New species of the Neotropical genus Campatonema Jones ( Geometridae , Ennominae ) with the first description of the female

Two new species of Campatonema Jones are described, C. tapantia sp. n. from Costa Rica and C. yanayacua sp. n. from Ecuador. A third species, Campatonema lineata (Schaus), is transferred to Campatonema from “Sabulodes.” Th e female of Campatonema is described for the fi rst time, and the tribal placement of Campatonema is discussed.


Introduction
In her review of the Neotropical ennomine geometrids, Pitkin (2002) placed Campatonema in the tribe Ourapterygini?, with some reservations.Th e only species of Campatonema described at the time, C. marginata Jones, was known only from several males from Brazil.Th e genus was not placed in Ourapterygini sensu stricto because the furca of C. marginata was not clearly homologous to the furca that characterizes the Ourapterygini.Th e tapered, pointed furca and the distinctive yellowish-cream color and pattern of the wings were used to characterize the genus Campatonema.Pitkin (2002) characterized Campatonema by its peculiar furca (tapered, pointed shape), by the shape of the band on the dorsal fore wing, and by the pointed, creamcolored fore wing.In the three new species the furca is typical, of the Ourapterygini and located near the middle of the juxta and able to defl ect to either side.Th e shape of the dark band on the dorsal fore wing is variable among species, and the creamcolored fore wing can be overlaid with reddish-brown scaling.Th e pointed fore wing is characteristic.Th e unusual setal arrangement on the antenna with two rows of setae per segment on the ventral surface is a useful character for separating species of Campatonema from similar looking species in other genera.Th e genitalia are rather simple and have few characters useful for diagnosing the genus, so members of the genus are most easily recognized by a combination of wing shape, maculation, and antennal structure.Etymology.Th e name refers to Tapanti National Park, Costa Rica, the location where C. tapantia has been found most frequently.
Diagnosis.Th e species is readily recognized by its maculation.Th e dark chocolate line running from the middle of the lower fore wing margin to the outer margin in combination with the chocolate marginal bands are diagnostic.
Description.Male.Head -Palps very small, less than eye width, third segment half length of fi rst and second segments, which are equal in size.Palp with chocolate-brown scaling on outer and dorsal surface, cream on inner and ventral surfaces; frons squarish; ground cream with chocolate-brown dusting becoming dense dorsally; scape cream; area between antennae dirty cream; collar chocolate with erect brown scales.Antenna bifasciculate, segments Y-shaped, orange on ventral surface, dorsal scaling brown, lighter toward antennal tip.Setal rows arranged in two groups per segment, one at midpoint of segment, other at distal end on lateral expansions of segment.Th orax and abdomen -Th orax cream dorsally; abdominal segments cream with heavy brown dusting laterally especially on fi rst segment; ventral surface cream.Legs dusted with fi ne brown scales dorsally, otherwise cream.Metathoracic tibia slightly swollen.Two pairs of tibial spurs on hind legs, one pair on middle legs.Wingsfore wing length 15 mm; ground color cream; costa and margin of fore wing chocolate brown; chocolate submarginal line begins subapically on costa and runs parallel to wing margin to slightly below midpoint, (between M1 and M2) then angles to midpoint of lower margin of wing.Postmedial line (PM) indistinct.Discal spot chocolate, small but prominent.Hindwing ground cream, crossed by a series of brown lines parallel to margin.Discal dot distinct, medial line prominent.Wing margin dark brown, chocolate scaling forming a subapical spot.Fringe brown.Dorsal surface cream with brown dusting overlay particularly where PM line originates subapically, line incomplete, not extending to anal edge of wing.Margin with distinct line of chocolate scales.Discal spots distinct on both wings.Apex with a well defi ned white area.Male genitalia -Uncus rod shaped.Valva elongate, sweeping upward slightly toward uncus.Costal edge sclerotized with hairlike bristles below costal edge more numerous toward valve apex, which is acute and slants slightly upward.Arms of gnathos indistinct, medial junction forming oval pad and covered with spines.Anellar arms swollen and appear as an inward extension of costa.Tegumen arms extended diagonally to fuse posteriorly below uncus.Vincular arms straight.Furca diverted to left to gnathos, apex pointed; bristle area occupies terminal 15%.Right juxtal arm swollen at base.Saccus with squared base.Aedeagus straight, lightly sclerotized, with basal keel, expands medially, apex acutely pointed.Vesica expanded slightly with patch of cornuti basally and hair-like bristles distally.No distinct features on pelt.Female.Antenna fi liform, otherwise similar to male but slightly larger (FW length 16 mm) and with chocolate dusting more extensive.Underside of fore wing with distinct apical spot.Female genitalia -Anal papillae elongated, tip rounded, extended on ventral side.Posterior apophyses 2 × length of anterior apophyses, thin, expanded and paddle shaped at terminus.Anterior apophyses kinked at posterior end, paddle shaped at terminus, but less broadly than posterior apophyses.Seventh tergite forms lightly sclerotized shield over ostium.Ostium sclerotized, oval with posterior margin deeply concave on left side.Ductus very long; bursa saclike; signa a narrow slit.Pelt without distinct features.
Distribution and biology.C. tapantia has been collected in the provinces of Alajuela, Cartago, and Heredia, Costa Rica.It has been found along a rather narrow elevational range, from 1100-1600 m.Adults are on the wing throughout the year.Etymology.Campatonema yanayacua is named for the type locality, Yanayacu Biological Station, Napo, Ecuador.
Diagnosis.Th is species is readily recognized by the shape of the fore wing PM line, which has an outward defl ection at M3 that allows it to be distinguished from the other species of Campatonema.
Description.Male.Head -Palp slightly longer than width of eye; mid-segment longer than fi rst and about 4 × length of third; fi rst two segments light brown outwardly with scattered chocolate scales.Cream scaling just below third segment with a few brown and chocolate scales dorsally.All segments with cream scaling inwardly.Frons squared with cream scales near palps and a mixture of brown and chocolate scales over the upper 80 %.Area between antennae with scales cream, erect; collar cream with brown scales adjacent to thorax; thorax cream with scattered brown scales.Antenna fasciculate, segments fl ared distad with bristle rows at middle and at distal end; antenna brown dorsally with two scale rows per segment.Th orax and abdomen -Abdomen cream with brown bands of varous shades; Abdominal segments cream basally becoming pale-brown posteriorly with white ring on posterior margin.Underside cream with scattered brown scales.Forelegs with brown scaling dorsally, cream ventrally.Hind tibia slightly swollen.Two pairs of tibial spurs on hind leg, one pair on middle legs.Wings -Fore wing length 15−17 mm.PM line a double brown line, outer element fading on lower half of wing, middle part of PM line with blue gray; PM line expanded outwardly to form dark-brown wedge-shaped patch at fore wing apex; medial area with a diff use brownish-gray band along inner margin of PM line.Costa brown basally becoming tan throughout mid-section and fusing with PM line at apex.Wing margin with row of chocolate scales forming terminal line, slightly wider at veins.Discal dot distinct.Hindwing with a series of tan and brown lines parallel to margin and crossing cream ground; brownish-gray PM line with blue-gray fi lling prominent.Margin a broad brown band.Ventral surface cream with chocolate PM line on costal half of fore wing.Wing apex  almost white.Discal dots distinct.Brown scaling over cream ground color particularly strong in costal area.Male genitalia -Uncus rod shaped, valves elongate, tapering to a rounded apex.Costa heavily sclerotized, with a slight bulge 1/3 from apex.Costal half of valva with fi ne setae, without processes or well-defi ned ridges.Gnathos arms poorly defi ned, medial junction a well-defi ned pad covered with bristles or spines.Furca defl ecting to right and extending to slightly above medial pad on gnathos.Outer third of furca with bristles.Furca slightly S-shaped, tapering little from base to rounded tip.Saccus slightly rounded.Aedeagus diameter increasing posteriorly before ending abruptly in a narrow spine; lightly sclerotized, particularly anteriorly.Everted vesica expanded slightly with a patch of 8 cornuti.Pelt without distinct features.Female.unknown.Distribution.Known only from the type locality, Yanayacu Biological Station, Ecuador.
Remarks.Similar specimens have been collected at Estacion Cientifi ca San Francisco, Zamora-Chinchipe, Ecuador by Gunnar Brehm.Pictures of the adults and dissections of the genitalia were examined, but diff er enough from the Yanayacu specimens that they are not included in the type series.
Diagnosis.Campatonema lineata is readily separated from the other species of Campatonema by its wing pattern.In particular, no other species of Campatonema has broad, reddish-brown bands along the margins of both sets of wings.
Redescription.Male.Head -Palp short, less than length of round eye, slightly porrect, third segment 1/2 length of fi rst two segments, which are equal in length.Palp mostly cream on inner surface and brown on external surface.Frons rectangular, brown.Area between antennae and scape cream.Antenna fasciculate with bristles originating in middle and distal end of each segment; antenna brown dorsally, two rows of scales per segment, distal row darker.Scales of collar erect, dirty cream in color.Th orax and abdomen -Dorsal thoracic scales cream with two tan spots on distal end.Abdomen cream with tan scales on posterior half of each segment, segments 6-7 with dorsal scales brown, tipped with cream, segment 8 tan with darker brown central spot.Ventral abdomen cream.Legs fi nely scaled with grey brown dorsally, cream ventrally, two pairs of tibial spurs on hind leg, one pair on middle leg.Wings -Fore wing length 14 mm.Fore wing slightly pointed, ground color cream heavily dusted with tan and chocolate brown; PM line originating subapically on costa and undulating to point at outer 1/4 of lower margin; PM line double on costal half, formed by two rows of chocolate scales with only inner one prominent and continuing to lower margin of wing.Traces of other tan lines parallel to wing margin both proximal and distal to PM line.Discal dot dark, distinct.Hindwing much as fore wing, with a series of lines parallel to margin.PM line distad of discal dot darkest and most prominent.Margins of both wings tan with small chocolate patches at ends of veins.Ventral surface of wings with cream ground color and dusting of brown scales, becoming denser distally before forming a distinct marginal band.Apex of fore wing lighter and forming a light band on fore wing parallel to margin.Female.Slightly larger than male (fore wing length 15 mm), maculation much like male but colors more intense.Antenna fi liform.Male genitalia -Uncus rod shaped; gnathos arms indistinct, medial pad oval and covered with spines.Valves slightly shorter than in other species, more rounded apically.Area of bristles on valves adjacent to sclerotized costa and broadest apically.Annelar arms appear bifurcate, without sclerotized medial area.Arms of tegumen meeting medially below uncus, fused.Vincular arms straight.Furca defl ected to left, extending to gnathos and with bristled area toward apex.Saccus squared.Juxta bending slightly to median at base.Aedeagus straight, pointed at apex, vesica expanded with patch of cornuti which areith cornuti slightly larger on basal side of patch.Pelt without distinct features.Female genitalia -Anal papillae elongated with apex rounded.Posterior apophyses twice as long as anterior ones, thin, straight, paddlelike at apex.Anterior apophyses with knob-like junction about 1/3 distance from posterior end, causing a slight redirection.Terminal ends paddlelike.Seventh tergite forming an oval shield with sclerotized ostial area below.Sclerotization on ostium forming a half collar dorsally.Ductus very short, forming a narrow neck to bursa, which expands slightly forming tear-drop shape.Signum on dorsal side a spiked sphere with hollow center.Pelt without distinct features.
Distribution and biology.Specimens have been collected in the provinces of Alajuela, Cartago, Guanacaste, and Puntarenas, Costa Rica, at elevations of 700-1500 m.Adults are on the wing throughout the year.

Discussion
Based on a single male of Campatonema marginata, Pitkin (2002) characterized the genus Campatonema by its tapered, pointed fore wing shape and yellowish-cream wing color with tan border and a tan band crossing the dorsal surface of both wings.Th e peculiar furca-like process of C. marginata prevented Pitkin from including Camptonema in the Ourapterygini.Th e discovery of three additional species of Camptonema, all with a normal furca, supports placement of Camptonema in Ourapterygini.Camptonema is characterized by the tapered, pointed wing shape.Th e yellowish-cream wing color is distinctive in most members but can be overlayed with lines parallel to the wing margin which can extend inwardly past the discal spot.Antennal pectination, strongly fasciculate to bifasciculate with rows of bristles at the midpoint and at the terminus of each segment, will distinguish Camptonema from similar appearing species of Isochromodes Warren and Eusarca Hübner.Th e female genitalia off er no diagnostic characters, in part because the signum varies from a simple ridge to a stellate hollow sphere in the two known species.Th e female from southern Ecuador that was excluded from N. yanayacua also has a signum which is a stellate hollow sphere.
Camptonema species occur at moderate elevations (1000-2000 m) in Costa Rica and Ecuador, with an outlying species in Brazil.Almost nothing is known regarding the life history.C. tapantia usually came to mercury vapor and blacklights between 8-9 pm.None of the species appears to be common and the number of sites where they have been found in Costa Rica and Ecuador are few.Additional species undoubtedly await discovery.
Bar-code data from two individuals of each of the two new species added to the genus Campatonema form a monophyletic cluster with no close generic relatives among the many hundreds of ennomine species that have been barcoded.Both Eusarca and Isochromodes include species externally similar to Campatonema and barcoding indicates they may be the most closely related genera but both are likely to be polyphyletic and in need of revision.