The millipede genus Tasmaniosoma Verhoeff , 1936 ( Diplopoda , Polydesmida , Dalodesmidae ) from Tasmania , Australia , with descriptions of 18 new species

Tasmaniosoma armatum Verhoeff , 1936 is redescribed from topotypical specimens and the following congeners are described from Tasmania: T. alces sp. n., T. aureorivum sp. n., T. australe sp. n., T. barbatulum  sp. n., T. bruniense sp. n., T. cacofonix sp. n., T. clarksonorum sp. n., T. compitale sp. n., T. decussatum sp. n., T. fasciculum sp. n., T. fragile sp. n., T. gerdiorivum sp. n., T. hesperium sp. n., T. hickmanorum sp. n., T. laccobium sp. n., T. maria sp. n., T. orientale sp. n. and T. warra sp. n.

I placed six species from this assemblage in the new genus Atrophotergum Mesibov, 2004 because they share several apomorphies: solenomere arising from a large, mediolaterally fl attened posterior pro cess on the gonopod telopodite; unusually large size diff erence between tergites 3 and 4 and more posterior metatergites; and paired, sometimes fi nger-like pro cesses on the sternites of the last few rings (Mesibov 2004).Another three species in the assemblage have a remarkable pseudo-articulated gonopod telopodite (Mesibov 2005) and were grouped in Ginglymodesmus Mesibov, 2005.Most of the remaining species in the H+19 assemblage are not so easily sorted into genera.Many have short, rod-like gonopod telopodites tipped with a closely packed cluster of pro cesses of varying sizes and shapes.In this paper I assign 18 of the larger undescribed species of this kind to the formerly monotypic Tasmaniosoma Verhoeff , 1936.Relationships within this expanded Tasmaniosoma are considered in the Discussion section, below.
Tasmaniosoma armatum Verhoeff , 1936 and its congeners are long-legged, often quick-running and sometimes brightly coloured millipedes (Fig. 1) with an apparent preference for eucalypt forest.Adults of most species are usually found in moist (not wet) leaf and bark litter, or under bark on standing trees.Th ey are only rarely found in the soil or inside rotting logs, and they are more abundant in patches of open forest, woodland and scrub than in closed, shady forest in the same area.Adults can be collected throughout the year but can be diffi cult to fi nd in the austral summer, when forest litter dries out.
Th e genus Tasmaniosoma as circumscribed here is very widely distributed in Tasmania and may have been nearly ubiquitous before European settlement.Several of the new species have small known ranges (<2000 km 2 ) and more small-range species may remain to be discovered.As with Atrophotergum spp.(Mesibov 2004), some Tasmaniosoma spp.are distributed in mosaic parapatry (see below and Mesibov, in preparation).

Methods
"Male" and "female" in the text refer to stadium VII adults.Many females and juveniles possibly referrable to Tasmaniosoma, but not collected together with males, remain unidentifi ed.All identifi ed specimen lots are listed in the Appendix; only holotype and paratype lots are detailed in the main text.
Th e most complete description below is given for T. armatum.New species descriptions refer mainly to character states which clearly diff er from those in the type species.All reported T. armatum characters were checked in the new species except gonocoxa shape and setation, and microscopic details of the sphaerotrichomes, spinnerets and limbus.
Shorthand descriptions are given below for characters of the the ring 6 sternite in males (Fig. 5).In some species the lateral edge of the sternite is extended ventrally as a fl at tab pressed against the leg 6 coxa; this tab may or may not bear setae.Most species also have a similar tab by the leg 7 coxa with considerable variation between species in size, shape and setation.Th e anterior margin of the ring 6 sternite may or may not bear setae, which may or may not be elevated on sternal protuberances.Th ese ring 6 structures are likely to assist males in protecting or orienting their gonopod telopodites.
Locality details in the text are given in all cases with latitude and longitude based on the WGS84 datum.Most localities also have a UTM grid reference (grid zone 55G, datum AGD66), because these are the coordinates most often written on 20th century specimen labels in Tasmania.
Specimens are preserved in 80% ethanol.Gonopods were cleared when necessary in 80% lactic acid and temporarily mounted in 60% lactic acid for microscopic examination.Other body parts were temporarily mounted in a 1:1 glycerine:water mixture.Preliminary drawings on graph paper were made using an eyepiece grid at 64× or 160× on a binocular microscope.Photomicrographs were taken with a Canon EOS 1000D digital SLR camera mounted on a Nikon SMZ800 binocular dissecting microscope equipped with a beam splitter.Measurements were made with the same microscope using an eyepiece scale.An FEI Quanta 600 ESEM operated in high-vacuum mode was used to examine preserved material which had been air-dried before sputter-coating with gold.Material from species represented by only a few specimens was air-dried for a few minutes, examined in low-vacuum mode on the ESEM and returned immediately afterwards to alcohol.All images and drawings were prepared for publication using GIMP 2.6 software.
Male/female approximate measurements: length 14/14 mm, ring 12 paranota width 1.7/1.7 mm.Body, head and antennae uniformly dark reddish-brown in life (Fig. 1A), legs pinkish-red basally and darker distally; head and leg colour fades in alcohol, but body colour persists for many years.
Gonopod aperture ovoid, ca 1/2 as wide as ring 7 prozonite, posterolateral margins raised.Telopodites straight, parallel but slightly divergent apically; extending nearly to leg 5 bases when retracted.Gonocoxa short (ca 1/3 length of telopodite), more or less truncated-conical with anterior side longer than posterior; lateral surface projected distally as rounded lobe pressed to telopodite base, medial surface slightly projected  Verhoeff , 1936; no leg 6 tab; short, thin leg 7 tab with brush of fi ne setae; paired and raised brushes of fi ne setae medially on anterior margin of sternite B T. barbatulum sp.n.; short leg 6 tab with a few fi ne setae; long, thickened leg 7 tab with brush of stout setae; a few scattered setae on anterior margin C T. fasciculum sp.n.; short leg 6 tab with a few fi ne setae; long, thickened leg 7 tab with brush of stout setae; no setae on anterior margin D T. hickmanorum sp.n.; no leg 6 tab; long, thickened leg 7 tab with brush of stout setae; anterior margin with wide median notch.Scale bars = 0.2 mm.

A B D C
distally; with sparse long setae distally on posterolateral surface.Gonocoxae weakly joined distomedially.Cannula prominent, inserting basomedially in depression on telopodite.Telopodite (Fig. 7A) a distally tapering cylinder with setose base protruding posteriorly as rounded lobe; with small, discrete, setose bump on anteromedial side of base; and with buttress-like ridge on anterolateral surface from articulation with gonocoxa to ca 1/3 telopodite height.Numerous minute setae near cannula insertion; fi ne, tapering setae on telopodite base, on posterolateral surface and in longitudinal row of three long setae on lateral surface at about half telopodite height.Telopodite also with narrow, discrete zone of 30-40 stout, rod-like setae on posteromedial surface from ca 1/3 to 2/3 telopodite height; these setae often broken or broken away, but sockets always visible.Apex of telopodite with cluster of six major pro cesses, labelled here and in Fig. 7A from lateral to medial: (1) broad Y-shaped pro cess fl attened anteroposteriorly, divided at 1/3 to 1/2 the process height, the two tips acute ['ta1' of Verhoeff (1936)]; (2) similar, slightly smaller, less deeply divided pro cess ['ta2']; (L) laminate pro cess resembling bird's head in profi le, fl attened mediolaterally, broadly curved distally with posterior, hook-like extension ['ti']; (S) short, thorn-like solenomere curving posteromedially ['sl']; (3) short pro cess possibly continuous with solenomere, divided into posterolaterally directed tab with rounded tip, and posteromedially directed rod with several apical teeth ['n']; (4) thin, rod-like pro cess arising posteromedially below the telopodite apex and bending very slightly posteriorly, with a fl attened tip ['psl'].
In addition, very short fi nger-like pro cess arising just lateral to pro cess 3 and directed posterolaterally.Prostatic groove curving fi rst anteriorly, then posteriorly from base and running more or less directly to solenomere, passing posterior to base of pro cess 4. Female as large as male or slightly smaller, legs more slender and prefemora and femora not swollen, sternites ca 1.2 × as wide as long.Epigynum ca 1/3 width of ring 2, posterior margin produced medially as small, rounded triangle (Fig. 3C).Cyphopods not examined.
Distribution.Common and sometimes locally abundant in eucalypt forest over ca 25 000 km 2 in central and eastern Tasmania from sea level to at least 960 m elevation, including Schouten and Maria Islands and Forestier and Tasman Peninsulas, but absent from much of the inland northeast (Fig. 23).
T. armatum is parapatric with T. hickmanorum sp.n. in the west of its range, notably along the Tasmanian biogeographical divide known as the Mersey Break (Mesibov 1999), and is sympatric or parapatric with T. clarksonorum sp.n. and T. gerdiorivum sp.n. along the East Tamar Break (Mesibov 1994(Mesibov , 1997)).It may be parapatric with T. orientale sp.n. in the Eastern Tiers.
T. armatum may have been introduced to Tasmanian localities outside its natural range.Adults are often found under loose eucalypt bark, and might be carried from place to place in shipments of logs and fi rewood.For example, the specimen in Fig. 1A was collected in 2007 at Tahune Forest Reserve in southern Tasmania, well within the range of T. warra sp.n. and well outside the main range of T. armatum.Another specimen was found near Tahune Bridge in the Reserve in 1994.Tahune Forest Reserve is a much-visited tourist attraction and the road through the Reserve has been used by log-carting vehicles for many years.
Remarks.Verhoeff (1936, p. 14) thanks "Prof.Nicholls an der University of Western Australia, Perth-Crawlay [Crawley]" for material from Lake Leake.George Edward Nicholls was Professor of Biology at the University of Western Australia from 1921 to 1947.He is known to have visited Tasmania in 1928, 1929and 1939(Nicholls 1943, p. 142) and it is likely that T. armatum was collected during one of the fi rst two visits.
Th e type material was located by Dr Jörg Spelda and imaged by him at my request.It consists of three registered museum lots.A20033578 is a slide mount with disarticulated legs, antennae, metatergites and right and left gonopods.From images of this mount it is clear that Verhoeff used this slide to draw his Figs 3 and 4 (leg 3) and Figs 7 and 8 (medial views of left gonopod).A20033579 is a slide mount with a leg, a ring 7 metatergite and a joined pair of gonopods.Th e latter were used by Verhoeff for his Figs 5 and 6 (posterior view of left gonopod).Verhoeff 's description is thus based on two males.A20052437 consists of two male trunk pieces in alcohol (dried out at some time in the past).Th e original label has been lost but the pieces are likely to be from the two males dissected by Verhoeff for the slide mounts.Only one of the slide mount labels, for A20033578, specifi es Lake Leake, Tasmania, but since Verhoeff used both slides for his description and does not mention another locality, it is also likely that both males illustrated were from Lake Leake.
Th e gonopod drawings  in Verhoeff (1936) are clear and accurate, but Verhoeff off ers no evidence for the homologies he proposes for the apical pro cesses on the telopodite, and I am reluctant to use his names for these pro cesses.
T. armatum varies very little over its large range in colour and morphological details.Specimens from lower elevations tend to be slightly larger, to ca 15 mm in length.
Diagnosis.Metatergites without tubercles; ring 6 sternite with discrete setal brushes on anterior margin; gonopod telopodite with stout, rod-like setae in longitudinal tract on posteromedial surface and large, fi shtail-shaped pro cess arising at about 3/4 telopodite height and directed laterally.
Description.Male ca 16 mm long; ring 12 paranota width ca 1.5 mm.Live colour as for T. armatum; in alcohol, decoloured with traces of reddish pigmentation distally on legs, antennae and paranota.
Gonopod telopodite similar to that of T. armatum, but pro cess 2 topologically replaced by fl at, broadly round-tipped tab curving anteromedially and closely applied to anterior surface of laminate pro cess; the latter broadly round-edged, without hook-like posterior extension.Solenomere fl attened mediolaterally and bifi d; distal branch bearing the end of the prostatic groove, acute, curving medially; basal branch acute.Pro cess 4 bent posteriorly at ca 45° angle.In addition, large, fi shtail-shaped pro cess arising posterolaterally at ca 3/4 telopodite height and directed laterally, the concave outer edge variably toothed.Posteromedial row of short, stout setae from ca 1/3 to 2/3 telopodite height, frequently broken off .Longitudinal lateral setal row with 4-8 setae.
Female not yet recognised.Distribution.Known from two sites ca 6 km apart in dry eucalypt forest northwest of Triabunna on the east coast of Tasmania (Fig. 24).Possibly sympatric with T. armatum, which has been found ca 2 km from one of the T. alces sites.
Etymology.Latin alces, "elk", noun in apposition.Th e gonopods in situ remind me of the head of a male elk with antlers.
Most non-gonopod details as for T. armatum, but antennomere 3 longest, ring 12 paranota 1.3 × as wide as prozonite, leg 6 tarsus 1.5 × as long as femur.Ring 6 sternite with legs 6 closer together than legs 7; legs 6 and 7 tabs long with sparse fi ne setae (not in discrete brushes); no setae on anterior margin of sternite.
Gonopod telopodites straight, tapering distally; base extended posterolaterally as distally concave shelf; posterior surface with thickened longitudinal ridge to ca 1/2 telopodite height.Telopodite apex with four pro cesses: (a) pointed, rod-like pro cess arising on anterior surface and directed distally; (b) large, rod-like, pointed pro cess arising on posterior surface, bent at base and directed laterally; (c) laminate pro cess arising apically and curving posteriorly, the tip sometimes notched; (d) small solenomere arising posteromedially and directed posterodistally.Apex produced as small, rounded knob between solenomere and laminate pro cess.Basal shelf concavity with long, fi ne setae; row of short, stout setae on posteromedial surface to ca 3/4 telopodite height, increasing in length and thickness distally.Prostatic groove on medial surface of telopodite, curving gradually to solenomere base.Female with sternites as wide as long; posterior margin of epigynum produced as short trapezoid.
Distribution.Known from three sites in eucalypt forest (holotype) and caves (paratypes) near Maydena in south central Tasmania, with a maximum distance between sites of ca 15 km (Fig. 24).
Remarks.Telopodite details vary a little among the fi ve known males.In the holotype the pro cess arising on the anterior surface is longer than in the paratype illustrated and reaches almost as far distally as the top of the laminate pro cess, which has a small tooth on the concave, posterior edge.
Th e paratypes are not troglomorphic and are likely to be from accidentally cavedwelling populations.Th e holotype is from a non-karst site in the Styx River catchment.I have unsuccessfully searched for this species in forest in the adjoining Tyenna River catchment, where it may be rare.
Other material examined.4 males and 2 females from 4 other localities (see Appendix).
Diagnosis.Metatergites without tubercles, small rounded teeth posterolaterally on paranota, male leg 6 with triangular extension basally on prefemur, solenomere the longest telopodite pro cess, with broad and fl attened tip produced as three tooth-like or tab-like extensions.
Gonopod telopodite (Fig. 9) straight, tapering distally, divided into four pro cesses at between 2/3 and 3/4 telopodite height.Undivided portion with posterior surface roundly ridged longitudinally, base laterally extended as rounded protuberance.Processes comprise: (a) short, rod-like, round-tipped anterolateral pro cess bent slightly outwards; (b) short, somewhat fl attened posterior pro cess with a rounded-truncate tip bent slightly posteromedially; (c) large solenomere, cylindrical basally, fl attening at ca 1/2 pro cess height, curving medially and terminating in rounded tooth apically, with posterior tab carrying opening of prostatic groove and fi nger-like posterobasal extension; (d) large, rod-like, apically acute pro cess arising just anteromedial to solenomere base and reaching nearly as far distally, slightly bent posterolaterally.Tracts of fi ne setae posteriorly on either side of the longitudinal telopodite ridge, and on anterolateral surface to ca 1/2 telopodite height.Prostatic groove running distally on medial surface

A B C
of telopodite to level of division into pro cesses, then running posterolaterally to enter solenomere base.Female with leg 2 prefemur long and with large swelling distally on posterior surface; rings 2 and 3 ventrally with small, peg-like projection just lateral to epigynum (Fig. 3D).Sternite projections as in male but generally smaller, not as consistently expressed.
Distribution.Known from wet eucalypt forest and subalpine scrub to 1240 m elevation in south central Tasmania, extending in a ca 80 km-long line from northwest of Maydena to northwest of Southport (Fig. 24).Possibly parapatric with T. aureorivum sp.n. in the north of its range and with T. warra sp.n. in the south; not yet known to co-occur with either species.
Etymology.Latin australis, "southern", adjective, for the southern distribution of this species.
Remarks.Females of T. australe are readily distinguished from females of T. aureorivum sp.n. and T. warra sp.n. by their leg 2 prefemoral swellings.A female from Hastings Caves (in QVM 23:46570) has the posterior margin of the epigynum produced not as a low triangle with rounded apex, but as an oblong with rounded corners.
Other material.None known.
Diagnosis.Metatergites with three transverse rows of large, low, contiguous tubercles; leg 7 sternal tab with dense brush of stout, rod-like setae; gonopod telopodite with two combs of long, stout, rod-like setae, the posterior comb directed basally, the anterior comb distally.
Description.Male ca 10 mm long, ring 12 paranota width ca 1.0 mm.Live colour not known; in alcohol completely decoloured.
Most non-gonopod details as for T. armatum, but antennal sockets separated by ca 2.5 × socket diameter, relative widths tergite 6>(5,head)>4>(3,2)>collum, ring 12 paranota ca 1.2 × as wide as prozonite, brush setae lacking on femur, gonopod aperture rim not produced.Metatergite (Fig. 3B) almost completely covered with three transverse rows of ca 12 large, low tubercles, each with small seta near posterior edge.Ring 2 pit not apparent except as slight concavity near anterior margin of ring.Ring 6 sternite (Fig. 5B) with short leg 6 tab bearing a few fi ne setae; leg 7 tab long, thickened, with brush of stout setae; a few fi ne setae on anterior margin of sternite.
Gonopod telopodite (Fig. 10A) subcylindrical with small posterior extension at base, concave distally.Apex slightly produced posteriorly as rounded, thickened ridge, oriented obliquely to telopodite longitudinal axis (medial end of ridge lowest); basal surface of ridge with comb of 15-20 stout, pointed, rod-like setae, up to ca 1/4 telopodite height in length, directed basally.Solenomere short.cylindrical, acute, arising from medial end of ridge on distal side, directed distally.Telopodite apex with laminate pro cess arising anteromedially; outer edge of pro cess extended distally as long, rounded-truncate tab and medially as short, round-tipped tab, and bearing a small, fl attened pro cess arising mid-laterally near laminate pro cess base and directed posterodistally.Anterior surface of telopodite with comb of 5-10 stout, pointed, rod-like setae, directed distally and arising in near-longitudinal row, increasing in length distally.A few fi ne setae posterolaterally near telopodite base and on concave surface of basal extension; ca 6 fi ne setae in midlength lateral row.Prostatic groove running distally on medial surface of telopodite directly to solenomere base.Female not yet recognised.Distribution.Known from dry and wet eucalypt forest at three sites on the northern part of the east coast of Tasmania, from Scamander to ca 10 km south of St Marys, a distance of ca 30 km (Fig. 25).Sympatric with T. orientale sp.n.
Diagnosis.Metatergites without tubercles, small rounded teeth posterolaterally on paranota, male leg 6 with triangular extension basally on prefemur, solenomere the longest telopodite pro cess, with broad and fl attened tip notched into two extensions.
Description.Male/female approximate measurements: length 14/13 mm, ring 12 paranota width 1.7/1.7 mm.Live and recently preserved specimens mainly dark brown, paler ventrally and in patches on paranota and sometimes medially at rear of metatergites; legs pale, light brown distally.
Most non-gonopod details as for T. armatum, but relative widths tergite 6>5>4>(2,head)>3>collum, ring 12 paranota 1.4 × as wide as prozonite, male sternites ca 1.2 × longer than wide.Most paranota with small rounded tooth at posterior corner, some paranota with second, smaller, rounded tooth just medial to corner; paranota decreasing in width from ring 11, ring 16 paranota merely a thickening without marginal groove, ring 17 without trace of paranota.Leg 6 with tarsus ca 1.5 × as long as femur; prefemur with unusually long brush setae and thin, triangular projection on posterior surface, directed basally (Fig. 6E).Ring 2 pit deep, wide, rim not well-defi ned posteromedially.Ring 6 sternite with legs 6 closer together than legs 7; short, thin leg 6 tab with brush of fi ne setae; leg 7 tab long, thickened, with brush of fi ne setae; anterior margin of sternite with a few long, fi ne setae.
Gonopod telopodite (Fig. 11) tapering distally from laterally swollen lower portion; divided into four main pro cesses at ca 2/3 telopodite height.Undivided portion with posterior surface roundly ridged longitudinally, base posteriorly extended as thin shelf, concave distally.Four distal pro cesses comprise: (a) long, mediolaterally fl attened, apically acute, slightly sinuous pro cess arising on posteromedial surface; (b) short, somewhat fl attened posterolateral pro cess with rounded-truncate tip; (c) large solenomere arising on anterolateral surface, slightly fl attened mediolaterally, the apex bent posteriorly and curving laterally, the tip bifi d with the prostatic groove terminating in the lower portion; (d) large, apically acute pro cess, slightly fl attened mediolaterally, arising just anteromedial to solenomere base, closely pressed to solenomere and reaching nearly as far distally.In addition, a short, acute pro cess arising at ca 1/2 telopodite height on anterolateral surface and terminating just distal to level of solenomere base.Tracts of fi ne setae posteriorly on posterior longitudinal ridge, and running obliquely from posterobasal shelf to just basal to anterior pro cess on anterolateral surface.Prostatic groove running distally on medial surface of telopodite to just basal to division into pro cesses, then running posterolaterally to enter solenomere base.
Female leg 2 prefemur distally swollen, with small, rounded, tooth-like projection arising midlength on posteromedial surface; sternites as wide as long; posterior margin of epigynum produced as short, wide trapezoid.
Distribution.Known from three sites in wet eucalypt forest with cool temperate rainforest understorey on South Bruny Island, with a maximum distance between sites of ca 5 km (Fig. 24).Co-occurs with T. warra sp.n. at the type locality.
Etymology.Adjective; all known specimens are from Bruny Island.
Remarks.Females and subadults can be recognised by the prominent tooth on the posterior margin of the metatergites, and females can also be distinguished from co-occurring females of T. warra sp.n. by the projection on the leg 2 prefemur in T. bruniense.Diagnosis.Metatergites without tubercles, gonopod telopodite with fi ve processes, the largest and longest terminating in thorn-like extension.
Description.Male/female approximate measurements: length 14/13 mm, ring 12 paranota width 1.6/1.4mm.Live colour pale greenish-yellow, with darker yellowishbrown patches on sides and (variably) along dorsal midline, and with fi ne red speckling on paranota posteriorly and on head.In alcohol, specimens often completely decoloured or with reddish patches dorsally.
Gonopod telopodite (Fig. 12) somewhat fl attened anteroposteriorly, almost fusiform in lateral or medial view but with slight longitudinal concavity on posterior surface.Divided at ca 2/3 telopodite height into tight cluster of fi ve pro cesses, described here from longest to shortest: (a) large central pro cess, appearing to be continuation of telopodite body, tapering distally, curving slightly medially and terminating in distally curving, thorn-like structure set off by slight constriction; (b) subcylindrical, acute pro cess arising lateral and slightly posterior to central pro cess, curving slightly anteriorly; (c) and (d) pair of closely pressed, mediolaterally fl attened pro cesses, medial to central pro cess, the outer the solenomere; (e) lateral to solenomere and arising slightly basal to it, a rod-like, acute pro cess directed posterodistally.Small patch of short, fi ne setae on posterior surface at ca mid-height; sparse, fi ne setae running anterodistally from base on posterior surface and terminating at ca 1/3 telopodite height; small linear group of fi ne setae midlaterally on slight longitudinal thickening.Prostatic groove curving posterodistally on medial surface, turning distally just posterior to pro cess (e) base before entering solenomere base.
Female somewhat smaller than male, not with long midbody metatergites; posterior margin of epigynum produced as short, wide trapezoid.
Distribution.Common and sometimes locally abundant in eucalypt forest and coastal heath and scrub over ca 3000 km 2 in northeast Tasmania, from sea level to at least 370 m elevation (Fig. 26).Known from the north coast south almost to Mathinna, and from the east coast west to the neighbourhood of Bridport.Sympatric with T. decussatum sp.n. in various parts of its range, and possibly parapatric with T. clarksonorum sp.n., T. gerdiorivum sp.n. and T. orientale sp.n.
Etymology.Noun in apposition, honouring the village bard Cacofonix in the English version of the much-loved series of graphic novels Th e Adventures of Asterix.In anterior or posterior view, the paired central pro cesses on the gonopod telopodite (Fig. 12A) remind me of the frame of a lyre, as played so memorably by Cacofonix.
Remarks.T. cacofonix is abundant in eucalypt forest near Old Chum Dam, ca 10 km south-southeast from Gladstone in northeast Tasmania.Pitfall-trapping in this area in 1989/90 yielded 40 males, but many of these are partly macerated.As Old Chum Dam paratypes I selected fi ve males that were trapped in 2000 and are in much better condition.Old Chum Dam is also the type locality of Atrophotergum sodalis Mesibov, 2004  Diagnosis.Metatergites with three transverse rows of large, low, contiguous tubercles; leg 7 sternal tab with dense brush of stout, rod-like setae; gonopod telopodite with central, fl attened pro cess notched into three parts and two combs of long, stout, rodlike setae on posterior surface, the distal comb directed distally and the much smaller basal comb directed basally.
Description.Male/female approximate measurements: length 11/11 mm, ring 12 paranota width 1.4/1.5 mm.Live and freshly preserved males with head violet dorsally; antennae purplish-brown; legs pale, reddish distally; paranota with reticulate red pattern (Fig. 1B); prozonites dorsally brown, darker laterally and posteriorly, with small paramedian pale yellow patches, arcuate or semicircular, in posterior half; metazonites dorsally with paramedian pale yellow patches on waist contrasting with dark brown colouring medially and laterally, and metatergites light brown with darker patches bordering paranota, and paramedian pale yellow spots in posterior half; laterally (Fig. 1F) a mottled brown on metazonites below paranota and on prozonites, pale yellow on metazonites just posterior to suture; ventrally with pale yellow prozonites and light brown sternites.Female live colouring similar, but with pale yellow patches more distinct, and with median longitudinal dark brown band dorsally on metazonites.In alcohol, long-preserved specimens light brown with reddish markings laterally on metatergites.
Most non-gonopod details as for T. armatum, but antennomeres 3 and 6 equal in length and longest, relative widths tergite 6>5>(4,head)>(3,2)>collum, ring 12 paranota 1.3 × as wide as prozonite, leg 6 tarsus 2 × as long as femur, prefemur not as swollen.Anterior margin of metatergite smoothly curving into lateral edge of paranota (shoulder less distinct than in T. armatum); metatergite almost completely covered with three transverse rows of 10-12 large, low tubercles, each with small seta near pos-terior edge.Ring 2 pit with rim only defi ned anteriorly and laterally.Ring 6 sternite with no leg 6 tab; leg 7 tab long, thickened, with row of fi ne setae on anterior surface; sparse row of fi ne setae on anterior sternal margin.
Gonopod telopodite (Fig. 10B) straight, subcylindrical, divided at slightly more than 3/4 telopodite height into apical cluster of three major pro cesses: (a) short, rodlike, slightly curved, acute solenomere medially; (b) long, rod-like, acute and slightly sinuous lateral pro cess, directed laterally before abruptly turning distal; (c) broad, fl attened central pro cess between (a) and (b), deeply notched to produce blade-like, curved anterolateral branch, slender, acute central branch and rounded, tab-like posteromedial branch.In addition, very short, stout pro cess arising just anterior to solenomere base and directed anteromedially, the tip notched.Closely packed row of 15-20 stout, rodlike, distally directed setae on distal side of oblique thickening on the posterior surface, the row running from a point basal to solenomere origin distolaterally to a point basal to lateral pro cess origin; cluster of 5-10 stout, rod-like setae arising at ca 1/2 telopodite height on posterolateral surface and directed posterolaterally and slightly basally; and sparse fi ne setae on posterolateral surface to ca 1/3 telopodite height.Prostatic groove running more or less straight base of solenomere on medial surface.
Female more robust than male and with distinctly shorter midbody metatergites, width:length 3.0 in female vs 2.3 in male.
Distribution.Often locally abundant in cool temperate rainforest and wet eucalypt forest over ca 2000 km 2 in northeast Tasmania from ca 250 m to at least 1000 m elevation (Fig. 25).Occurs west almost to Lilydale, north and east to the Weldborough area, and south to Mt Stewart between Epping Forest and Avoca.Th e southern outlier on Mt Stewart may not be a disjunct population; the forests between this T. clarksonorum locality and the more northern ones have not yet been carefully surveyed for millipedes.Sympatric with T. decussatum sp.n. and T. gerdiorivum sp.n., parapatric with T. armatum on Mt Barrow and near Weavers Creek, and possibly parapatric with T. cacofonix sp.n. in the east of the T. clarksonorum range.
Etymology.In honour of Tasmanian fi eld naturalists Wade and Lisa Clarkson, who enthusiastically searched for this and other Tasmaniosoma species in 2005 and 2006.
Other material examined.53 males, 33 females, 3 stadium VI females and 1 stadium V female from 46 other sites (see Appendix).
Diagnosis.Metatergites with three transverse rows of large, low, contiguous tubercles; leg 7 sternal tab with dense brush of stout, rod-like setae; gonopod telopodite with
Gonopod telopodite (Fig. 13) straight, slender, slightly excavate basally on posterior surface, divided at ca 3/4 telopodite height into four pro cesses: (a) short, slightly fl attened, acute solenomere arising on medial surface and directed distally; (b) short, bladelike, acute pro cess arising on anterolateral surface just basal to solenomere origin and directed distally and slightly anteriorly; (c) large central pro cess, anteroposteriorly fl attened, the wide distal margin divided into acute anterolateral branch and round-edged, tab-like posteromedial branch, the latter giving rise on distal edge to short, slender, tapered pro cess directed posterodistally; (d) large, blade-like, acute pro cess arising on lateral surface, abruptly bent and directed distally.Two dense clusters of stout, rod-like setae: 30-40 arising at ca 1/2 telopodite height on posterior surface, directed posteriorly or posterobasally; 20-30 in band running anterolaterally across posterior surface from ca 1/2 to ca 3/4 telopodite height, mainly directed distally.Sparse fi ne setae running from posterior surface near base anterodistally along lateral surface to ca 1/2 telopodite height.Prostatic groove running more or less directly on medial surface to base of solenomere.
Female with sternites as wide as long; legs 2 usually missing (Mesibov, in preparation).
Distribution.Sometimes locally abundant in wet eucalypt forest, cool temperate rainforest and riparian tea-tree forest over at least 3000 km 2 in northwest Tasmania, from Table Cape west to the Marrawah area, and from near sea level at Black River south to the Waratah area at 650 m elevation (Fig. 23).Th e T. compitale range is bounded on three sides by the range of T. hickmanorum sp.n. and the two species are tightly parapatric at some localities (Mesibov, in preparation).
Etymology.Latin compitalis, "of crossroads", adjective.Th e types were collected near the Fingerpost, a well-known crossroads in northwest Tasmania.
Remarks.Gonopod structure is nearly constant across the T. compitale range, but overall body size varies, with the largest specimens (to ca 15 mm long) occurring in coastal and near-coastal areas.
Th e bright and complex pigmentation of T. compitale is lost with long storage in alcohol, and long-preserved females of T. compitale and T. hickmanorum n sp.cannot be separated.Live and freshly preserved females can be distinguished by colour: T. compitale yellowish-brown with a large, prominent yellowish patch just under the paranotal margin (Fig. 1G), T. hickmanorum reddish-brown with only a small yellowish patch under paranotal margin (Fig. 1I).
Other material examined.86 males from 13 other localities (see Appendix) Diagnosis.Metatergites with three weakly developed, transverse rows of low tubercles, gonopod telopodite apex divided into cluster of fi ve pro cesses including broad, fl attened solenomere, the most lateral pro cess curving medially.
Most non-gonopod details as for T. armatum, but antennomere 3 longest, relative widths tergite 6>5>(4,head)>2>3>collum, ring 12 paranota 1.3 × as wide as prozonite, leg 6 femur longer than prefemur, male midbody metatergites 1.8 × as wide as long.Th ree transverse rows of ca 10 large, low tubercules on tergites sometimes just detectable in lateral view with oblique lighting, not as clearly expressed as in co-occurring T. clarksonorum sp.n.Ring 2 pit (Fig. 4D) deep, very wide, with rim well-defi ned except posteriorly.Ring 6 sternite with legs 6 not as widely separated as legs 7; no leg 6 tab; leg 7 tab short with brush of fi ne setae; anterior margin of sternite with groups of fi ne setae laterally, not in dense brushes.
Gonopod telopodite (Fig. 14) straight, stout, slightly tapered distally; base extended posteriorly as concave shelf (concave upwards); posteromedial surface roundly ridged longitudinally.Telopodite divided at ca 3/4 telopodite height into tight cluster of fi ve pro cesses: (a) solenomere anteroposteriorly fl attened, produced as small rounded tab directed medially and larger distal tab with rounded edge and small medial tooth, prostatic groove opening centrally on distal edge; (b) short, slender, acute process arising anteromedial to solenomere origin and slightly bent medially; (c) laminate pro cess closely applied to distal tab of solenomere on anterolateral side and slightly longer than solenomere; (d) and (e), two long, blade-like pro cesses arising anterior to laminate pro cess, the lateral pro cess acute and curving slightly posteromedially, the medial pro cess strongly tapered and curved posteromedially, the tip turning distally.

A B
Small group of short, fi ne setae at ca 1/2 telopodite height on lateral surface of posterior ridge; sparse, fi ne setae running anterodistally from basal shelf; and a few fi ne setae in row on lateral surface at ca 1/2 telopodite height.Prostatic groove running distally, then curving laterally to enter base of distal tab of solenomere, and curving within tab (concave medially).
Female with posterior margin of epigynum produced as short, wide trapezoid.Distribution.Often locally abundant in wet eucalypt forest and cool temperate rainforest over ca 1500 km 2 in the eastern portion of northeast Tasmania, from 80 to at least 740 m elevation (Fig. 25).Co-occurs with T. clarksonorum sp.n. at Mt Michael and Mt Victoria and near Weldborough in the northeast highlands.Sympatric with T. cacofonix sp.n., but co-occurrences may be rare because the latter species prefers drier, more open forest.Possibly parapatric with T. gerdiorivum sp.n. in the western part of the T. decussatum range.

Tasmaniosoma fasciculum
Other material examined.20 males and 3 females from 17 other sites (see Appendix).
Diagnosis.Metatergites with three transverse rows of large, low, contiguous tubercles; leg 7 sternal tab with dense brush of stout, rod-like setae; gonopod telopodite with central, anvil-shaped pro cess and two comparably sized combs of long, stout, rod-like setae on posterior surface, both directed distally.
Description.Male/female approximate measurements: length 12 /11 mm, ring 12 paranota width 1.2/1.2mm.Live and freshly preserved specimens with reddishbrown head and antennae and complex pattern of strongly contrasting yellow and brown patches on most rings (Figs 1D, 1H): prozonites have paired paramedian yellow patches with brown patches medially and laterally, metazonites have paired paramedian yellow patches anteriorly and posteriorly, strongly contrasting with dark brown patches marginally on paranota and more diff use paramedian brown bands along posterior margin and just anterior to transverse furrow.Live specimens similarly coloured but yellow not so intense; in alcohol, long-preserved specimens completely decoloured.
As for T. armatum in most non-gonopod details, but relative widths tergite 6>5>(4,head)>(3,2)>collum, leg 6 tarsus 1.5 × as long as femur.Metatergite almost completely covered with three transverse rows of 10-12 large, low tubercles, each with a small seta near posterior edge.Ring 2 pit not apparent except as slight concavity near anterior margin of ring.No setae on anterior margin of ring 6 (Fig. 5C); leg 6 tab short, with a few fi ne setae; leg 7 tab long, thickened, with brush of stout setae.
Gonopod telopodite (Fig. 15) arching anteriorly, strongly narrowed at ca 1/4 telopodite height, tip divided into four pro cesses: (a) small, subcylindrical, distally tapered solenomere arising on medial surface and directed distally, curving medially near tip; (b) thick, tab-like bulge arising posterolaterally and bearing a tight cluster of 6-8 long, stout, rod-like setae directed anterodistally and slightly laterally; (c) anvilshaped pro cess arising on anteromedial surface, fl attened anteroposteriorly, rounded medial end and pointed lateral end of "anvil" both curving posteriorly; (d) long, blade-like, acute pro cess arising on anterolateral surface and directed distally.Second tight cluster of ca 15 stout, rod-like setae arising on posterior surface just basal to division of telopodite into pro cesses, setae reaching almost as far distally as solenomere; sparse fi ne setae on posterior surface near base and along lateral surface to level of telopodite division into pro cesses.Prostatic groove running on medial surface directly to solenomere base.
Female with sternites as wide as long.

A B C
Distribution.Known from eucalypt forest over ca 2000 km 2 in north central Tasmania to 550 m elevation (Fig. 26).Not yet found west of the Dial Range, south of Maggs Mountain or east of the Birralee Road.Co-occurs with T. hickmanorum sp.n.
Etymology.Latin fasciculus, diminutive of fascis, "sheaf ", adjective, for the tight sheaf of stout, rod-like setae on the tip of the gonopod.
Remarks.I have not been able to recognise species-diagnostic features in long-preserved, decoloured females of T. fasciculum.As a result, I cannot confi dently assign to T. fasciculum a number of possible female specimens from localities within the known range (in the QVM collection) because no there are no associated males.Th e description of the female (above) is based on three specimens found close to sites in the Gog Range and Dial Range where I have also collected males.
I may also have overlooked T. fasciculum outside its known range in north central Tasmania.In the fi eld, an adult of this uncommon species can easily be mistaken for a stadium V or VI juvenile of the co-occurring T. hickmanorum sp.n.
Other material examined.5 males and 3 females from four other localities (see Appendix).
Diagnosis.Metatergites with three transverse rows of large, low, contiguous tubercles; leg 7 sternal tab with dense brush of stout, rod-like setae; gonopod telopodite with central, fl attened pro cess notched into three parts and three comparably sized combs of long, stout, rod-like, setae: distally directed on lateral and anterior surfaces, basally directed on posterior surface.
Most non-gonopod details as for T. armatum, but antennomere 3 longest, relative overall widths tergite 6>5>4>(3,2,head)>collum, ring 12 paranota 1.4 × as wide as prozonite, metatergite ca 2.8 × as wide as long, prefemora not as swollen dorsally, leg 6 tarsus 1.3 × as long as femur and femur longer than prefemur.Metatergite almost completely covered with three transverse rows of ca 10 large, low tubercles, each with small seta near posterior edge.Ring 6 sternite with a few fi ne setae along anterior edge; leg 6 tab short, without setae; leg 7 tab long, thickened, with brush of stout setae.Ring 7 sternite with paired paramedian brushes of fi ne setae just posterior to gonopod aperture.Gonopod telopodite (Fig. 16) st raight, slender, slightly narrowed just above base, divided at ca 2/3 telopodite height into four major pro cesses: (a) short, subcylindrical solenomere arising on medial surface and directed distally; (b) blade-like, acute pro cess arising on anteromedial surface just basal to solenomere origin and directed anterodistally; (c) large central pro cess with posterodistally sloping fl at surface, extending medially as round-edged, tab-like structure just posterior to solenomere and extending distally as acute, subcylindrical, posteriorly curving structure; (d) long, blade-like, acute, posterolaterally curving pro cess arising just anterolateral to central pro cess.Th ree tight clusters of stout, rod-like setae: ca 10 arising on lateral surface just basal to solenomere origin and directed distolaterally, 15-20 arising on posterior surface a little basal to lateral cluster and directed posterobasally, and 5-10 arising on anterolateral surface near apex and directed distally.Sparse fi ne setae running from posterior surface near base anterodistally along lateral surface to ca 1/2 telopodite height.Prostatic groove running on medial surface directly to solenomere base.
Female with legs 2 missing in the three known specimens.

A B
Distribution.Known from six localities over ca 1000 km 2 in eastern Tasmania up to 630 m elevation, from Mt Allen close to the east coast at Douglas River to ca 10 km east of Campbell Town in the Midlands, and south in the Eastern Tiers to the Swansea area (Fig. 25).Sympatric with T. armatum, co-occurs with T. orientale sp.n.
Etymology.Latin fragilis, "breakable", adjective.Th e stout, rod-like setae on the gonopod are usually broken.Females are readily distinguished from those of sympatric, similarly sized T. armatum and T. orientale sp.n. by the presence of prominent tubercles on T. fragile tergites.
Other material examined.66 males and 15 females from 39 other sites (see Appendix).
Diagnosis.Metatergites with three weakly developed, transverse rows of low tubercles, gonopod telopodite apex divided into cluster of four pro cesses including broad, fl attened solenomere, the most lateral pro cess directed bent laterally.
Male as for T. armatum in most non-gonopod details, but overall widths tergite 6>head>5>4>(3,2)>collum, antennomere 3 longest, leg 6 tarsus 1.5 × as long as femur, femur longer than prefemur, prefemoral swellings not apparent posterior to ring 11.Ring 12 paranota 1.3 × as wide as prozonite; paranotum with distinct shoulder anteriorly, almost quadrate, lateral margin almost straight; metatergite almost completely covered with three transverse rows of 10-12 large, very low tubercles, each with small seta near posterior edge, but tubercles hard to detect with light microscopy.Ring 6 ster-nite as for T. armatum but with marginal band of fi ne setae along anterior edge of sternite; at high magnifi cation, band is seen to consist of four evenly spaced, loose clusters.
Gonopod telopodite (Fig. 17) straight, stout, slightly fl attened anteroposteriorly; base extended posteriorly and laterally as shelf, concave upwards, with thickened margin; anterior surface with gently convex medial extension at ca 1/2 telopodite height.Telopodite divided at ca 3/4 height into four pro cesses: (a) mediolaterally fl attened, tab-like solenomere arising medially, the distal edge subtriangular; (b) anteroposteriorly fl attened pro cess arising just lateral to solenomere with acute apex and short, shelf-like posterior extension at base; (c) long, blade-like, bluntly acute, mediolaterally fl attened anterolateral pro cess; (d) rod-like, acute pro cess arising just anterolateral to anterolateral pro cess.Sparse tract of fi ne setae running from basal shelf anterodistally to ca 1/2 telopodite height on lateral surface; a few fi ne setae on posterolateral surface at ca 1/2 telopodite height.Prostatic groove running on medial surface more or less directly to solenomere base and terminating at apex of triangle on distal solenomere edge.

A B
Female with posterior margin of epigynum produced as rectangular pro cess almost as long as posterior margin.
Distribution.Sometimes locally abundant in wet eucalypt and subalpine forest over ca 1500 km 2 in northeast Tasmania from 80 m to at least 1050 m elevation (Fig. 26).Th e western limit of this distribution coincides approximately with the biogeographical boundary known as the East Tamar Break (Mesibov 1994(Mesibov , 1997)).T. gerdiorivum occurs ca 5 km from the sea in the north of its range; it has not yet been found east of Mt Saddleback or south of the North Esk River.It co-occurs with T. armatum and T. clarksonorum sp.n. in the west of its range, and may be parapatric with T. cacofonix sp.n. and T. decussatum sp.n. in the east.
A male of T. gerdiorivum has been found at Gardners Ridge in north central Tasmania, at least 60 km west of all other known localities.Th is specimen may be from a translocated population, or it may indicate a natural disjunction in the T. gerdiorivum range.A similar northeast-north central disjunction has been found in the distribution of Lissodesmus devexus Mesibov 2006(Mesibov 2006).
Diagnosis.Gonopod telopodite apex divided into four pro cesses, the central fl attened pro cess projecting posteriorly between solenomere and lateral pro cess.
Description.Male with ring 12 paranota width ca 1.5 mm.Live colour unknown; in alcohol completely decoloured.
As for T. armatum in most non-gonopod details, but overall widths tergite 6>5>(4,2,head)>3>collum, antennomere 3 longest, ring 12 paranota 1.3 × as wide as prozonite, leg 6 tarsus 1.3 × as long as femur and femur longer than prefemur.Ring 2 pit circular with well-defi ned rim.Th ree barely detectable transverse rows of large, low tubercles on metatergites; just visible on holotype in lateral view with refl ected light, not as well developed as in other Tasmaniosoma spp., e.g.T. hickmanorum sp.n.Leg 6 sternal tab short with brush of fi ne setae; no leg 7 tab; no setae on anterior margin of ring 6 sternite.
Gonopod telopodite (Fig. 18A) straight, slightly tapering distally, somewhat fl attened mediolaterally, posteriorly with small shelf-like projection at base (concave upwards), divided at ca 3/4 telopodite height into cluster of three pro cesses: (a) long posteromedial solenomere, curving slightly laterally; (b) central, broad, mediolaterally fl attened pro cess extending posteriorly below solenomere tip; (c) bladelike, acuminate pro cess arising on posterolateral surface close to solenomere origin and directed distally on lateral side of central pro cess.In addition, slender pro cess with forked tip with origin on medial surface at ca 2/3 telopodite height, basal and slightly anterior to solenomere origin, directed anterodistally.Two tracts of sparse, fi ne setae: one running from basal shelf anterodistally to end laterally at ca 1/3 telopodite height, other running distally from base on posteromedial surface to ca 1/2 telopodite height.Prostatic groove running on medial surface more or less directly to solenomere base.
Female not yet recognised.Distribution.Known only from two sites less than 5 km apart in the southwest Tasmanian wilderness, ca 40 km south-southeast of Strathgordon (Fig. 24).
Etymology.Latin hesperius, "western", adjective, referring to the names of the two known localities.
Other material examined.154 males, 67 females, 3 stadium VI males and 1 stadium VI female from 120 other sites (see Appendix).
Diagnosis.Metatergites with three transverse rows of large, low, contiguous tubercles; leg 7 sternal tab with dense brush of stout, rod-like setae; gonopod telopodite with central, fl attened pro cess notched into three parts, a single comb of long, stout, rod-like, setae on posterior surface, and anteromedial pro cess lying obliquely against central pro cess.
Gonopod telopodite (Fig. 19) straight, in cross-section with posterior, anterolateral and anteromedial longitudinal ridges, divided at ca 3/4 telopodite height into tight cluster of four pro cesses: (a) small, slender, acute, medial solenomere, directed distally but curving laterally; (b) large, anteroposteriorly fl attened laminate pro cess divided by notches into three acute portions, their lengths decreasing from anteromedial to posterolateral; (c) large, blade-like, acute lateral pro cess curving laterally; (d) blade-like, acute pro cess arising near medial edge of anterior surface, directed distolaterally and closely pressed to anterior surface of laminate pro cess.Sparse group of fi ne setae near base posterolaterally; ca 20 fi ne setae laterally from ca 2/3 to ca 3/4 telopodite height; two dense, adjoining clusters of stout, rod-like setae on posterior surface ridge at ca 2/3 telopodite height, the basal cluster of 10-15 setae directed mainly posterobasally, the distal cluster of ca 30 setae directed distally with a few outlying setae in line extending towards base of lateral pro cess.Prostatic groove running along medial surface more or less directly to solenomere base.
Female with sternites as wide as long, legs 2 usually missing (Mesibov, in preparation).
Distribution.Often locally abundant in wet eucalypt forest (with or without a cool temperate rainforest understorey), riparian tea-tree forest and coastal dune scrub over the whole of western Tasmania (ca 28 000 km 2 ), from the northern part of King Island (northwest of the main island of Tasmania) to Melaleuca in the far south, with

B C A
an elevation range from sea level to at least 940 m (Fig. 23).Part of the eastern range boundary is congruent with the Mersey Break, a major biogeographical divide in north central Tasmania (Mesibov 1999; species coded as Tasmaniosoma sp. 2).T. hickmanorum is sympatric with T. fasciculum sp.n., broadly parapatric with T. armatum along the Mersey Break, and at some localities tightly parapatric with T. compitale sp.n. (Mesibov, in preparation), with an overlap zone less than 500 m wide.
T. hickmanorum is remarkably abundant in Eucalyptus globulus and E. nitens plantations established on sites converted from native forest.I have not yet found it in plantations established on former pasture.
Etymology.In honour of V. V. Hickman (1894Hickman ( -1984) ) and his son J. L. Hickman , Tasmanian invertebrate zoologists and collectors of this millipede species and many others.
Remarks.Th is species varies a little in size and colouration over its large range, and in some populations females are smaller than males.Gonopod structure, however, is nearly constant.
Long-preserved, decoloured females of T. hickmanorum sp.n. and T. compitale cannot be separated.Live and freshly preserved females can be distinguished by colour: T. hickmanorum reddish-brown with only a small yellowish patch under paranotal margin (Fig. 1I), T. compitale yellowish-brown with a large, prominent yellowish patch just under the paranotal margin (Fig. 1G).
Other material.None known.
Diagnosis.Gonopod telopodite apex divided into four pro cesses, the central fl attened pro cess projecting posterobasally below (basal to) solenomere and lateral pro cess.
Description.Male with ring 12 paranota width ca 1.4 mm.Live colour not known; in alcohol decoloured.
As for T. armatum in most non-gonopod details, but overall widths tergite 6>5>4>(3,2,head)>collum, antennomere 3 longest, ring 12 paranota 1.25 × as wide as prozonite, leg 6 tarsus 1.4 × as long as femur and femur longer than prefemur.Ring 2 pit circular with well-defi ned rim.Th ree barely detectable transverse rows of large, low tubercles on metatergites; just visible on holotype in lateral view with refl ected light, not as well developed as in other Tasmaniosoma spp., e.g.T. hickmanorum sp.n.Leg 6 sternal tab short with brush of fi ne setae; no leg 7 tab; no setae on anterior margin of ring 6 sternite.
Gonopod telopodite (Fig. 20) slender, tapering slightly distally, curved posteriorly, slightly constricted near base, with short, shelf-like basal extension posteriorly.Divided at ca 3/4 telopodite height into tight cluster of four pro cesses: (a) slender, rod-like, slightly sinuous, medial solenomere directed posterodistally; (b) blade-like, mediolaterally fl attened, apically acute pro cess arising just anterior and basal to solenomere and curving posteriorly; (c) mediolaterally fl attened central pro cess directed posteriorly, the basal portion of the broad apex extending posterobasally as fi nger-like extension; (d) broad, anteroposteriorly fl attened lateral pro cess, the medial corner of wide, truncate apex extending just posterior to solenomere.Two groups of sparse, fi ne setae: posterobasal group reaching to ca 1/4 telopodite height, and longitudinal medial tract extending from ca 1/4 to ca 2/3 telopodite height.Prostatic groove running on medial surface more or less directly to solenomere base.
Female not yet recognised.Distribution.So far known only from cool temperate rainforest at the type locality in the mountains of far southern Tasmania (Fig. 24).
Remarks.Very similar to T. hesperium sp.n., diff ering mainly in gonopod details.
Diagnosis.Metatergites without tubercles; ring 6 sternite with discrete setal brushes on anterior margin; gonopod telopodite with stout, rod-like setae in longitudinal tract on posteromedial surface and fl attened lateral and medial pro cesses with irregular apical margins on either side of a large, central laminate pro cess.
Diagnosis.Metatergites without tubercles; ring 6 sternite with discrete setal brushes on anterior margin; gonopod telopodite with stout, rod-like setae in longitudinal tract on posteromedial surface and two large, upright (distally directed) pro cesses arising anterolaterally near apex, the taller, more lateral one Y-shaped, the more anterior one with broad, minutely dentate apical margin.
Female more robust than male; posterior margin of epigynum slightly elevated at both ends and produced medially as small, rounded triangle.
Distribution.Common in wet eucalypt forest (with and without a cool temperate rainforest understorey) over ca 2500 km 2 on the southeast Tasmanian mainland and on South Bruny Island, from near sea level to at least 370 m (Fig. 24).On the Tasmanian mainland, not yet found more than a few kilometres north of Grove, south of Dover or west of Mt Weld.Co-occurs with T. bruniense sp.n. on Bruny Island; possibly parapatric with T. australe sp.n., as the two species occur within ca 7 km of each other and have not yet been found together.
Etymology.Noun in apposition, for the type locality in the Warra Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) site in the Southern Forests.

Discussion
Five species groups are recognisable within Tasmaniosoma as circumscribed above: (1) alces, armatum, maria, orientale and warra, with nearly uniform red-brown dorsal colouration (likely in the case of maria), a gonopod telopodite with a single, lon-   gitudinal, posteromedial tract of stout, rod-like setae and a particularly arranged cluster of fi ve or six apical pro cesses, and a ring 6 sternite with dense, discrete setal brushes on the anterior margin; (2) clarksonorum, compitale, fasciculum and hickmanorum, with complex, fugitive, dorsal colouration including paramedian light patches on pro-and metazonites, three transverse rows of well-developed metatergal tubercles, a gonopod telopodite with at least two separate non-longitudinal tracts of stout, rod-like setae, and leg 7 sternal tabs bearing stout, rod-like setae (this group is likely to include barbatulum and fragile, whose live colour is unknown); (3) australe and bruniense, with a broad, fl attened solenomere arising on the lateral side of the apex, small rounded teeth posterolaterally on the paranota, a posterior triangular extension on the male leg 6 prefemur and a distal swelling on the female leg 2 prefemur; (4) hesperium and laccobium, with a particularly arranged cluster of four apical processes on the gonopod telopodite; and (5) decussatum and gerdiorivum, with three transverse rows of weakly developed metatergal tubercles and a gonopod telopodite with a well-defi ned trough-like 'shelf ' basally and a broad, fl attened solenomere arising on the medial side of the apex.
Grouping species in this way leaves T. aureorivum and T. cacophonix as seemingly unrelated isolates.Rather than place 19 species in seven genera, six of them new, I leave Tasmaniosoma here as a fairly heterogeneous miscellany.Another unresolved question is how the type species T. armatum Verhoeff , 1936 or any of the other Tasmaniosoma species are related to other Australasian H+19 dalodesmid genera.A possible sister taxon to the clarksonorum species group is Icosidesmus Humbert and de Saussure, 1869.As described by Johns (1964), New Zealand Icosidesmus species have long, slightly curved tarsi, low tubercles on metatergites, males with a pit ventrally on either side of ring 2, and a more or less cylindrical telopodite with an apical cluster of small pro cesses and dense clusters of stout, rod-like setae.
Sarah Tassell (Hobart, Tasmania) for their careful collection and documentation of specimens.

Figure 1 .A
Figure 1.A Living male Tasmaniosoma armatum Verhoeff , 1936.Image by Hans Henderickx, used with permission.B-I Dorsal views of midbody rings and left lateral views of midbody ring of freshly killed T. clarksonorum sp.n. male, QVM 23:51683 (B, F); T. compitale sp.n. female, QVM 23:51680 (C, G); T. fasciculum sp.n. male, QVM 23:51665 (D, H); and T. hickmanorum sp.n. male, QVM 23:51681 (E, I).A-I not to same scale.Pigmentation of the four species in B-I fades progressively in alcohol and long-preserved specimens may be colourless.Th e whitish patch (p) below the paranotal margin in T. compitale sp.n.G and the whitish patches dorsally C change to light yellow in freshly preserved specimens (ca 1-10 weeks in alcohol).

F
tract on posteromedial surface and two upright (distally directed), Y-shaped pro cesses arising anterolaterally near apex.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Male ring 6, ventral view (anterior to top) showing variation in structure.A Tasmaniosoma armatumVerhoeff , 1936; no leg 6 tab; short, thin leg 7 tab with brush of fi ne setae; paired and raised brushes of fi ne setae medially on anterior margin of sternite B T. barbatulum sp.n.; short leg 6 tab with a few fi ne setae; long, thickened leg 7 tab with brush of stout setae; a few scattered setae on anterior margin C T. fasciculum sp.n.; short leg 6 tab with a few fi ne setae; long, thickened leg 7 tab with brush of stout setae; no setae on anterior margin D T. hickmanorum sp.n.; no leg 6 tab; long, thickened leg 7 tab with brush of stout setae; anterior margin with wide median notch.Scale bars = 0.2 mm.

Figure 9 .
Figure 9. Tasmaniosoma australe sp.n., paratype males ex QVM 23:46575.A Posterior view of gonopod telopodites in situ B anterior and C medial views of right gonopod telopodite.Setation not shown in B and C; dashed lines mark course of prostatic groove.Scale bar = 0.2 mm.

Figure 10 .
Figure 10.Posterior views of gonopod telopodites in situ of topotypical male paratypes, with solenomere (s) indicated.A Tasmaniosoma barbatulum sp.n., ex QVM 23:51512 B Tasmaniosoma clarksonorum sp.n., ex QVM 23:46583.Scale bars: (A) = 0.1 mm, (B) = 0.2 mm.Slight bending of fl attened apical pro cess in (A) is a preparation artifact; tip of central branch of central pro cess on right telopodite in (B) is broken off .Portions of the background in (A) have been digitally edited for clarity.

Figure 12 .
Figure 12.Tasmaniosoma cacofonix sp.n., paratype male ex QVM 23:46748.A Anterior view of gonopods in situ B medial and C posterolateral views of left gonopod telopodite.Setation only shown in C, dashed line marks course of prostatic groove.Scale bars = 0.2 mm.

Figure 14 .
Figure 14.Tasmaniosoma decussatum sp.n., paratype male ex QVM 23:46699.A Posterior view of gonopods in situ B posterior and slightly lateral view of left gonopod telopodite.Setation not shown in B, dashed line marks course of prostatic groove.Scale bars = 0.2 mm.A small portion of the background in A has been digitally edited for clarity.

Figure 16 .
Figure 16.Tasmaniosoma fragile sp.n., paratype males.A Posterior view of gonopods in situ (ex QVM 23:46766) B medial view of left gonopod telopodite, setation omitted for clarity (ex QVM 23:46767).Scale bars = 0.2 mm.Th e 'hole' at the top of each telopodite is the broken-off tip of the distal extension of the central pro cess.

Figure 17 .
Figure 17.Tasmaniosoma gerdiorivum sp.n., paratype males ex QVM 23:46675.A Posterior view of gonopods in situ B medial view of left gonopod telopodite.Setation not shown in B dashed line marks course of prostatic groove.Scale bars = 0.1 mm.In A, the bends in the three fl attened terminal pro cesses are a preparation artifact; in wet specimens the bent portions seen in (A) are nearly planar.

Figure 18 .
Figure 18.Tasmaniosoma hesperium sp.n., paratype male, QVM 23:46602 (A, B) and T. maria sp.n., paratype male ex QVM 23:46759 (C, D).A Medial and slightly ventral B posterior and slightly lateral C medial and D anterolateral views of the respective left gonopod telopodites.Setation not shown; dashed lines mark course of prostatic groove.Scale bar = 0.2 mm.Dotted lines in C and D indicate reconstructed pro cess based on holotype.

Figure 20 .
Figure 20.Tasmaniosoma laccobium sp.n., male holotype, QVM 23:46601.A medial, B posterior and C lateral and slightly posterior views of left gonopod telopodite.Setation not shown in A and C dashed line marks course of prostatic groove.Scale bar = 0.2 mm.

Figure 22 .
Figure 22.Tasmaniosoma warra sp.n., paratype male, QVM 23:46038 A and voucher male QVM 23:46040 B-D.A Right posterolateral view of gonopods in situ B medial, C anterior and D lateral views of right gonopod telopodite.Setation not shown in B-D; dashed line marks course of prostatic groove.Scale bars = 0.2 mm.