Corresponding author: Carole C. Baldwin (
Academic editor: D. Bloom
Two new
Baldwin CC, Tornabene L, Robertson RD, Nonaka A, Gilmore GR (2018) More new deep-reef basslets (Teleostei, Grammatidae,
Baldwin et al. (2016) described two new species of western Atlantic
To further corroborate the morphologically diagnosed species using our molecular data, we conducted a coalescent-based, Bayesian species-delimitation analysis (
Curaçao, southern Caribbean.
A species of
Counts and measurements of type specimens given in Table
Counts and measurements of type specimens of
Holotype | Paratype | Paratype | Paratype (juvenile) | Paratype | Paratype | Paratype (juvenile) | |
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SL | 26.5 | 24.5 | 28.0 | 13.0 | 25.2 | 27.0 | 10.2 |
Dorsal-fin Rays | XII, 9 | XII, 9 | XII, 9 | XII, 9 | XII, 9 | XII, 9 | XII, 9 |
Anal-fin Rays | III, 8 | III, 8 | III, 8 | III, 8 | III, 8 | III, 8 | III, 8 |
Principal Caudal Rays | 9+8 | 9+8 | 9+8 | 9+8 | 9+8 | 9+8 | 9+8 |
Other Caudal Rays | IIIi+iIII | IIIi+iIII | IIIi+iIII | IIIi+iIII | IIIi+iIII | IIIi+iIII | IIIi+iIII |
Pectoral-fin Rays | 16, 16 | 15, 15 | 16, 15 | 15, 16 | 16, 16 | 16, 16 | 16, 15 |
Gill Rakers | 3+9=12 | 3+10=13 | 4+10=14 | - | 3+~9=12 | 4+8=12 | - |
Head Length | 39.6 | 36.7 | 38.2 | 39.2 | 40.1 | 38.9 | 39.2 |
Eye Diameter | 13.2 | 13.1 | 12.1 | 14.6 | 12.7 | 12.6 | 14.7 |
Snout Length | 7.9 | 7.3 | 8.2 | 7.7 | 7.9 | 8.9 | 8.8 |
Depth at Caudal Peduncle | 19.2 | 18.4 | 21.8 | 17.7 | 17.5 | 20.4 | 18.6 |
Depth at Pelvic-fin Origin | 31.3 | 31.4 | 30.0 | 29.2 | 31.7 | 30.4 | 31.4 |
Length of Pectoral Fin | 24.9 | 24.5 | Broken | Broken | 22.2 | 22.6 | 19.6 |
Length of Pelvic Fin | 49.1 | 42.9 | Broken | 31.5 | 34.5 | 40.0 | 34.3 |
Length of 12th Dorsal Spine | 18.5 | 20.8 | 19.6 | 15.4 | 17.9 | 18.9 | 19.6 |
Spinous and soft dorsal fins confluent, several soft rays at rear of fin forming slightly elevated lobe that extends posteriorly beyond base of caudal fin. Pelvic fin, when depressed, extending posteriorly to point between base of second or third anal-fin spine and posterior base of anal fin, first pelvic-fin ray elongate. Dorsal profile from snout to origin of dorsal fin convex. Diameter of eye of holotype contained three times in head length. Pupil slightly tear shaped, with small aphakic space anteriorly. Scales extending anteriorly onto posterior portion of head, ending short of coronal pore. Scales present on cheeks, opercle, preopercle, interopercle, and isthmus. Scales lacking on top of head, snout, jaws, and branchiostegals. Scales large and deciduous, too many scales missing in most specimens to make accurate scale counts. In one paratype (
Margins of bones of opercular series smooth, opercle without spines. Single row of teeth on premaxilla posteriorly, broadening to 2–3 rows anteriorly, teeth in innermost row smallest, some teeth in outer row enlarged into small canines. Dentary similar, holotype with 6 enlarged teeth in outer row near symphysis. Vomer with chevron-shaped patch of teeth. Palatine with long series of small teeth. Conspicuous pores present in infraorbital canal (2 pores), portion of supraorbital canal bordering dorsal portion of orbit (4), on top of head (1 median coronal pore), preopercle (at least 5), and lateral-line canal in the post-temporal region (3). The 4 supraorbital pores situated as illustrated by Baldwin et al. (2016: fig 4) for
Coloration:
Preserved holotypes of new
Known only from specimens collected off Curaçao, southern Caribbean.
Lives in or immediately above elevated rocky habitat with ample cracks or holes into which the fish retreated upon approach of the submersible. The holotype was collected at 161 m, which is the only discrete depth recording for the species. Depth ranges for two specimens were recorded as 123–160 m and 132–141 m, thus providing a potential total depth range of 123–161 m. Depth ranges for two additional specimens of 90–249 m and 50–246 m reflect depths visited during an entire submersible dive and provide little information relevant to establishing this species’ depth distribution.
Named
We propose blue-spotted basslet in reference to the numerous blue/grey markings on the dorsal, anal, and caudal fins in life.
Table
Average Kimura two-parameter distance summary for species of
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0.182 | – | ||||||||
0.099 | 0.201 |
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0.117 | 0.197 | 0.123 |
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0.158 | 0.152 | 0.167 | 0.165 |
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0.107 | 0.185 | 0.108 | 0.131 | 0.182 |
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0.185 | 0.188 | 0.210 | 0.179 | 0.153 | 0.193 |
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0.214 | 0.207 | 0.242 | 0.246 | 0.227 | 0.235 | 0.254 |
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0.253 | 0.243 | 0.253 | 0.253 | 0.248 | 0.264 | 0.239 | 0.240 |
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The holotype has two cysts, one at the base of the uppermost left pectoral-fin ray and one about mid-way along the length of the elongate first left pelvic-fin ray (Fig.
Cysts on fin rays of
Curaçao, southern Caribbean.
A species of
Counts and measurements of type specimens given in Table
Counts and measurements of type specimens of
Holotype | Paratype (juvenile) | Paratype | Paratype | Paratype | Paratype | Paratype | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SL | 49.7 | 17.2 | 56.0 | 61.9 | 46.6 | 26.0 | 32.8 |
Dorsal-fin Rays | XII, 9 | XII, 9 | XII, 9 | XII, 9 | XII, 9 | XII, 9 | XII, 9 |
Anal-fin Rays | III, 8 | III, 8 | III, 8 | III, 8 | III, 8 | III, 8 | III, 8 |
Principal Caudal Rays | 9+8 | 9+8 | 9+8 | 9+8 | 9+8 | 9+8 | 9+8 |
Other Caudal Rays | IIIi+iIII | IIIi+iIII | IIIi+iIII | IIIi+iIII | IIIi+iIII | IIIi+iIII | IIIi+iIII |
Pectoral-fin Rays | 16, 16 | 16, 16 | 16, - | 16, 16 | 16, 16 | 17, 17 | 16, 16 |
Gill Rakers | 3+8=11 | - | 3+9=12 | 4+9=13 | 3+9=12 | 4+9=13 | 3+9=12 |
Head Length | 38.6 | 36.1 | 33.9 | 36.0 | 37.6 | 37.3 | 38.7 |
Eye Diameter | 11.7 | 15.1 | 11.4 | 12.1 | 10.9 | 13.5 | 14.0 |
Snout Length | 10.1 | 6.4 | 8.8 | 9.1 | 9.0 | 8.5 | 7.9 |
Depth at Caudal Peduncle | 19.7 | 19.8 | 20.4 | 21.0 | 20.2 | 20.0 | 19.2 |
Depth at Pelvic-fin Origin | 32.8 | 31.4 | 31.8 | 31.8 | 32.2 | 32.3 | 31.4 |
Length of Pectoral Fin | 20.9 | 21.5 | 20.9 | 22.9 | Broken | 22.7 | 21.7 |
Length of Pelvic Fin | Broken | 39.5 | 40.4 | 40.6 | Broken | 39.6 | 39.0 |
Length of 12th Dorsal Spine | 15.7 | 19.2 | 23.6 | 18.9 | 19.7 | 22.3 | 20.7 |
Spinous and soft dorsal fins confluent, several soft rays in posterior portion of fin forming slightly elevated lobe that extends posteriorly beyond base of caudal fin. Pelvic fin extending posteriorly to base of third anal-fin spine in preserved holotype when depressed, to middle or posterior portion of anal fin in aquarium photos (e.g., Fig.
Margins of bones of opercular series smooth, opercle without spines. Premaxilla with band of small conical teeth, band widest at symphysis, outer row with largest teeth, 3 or 4 (4 in holotype) near symphysis enlarged. Dentary similar except 8 anterior teeth enlarge. Vomer with chevron-shaped patch of teeth, palatine with long series of small teeth. Conspicuous pores present in infraorbital canal (2 pores), portion of supraorbital canal bordering dorsal portion of orbit (4), on top of head (1 median coronal pore), preopercle (at least 5), and lateral-line canal in the posttemporal region (3). The 4 supraorbital pores situated as illustrated by Baldwin et al. (2016: fig 4) for
Coloration:
Elevated rocky habitat with ample cracks or holes into which the fish retreated upon approach of the submersible. The holotype was collected at 197 m, and three paratypes were collected at 173–207 m. The range of 156–290 m recorded for another paratype reflects all depths visited on the submersible dive during which the specimen was collected and provides little relevant depth information.
Named
We propose Maori Basslet, in reference to the similarity of the markings on the dorsal midline of the forehead to the beautiful facial tattoo of the Maoris, indigenous Polynesian people of New Zealand.
Table
A 52.5 mm SL
Summary of major morphological and pigmentation differences among
ADULT |
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SL in preservative | To 22 mm | To 25 mm | To 62 mm |
Gill Rakers | 14–16, 11–12 on lower limb | 12 (12–14), 8–10 on lower limb | 12 (11–13), 8–9 on lower limb |
Pectoral-fin rays | 15 | 16 (15–16) | 16 (16–17) |
Body ground color | Translucent green to flesh | Yellow to yellowish brown | Tan/brown |
Head coloration in life | Grey-brown; top of head bright yellow without blue-white marksDark bar through eye to mouth absent | Yellow-brown; top of head with median blue-white stripeDark bar through eye to mouth indistinct | Pale brown; top of head with blue-white “tattoo”marksDark bar through eye to mouth strong |
Trunk in life | 10–12 narrow yellow bars, narrow interspaces | 11–12 narrow brown bars, narrow interspaces | 7–8 narrow brown bars, wide interspaces |
Dorsal Fin in life | Transparent with yellow spots; margin whiteSoft dorsal: black ocellus with white front & rear edges | Yellow with blue-grey wavy bars and spots; margin grey-blueSoft dorsal: black ocellus ringed with blue-white | Blue-grey with yellow spots and short bars; margin blue-greySoft dorsal: black ocellus ringed with blue-white |
Anal fin in life | Translucent; base white; rows yellow spots | Yellow with blue-grey spots and wavy lines; margin blue-grey | Blue-grey with yellow spots and bars; margin blue-grey |
Caudal Fin in life | Translucent; base yellow, center with yellow spots, margin white | Yellow with bars of blue-grey spots; blue-grey margin. | Yellow with bars of blue-grey spots; margin blue-grey |
Pectoral fins in life | Translucent | Translucent | Translucent; base dark |
Pelvic fins in life | White; rows black spots | Blue-grey with yellow-ringed dark spots | Pale blue-grey to blue with yellow-ringed dark spots |
|
Not known | Known from 10–13 mm (preserved SL) specimens | Known from 17–33 mm (preserved SL) specimens |
Trunk | Not known | Similar to adult | Scattered white spots and blotches on trunk and base of caudal fin, blotches roughly in two rows of four in smallest juvenile (17 mm SL); anterior trunk bars first evident in 26-mm SL juvenile paratype |
Anal fin | Not known | Similar to adult | Similar to adult except more yellow distally |
Caudal fin | Not known | Similar to adult | Mostly yellow with blue-grey margin and 2 large triangular white blotches on base |
Bayesian Inference molecular phylogeny of nine species of
Eco-evolutionary histogram for species of
In addition to depth, we have observed distinct interspecific variation in the types of substrata with which some of these species associate and the nature of their associations with substrata. Off Curaçao,
Baldwin et al. (2016) noted that members of the large clade comprising all
Photographs or illustrations by C. C. Baldwin, R. G. Gilmore,
1 | Posterior base of soft dorsal fin with prominent dark spot, ocellus, or elongate blotch |
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– | Soft dorsal fin without prominent markings |
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2 | With prominent black bar through eye |
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– | Without prominent black bar through eye |
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3 | Trunk without bars, body yellow above, white below |
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– | Trunk with bars |
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4 | Trunk with 2 bars |
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– | Trunk with 7–8 bars |
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5 | Bar through eye wide, encompassing entire eye; trunk bars of equal intensity, often hourglass shaped; pectoral-fin rays modally 17, gill rakers modally 19 |
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– | Bar through eye narrow, encompassing only pupil; anterior trunk bar more pronounced than posterior bar, neither bar hourglass shaped; pectoral-fin rays modally 16, gill rakers 15–16 or 20–21 |
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6 | Posterior trunk bar a broad, yellowish inverted triangle; gill rakers modally 15–16 |
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– | Posterior trunk bar a black rectangle; gill rakers modally 20–21 |
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7 | Trunk without bars; head reddish, trunk grey-brown |
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– | Trunk with bars; head and trunk not colored as above |
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8 | Trunk with 6 yellow bars, anterior 5 extending onto dorsal fin and 3rd-5th extending onto anal fin; head with two prominent broad yellow stripes behind eye; top of head without yellow cap |
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– | Trunk with 10 to 12 bars, none extending onto dorsal or anal fins; head without broad yellow stripes behind eye, and top of head with or without yellow cap |
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9 | Median fins transparent with yellow spots; top of head with yellow cap, without median blue-white stripe; lower-limb gill rakers 11–12 |
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– | Median fins yellow with blue-grey spots; top of head without yellow cap, with median blue-white stripe; lower-limb gill rakers 8–10 |
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10 | Dorsal fin XI, 6–7; circum-peduncular scales 16; head and body yellow to rose colored, caudal fin yellow with dark spots, dorsal and anal fins red with pale spots |
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– | Dorsal fin XII-XIII, 8–10; circum-peduncular scales 18 to 21; not colored as above |
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11 | Strongly bicolored, purplish red anteriorly, yellow posteriorly; no stripes on head; scales in lateral series 29 to 35; gill rakers 20 to 21; anal-fin soft rays 8; upper caudal-fin spines 4 or 5 |
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– | Uniformly yellowish, 3 blue stripes on head: one along dorsal midline from snout to dorsal-fin, one from top of each eye to shoulder and anterior portion of trunk; lateral scales 25 to 29; gill rakers 13 to 18; anal-fin soft rays 7; upper caudal-fin spines 3 |
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We thank Bruce Brandt, Barry Brown, Cristina Castillo, Loretta Cooper, Tico Christiaan, Tommy Devine, Brian Horne, Dave Johnson, Rob Loendersloot, Dan Mulcahy, Diane Pitassy, Laureen Schenk, Adriaan “Dutch” Schrier, and Barbara van Bebber for assistance in various ways with this study. Portions of the laboratory and/or computer work were conducted in and with the support of the L.A.B. facilities of the National Museum of Natural History. Funding for the Smithsonian Institution’s
Links between DNA voucher specimens, GenBank accession numbers, and DNA sequences of
CatalogNumber | TissueNumber | Species | GenBank |
GenBank H3 | GenBank TMO-4C4 | GenBank Rag1 | GenBank Rhodopsin | GenSeq designation |
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Photo Voucher Only | BAH10150 |
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genseq-5 |
BAH9160 |
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genseq-4 | ||
BLZ5340 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-4 | |
CUR12013 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-4 | |
CUR12031 |
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genseq-4 | |
CUR12044 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-4 | |
CUR12050 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-4 | |
CUR12078 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-4 | |
CUR12084 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-4 | |
CUR12116 |
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genseq-4 | |
CUR12118 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-4 | |
CUR12276 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-4 | |
CUR12280 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-4 | |
CUR12281 |
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genseq-4 | |
CUR12288 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-4 | |
CUR12353 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-4 | |
CUR13100 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-4 | |
CUR13233 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-4 | |
CUR13234 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-4 | |
CUR13265 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-4 | |
CUR13266 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-4 | |
CUR13279 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-4 | |
CUR13286 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-4 | |
CUR13294 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-4 | |
Photo Voucher Only | CUR15032 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-5 |
Photo Voucher Only | CUR15055 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-5 |
Photo Voucher Only | CUR15057 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-5 |
Photo Voucher Only | CUR15060 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-5 |
Photo Voucher Only | CUR15061 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-5 |
CUR15091 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-4 | |
CUR15103 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-4 | |
CUR15104 |
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KX713814 | - | - | - | - | genseq-4 | |
TIK003 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-4 | |
CUR13158 |
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- | - |
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- | genseq-2 | |
CUR13171 |
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- | - |
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- | genseq-1 | |
CUR15092 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-2 | |
CUR11013 |
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genseq-3 | |
CUR11133 |
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genseq-3 | |
CUR11134 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-3 | |
CUR11375 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-3 | |
CUR11376 |
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genseq-3 | |
CUR13112 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-3 | |
CUR13113 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-3 | |
CUR13114 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-3 | |
Photo Voucher Only | CUR15064 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-5 |
Photo Voucher Only | CUR15066 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-5 |
Photo Voucher Only | CUR15068 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-5 |
Photo Voucher Only | CUR15069 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-5 |
Photo Voucher Only | CUR15070 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-5 |
Photo Voucher Only | CUR15075 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-5 |
Photo Voucher Only | CUR15076 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-5 |
Photo Voucher Only | CUR15077 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-5 |
Photo Voucher Only | CUR15084 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-5 |
DOM16036 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-4 | |
DOM16090 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-4 | |
DOM16091 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-4 | |
DOM16152 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-4 | |
CUR11011 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-3 | |
CUR11012 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-3 | |
CUR11018 |
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genseq-2 | |
CUR11019 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-3 | |
CUR11139 |
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genseq-1 | |
CUR11140 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-2 | |
CUR11393 |
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genseq-2 | |
CUR11394 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-3 | |
CUR13183 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-2 | |
CUR13184 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-3 | |
CUR13267 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-3 | |
CUR13268 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-3 | |
Photo Voucher Only | CUR15031 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-5 |
Photo Voucher Only | CUR15058 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-5 |
DOM16052 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-4 | |
CUR16008 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-1 | |
CUR11392 |
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genseq-2 | |
CUR11426 |
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- | - | genseq-2 | |
CUR12149 |
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genseq-2 | |
CUR14079 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-2 | |
CUR15125 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-2 | |
CUR15139 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-2 | |
CUR14114 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-1 | |
CUR12101 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-2 | |
CUR12316 |
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genseq-2 | |
CUR12317 |
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genseq-2 | |
CUR13329 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-2 | |
CUR15012 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-2 | |
CUR12290 |
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genseq-2 | |
Photo Voucher Only | BLZ8127 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-5 |
Photo Voucher Only | BLZ8128 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-5 |
BLZ8168 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-4 | |
BLZ8274 |
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genseq-4 | |
Photo Voucher Only | BLZ8343 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-5 |
BLZWF204 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-4 | |
CUR13082 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-3 | |
CUR13089 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-3 | |
CUR13090 |
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genseq-3 | |
Photo Voucher Only | CUR15034 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-5 |
Photo Voucher Only | CUR15078 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-5 |
Photo Voucher Only | CUR15079 |
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- | - | - | - | genseq-5 |
EUS17109 |
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genseq-4 |
Figure
(measurement/occurence/multimedia/etc.)
Neighbor-joining network based on