapace brown, with cephalic sides dark brown covered by brown and white bristles and a basal band of white hairs. Ocular area black with brown and white bristles. Face black with short and long white bristles; chelicera almost black. Sternum yellow-brown. Legs brown to yellowish brown, metatarsus and tarsus palest; leg I darkest. Dorsum of abdomen with indistinct brown to cream markings, in the anterior half forming a darker longitudinal medial band near the base flanked by two whitish bands, and in the posterior half having a medial whitish patch. Venter is grey with scattered white hairs. Spinnerets yellow.
Remarks. The female of Menemerus nigli can be distinguished from other Menemerus species by the broad forward-opening atria from which extend distinctive folds ( Figure 11, "F"). There are other species with broad atria that open more or less to the anterior, but in most the atria are less deep and more laterally-facing: Menemerus marginatus (Kroneberg, 1875) (see Bauer et al. 2015), Menemerus minshullae Wesołowska, 1999(see Wesołowska 1999, and Menemerus rubicundus Lawrence, 1928 (see Wesołowska 1999). The epigynum of Menemerus namibicus Wesołowska, 1999 is perhaps most similar to M. nigli, in that the atria face directly to the anterior, but they are not so spacious, and the distinctive fold of M. nigli is lacking (Wesołowska 1999).

Stenaelurillus (Simon, 1885)
The genus Stenaelurillus contains medium-sized aelurillines with a moderately high carapace, widest posteriorly at coxae of third legs. Abdomen of distinctive shape, hav-ing the anterior edge straight and with long dense bristles, and a typical colour pattern composed of a paler transverse anterior band and three rounded spots posteriorly (except for S. furcatus Wesołowska, 2014, S. nigricaudus Simon, 1886, and S. sudanicus Wesołowska, 2014, which have two longitudinal lateral brown bands and one median white band). Legs III and IV longer than legs I and II. Embolus short. Etymology. Derived from the name of the district of the type locality. Diagnosis. The embolus of S. mardanicus is distinctive (Figs 18, 19), with a broad basal portion curving dorsally toward the cymbium then prolaterally, and a short terminal piece (with the opening) pointing distally. The embolus appears therefore as a hand, with the terminal piece like a thumb sticking up, and the basal portion like curved fingers. In ventral view, the base of the embolus appears as an embolar ledge (EL) (Figs 18, 19, 20, 21). An embolus of this shape is unique among known Stenaelurillus. Two species with a similar prolateral extension near the base of the embolus are S. triguttatus Simon 1886 from Nepal, and S. arambagensis (Biswas & Biswas, 1992) from Pakistan, but in both of those species the extension points distally (Wesołowska 2014a;Logunov and Azarkina 2018) and at least in S. arambagensis it is not part of the embolus, but rather of the functional tegulum (Logunov and Azarkina 2018: 20). The prolateral extension of S. mardanicus is clearly part of the embolic division (Figs 18,19,20). Stenaelurillus marusiki Logunov, 2001 also has an embolar ledge, but the embolus tip is much longer and narrower. Stenaelurillus gabrieli Prajapati, Murthappa, Sankaran & Sebastian, 2016 from India also has a short distally-pointing embolus tip, but lacks the embolar ledge as in S. mardanicus. The epigynum of S. mardanicus resembles that of the African Stenaelurillus mirabilis Wesołowska and Russell-Smith, 2000, with copulatory ducts relatively short, running from the small anteriorly-placed copulatory to join the spermathecae toward their posterior end (Figs 24, 25). S. mirabilis differs, however, in having a long pocket along the posterior margin (Wesołowska and Russell-Smith 2000).

Stenaelurillus mardanicus
Description  Structure. Carapace elevated at cephalic region, sloping gently down in thoracic region then abruptly before the posterior margin. Cheliceral retromargin with one long tooth; promargin with two teeth. Leg I short. Abdomen square at anterior, widest at middle and narrowing toward anal tubercle. Palp tibia swollen and having two apophyses, ventral one (somewhat hidden) and the RTA. Cymbium wide at middle. Embolus as described in diagnosis, with a basal curved portion and a short, distally-pointing tip.
Colour. Carapace brown with black hairs except for a broad bands laterally along lower margin that are paler and with white hairs, and narrow longitudinal bands dorsally of white hairs just medial to the PLE and extending from PME to the thorax; brown recumbent hairs with black bristles in the ocular area. Lateral white bands extend onto clypeus, which is pale and with a mix of long white and some brown hairs. Chelicerae pale with long white hairs. Sternum pale; labium pale brown and paler anteriorly; maxilla pale brown; palp yellow; femur with long white hairs, cymbium brown and having black bristles and scales. First leg is darkest, with whitish yellow tarsus. Other legs pale with dark stains and black hairs, except ventral coxa of leg III and IV which are pale whitish. Front of abdomen square, with long grey bristles. Abdomen black above, with sub-basal transverse band of white hairs, and with three whitish pale spots: a pair near the middle and a single smaller posterior spot. Sides of abdomen with scattered pale hairs and black hairs. Venter pale with grey hairs. Spinnerets yellow with grey hairs.
Female ( Structure. Carapace elevated at cephalic region, sloping laterally and posteriorly in thoracic region. Chelicera with one long retromarginal tooth; promargin with two teeth. Leg I strong and short. Abdomen square at anterior, widening toward the posterior, then narrowing toward anal tubercle. Epigynum (Figs 24, 25) with a central pocket displaced slightly forward from the epigastric furrow. Copulatory openings are small, anterior. Copulatory ducts proceed from the openings toward the posterior to join the spermathecae, widening as they go. Spermathecae wide and round; fertilization ducts long and wide.
Colour. Carapace marked similarly to male: brown, with broad bands laterally along lower margin that are paler and with white hairs, and narrow longitudinal bands dorsally of white hairs just inside the PLE and extending from PME to the thorax. Ocular area black with recumbent brown hairs and bristles. Lateral white bands become narrower as they extend onto clypeus, which is pale and with a mix of white and brown long hairs. Chelicerae pale, with many white hairs and a few scattered black ones. All legs pale with dark markings and black hairs except ventral coxae of leg III and IV which are pale. Sternum pale; labium brown; maxillae pale brown with paler tips. Front of abdomen square, with long grey bristles. Abdomen black with a pair of white spots just posterior to the middle. Sides with pale band extending to the spinnerets. Venter pale yellow with scattered grey hairs. Spinnerets yellow with grey hairs.
Remark. All observed females had epigynal plugs.