A revision of the genus Hypotrix Guenée in North America with descriptions of four new species and a new genus ( Lepidoptera , Noctuidae , Noctuinae , Eriopygini )

Th e genus Hypotrix Guenée, 1852 is synonymized with Trichorthosia Grote, 1883, Proteinania Hampson, 1905, Ursogastra Smith, 1906, and Trichagrotis McDunnough, [1929]. Four species are transferred from the genus Hexorthodes McDunnough [Hypotrix trifascia (Smith, 1891), comb. n., H. alamosa (Barnes, 1904), comb. n., T. hueco (Barnes, 1904), comb. n., and T. optima (Dyar, 1920), comb. n.]. Four new species are described (T. basistriga Lafontaine, Ferris & Walsh; T. naglei Lafontaine, Ferris & Walsh; ZooKeys 39: 225–253 (2010) doi: 10.3897/zookeys.39.438 www.pensoftonline.net/zookeys Copyright J.D. Lafontaine, C.D. Ferris, J.B. Walsh. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. RESEARCH ARTICLE Launched to accelerate biodiversity research A peer-reviewed open-access journal


Introduction
Th e genus Hypotrix Guenée, 1852 includes 23 species occurring from southern Mexico southward to Brazil and Peru (Poole 1989).Th ese species, together with 11 species of Trichorthosia Grote, 1883, mainly from southwestern United States and Mexico, one species of Ursogastra Smith, 1906, one species of Trichagrotis McDunnough, [1929], and four species transferred from Hexorthodes McDunnough, [1929], are brought together to form an expanded concept of Hypotrix.Although this assemblage of species is dissimilar in adult appearance, genital characters and the "barcode" (part of Cox1 mt DNA) indicate that they form a monophyletic group.Th e most easily observed diagnostic character for the genus is the form of the anal papillae in the female.Th ese are swollen and bulbous basally, then abruptly tapered to a narrow pointed apex.In preserved specimens the anal papillae are frequently curved below the end of the abdomen, sometimes by as much as 180° to project anteriorly.In males the diagnostic character is the membranous fl ap arising from the middle of the sacculus and partially overtopping the sclerotized part of the sacculus.Th e genus is peculiar in that there are frequently masses of long scales on the pleural membrane of the abdomen of the male, especially prolifi c in Central and South American Hypotrix species, but sometimes seen in other species as well, such as H. ocularis, sp.n., H. hueco (Barnes), and H. lunata (Smith).In some species these scales form persistent patches that at fi rst look like basal abdominal brushes, but there are no levers or pockets so the scales cover the underside of the abdomen like a cloak.Some species have a basal abdominal brush, with a lever and pocket, as well as a secondary tuft of scales almost at the same place (e.g., H. purpurigera Guenée,Fig. 49); in some species the brushes are present but the levers are vestigial and the pockets have been lost (e.g., H. ocularis, Fig. 50); in other species the secondary abdominal tufts are posterior to the position where the basal abdominal brushes would be (e.g., H. lunata, Fig. 51).Th ere is a great deal of structural diversity in Hypotrix in Central and South America and although the group appears to be monophyletic, a revision of the entire group may fi nd that arranging the group into several genera is preferable.
Th e closest relative of Hypotrix appears to be Orthodes Guenée.Th e two genera have the membranous area on the sacculus, which in some species of Orthodes is enlarged into a long eversible coremata, and basally swollen anal papillae, although in Orthodes the papillae are membranous and broad posteriorly.Th e two genera typically associate in barcode analyses.
Most species in the genus can be arranged in one of two groups.In the fi rst group (formerly Trichorthosia, Trichagrotis, and some already in Hypotrix), the uncus is spatulate apically, the cucullus is separated from the rest of the valve by a deep ventral notch, the anal angle of the cucullus has an enlarged cornutus, the digitus is slender and tapered, and in the female genitalia the two sides of the ductus bursae are similar.In the second group (Ursogastra, Proteinania, the species removed from Hexorthodes, and some already in Hypotrix) the uncus is broad, lightly sclerotized, and densely setose, the cucullus is lightly sclerotized and setose, the digitus is apically blunt or spatulate, and in the female genitalia the ductus bursae has a prominent bulge to the left when viewed ventrally.Although this distinction works generally, there is some overlap in the distribution of the characters, and some of the characters are missing in some species in each group, so a formal taxonomic recognition of the two groups, even as subgenera, seems impractical.Th e exception is "Trichorthosia" tristis (Barnes & McDunnough), which shows no structural affi nities with Hypotrix, or with any other known genus, so it is placed in Anhypotrix gen.n.
Th e type-species, Hypotrix purpurigera, is one of the more atypical species in the genus in male genitalia (Fig. 32), although in external appearance (Fig. 17) and female genitalia (Fig. 47), it is similar to other species in Hypotrix.In the male genitalia the membranous fl ap from the cucullus forms a large setose membrane over the entire ventral half of the valve and tapers to a point at the neck of the cucullus.Th e clasper and digitus are reduced and mainly rod-like; they extend posteriorly just below the costal margin of the valve and end in short, pointed processes at the costal angle of the valve.Th e cucullus is reduced to a small rounded lobe with a multiple-rowed corona covering the apical half.Th e male vesica and female genitalia are most like those of H. hueco and H. lunata.

Repository abbreviations
Specimens were examined from the following collections: AMNH American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA.52), but fully-developed brushes, levers and pockets in a few species including type-species H. purpurigera (Fig. 49).Brushes present but levers vestigial in some species (e.g., H. ocularis, Fig. 50).Many species, especially those formerly in Hypotrix, with masses of long scales in pleural membrane of abdomen and in some species one or more patches of scales persistently attached (e.g., H. lunata, Fig. 51).Eighth abdominal sternum of male with a tuft of long setae on a short eversible coremata in most species.Male genitalia -Uncus typically with expanded often spatulate apex.Valve usually with well-defi ned triangular cucullus with narrow "neck," apical corona, usually with one stout seta near anal angle, and digitus narrow and tapered and projecting into ventral notch proximal to cucullus; a subgroup with cucullus mainly membranous, defi ned by slight "neck," with corona reduced or absent; apex of digitus blunt or rounded; clasper a simple curved (or slightly S-shaped) rod projecting above dorsal margin of valve; sacculus only sclerotized dorsally with middle part of sacculus forming membranous fl ap partially overtopping sclerotized part and extending to posteriorly to "neck" of cucullus.Vesica most often long and partially coiled, usually with band of minute spinules toward apex, with several to many long spike-like cornuti in subbasal swollen area; some species with thorn-like spine or tight cluster of cornuti at apex of aedeagus, and some with cornutus with bulbous base on small diverticulum.Female genitalia -Corpus bursae thin and membranous, rounded or oval, without obvious signa.Appendix bursae typically long and coiled.Ductus bursae heavily sclerotized, usually about as long as corpus bursae.Anterior and posterior apohyses rod-like, 1.0-1.5 × length of abdominal segment eight.Anal papillae diagnostic; base swollen, almost bulbous laterally, then abruptly tapered to a narrow almost spine-like apex; apex of anal papillae usually down-turned and when protruding, often bending ventrally through 180° to project anteriorly.Diagnosis.Within United States the boldly streaked orange and blackish-gray forewing pattern of Hypotrix ferricola is unmistakable.Hypotrix ferricola is closely related to H. aselenographa (Dyar, 1916), comb. n. [Trichorthosia aselenographa Dyar, 1916] from Mexico, except the subterminal line in H. ferricola is parallel to the wing margin in the middle part of the wing and then curves outward near the forewing apex (the subterminal line is almost straight to the forewing apex in H. aselenographa, so the terminal area is broad mesially and tapered toward each end), and the dark patch in the cell through the reniform and orbicular spots is paler, so the orbicular spot is evident as a dark streak and the reniform spot as a dark crescent (the streak in the cell in H. aselenographa is black, completely obscuring the reniform and orbicular spots).Th e forewing length in H. ferricola is 13 to 15 mm.Th e male genitalia of H. ferricola have a small, triangular, heavily sclerotized cucullus with a stout seta at the anal angle, a rounded U-shaped notch in the ventral margin of the valve anterior to the cucullus, an apically spatulate uncus, and a long, slender digitus.Th e vesica is very long and narrow with a dense band of spinules on the apical half, a stout rose-thorn spine at the base, and a fi eld of six or seven spike-like cornuti subbasally.In the female genitalia the corpus bursae is rounded and the appendix bursae is long and narrow and gently coiled.

Key to
Distribution and biology.Hypotrix ferricola occurs in southeastern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, and northern Mexico.Collecting dates range from early April to early August, possibly representing several generations.Most records are from ponderosa pine forests.(Schaus, 1903), comb.n.Figs 3,20,35 Himella diplogramma Schaus, 1903: 232.Morrisonia albidior Barnes andMcDunnough, 1910: 153. Scriptania inquisita Dyar, [1920] Diagnosis.Hypotrix diplogramma is unmistakable in appearance, but structurally it is closely related to H. ferricola and similar in size (forewing length: 13-15 mm).Th e subterminal line is a diff use series of dark streaks, so the gray shading of the terminal area, so well defi ned in H. ferricola, bleeds into the subterminal area in H. diplogramma.Most of the forewing is cream colored with fi ne black streaks on and between the veins, and the dark shading intensifi es toward the posterior margin of the wing, forming a  large black patch in some specimens.Th e male genitalia are similar to those of H. ferricola but in H. diplogramma the ventral margin of the valve proximal to the subapical notch is extended ventrally into a sharply angled process defi ning the anterior margin of the notch.In the vesica the basal spine is minute, but the subbasal cornuti are much larger than in H. ferricola.Th e female genitalia are also similar to those of H. ferricola, but the appendix bursae is shorter and more tightly coiled basally in H. diplogramma.Diagnosis.Hypotrix parallela is a medium-sized species (forewing length: 13-15 mm) with a pale silky brownish-gray forewing and fuscous hindwing.Most of the forewing markings are obscure except for a straight white subterminal line bordered proximally by dark-gray, a dark spot in the lower part of the pale-orange reniform spot, and a small black dot in a pale area representing the orbicular spot.Th e medial line is somewhat diff use but still distinctive because it extends in an oblique line from the costa to the dark patch in the reniform spot, then bends abruptly about 90° to continue in a straight but oblique line to the posterior margin of the forewing.Th ere are spiniform setae near the ends of the middle and hind tibiae.Th e male genitalia are similar to those of Hypotrix ferricola and H. diplogramma, but the uncus is less spatulate apically, the cucullus much broader with a narrow gap between it and the sacculus, and the vesica has a bulbous cornutus on a short diverticulum about 1/3 from its base.Th e genitalia are most similar to those of Hypotrix rubra, described below.In the female genitalia the corpus bursae is much larger, and the appendix bursae is shorter and wider than in H. ferricola and H. diplogramma.Etymology.Rubra is taken from the Latin for red and refers to the reddish color of the forewings and body of the moth.

Hypotrix diplogramma
Diagnosis.Hypotrix rubra can be recognized by the reddish-brown forewing with the maculation obscure except for a diff use reddish-brown medial line that is sharply angled at the reniform spot, a dark-gray spot in the lower part of the reniform spot, and an almost straight red subterminal line.It is most closely related to H. parallela, both species having similar male and female genitalia with a bulbous cornutus on a submedial diverticulum in the vesica.Th ey diff er in that H. rubra lacks spiniform setae on the middle and hind tibiae, the uncus is much broader apically, the cucullus extended farther ventrally, and the vesica in the male and appendix bursae in the female are correspondingly longer.
Description.Adults.Male and female similar in size, color, and maculation.Fore wing length: 12-16 mm.Head -Male antenna with individual segments swollen laterally, slightly diamond-shaped; ventral setae with tendency to divide into two tufts on each side.Female antenna fi liform, minutely setose ventrally.Palpi and head unicolorous, clothed with deeplyforked, reddish-brown scales.Th orax -Covered with deeply-forked, reddish-brown scales; without tufting.Legs: Covered with reddish-brown scales with scattered dark-gray scales,  especially on outer side of tarsi.Tibia without spiniform setae.Wings: Dorsal fore wing reddish brown (occasionally reddish-gray) with maculation obscure except for a diff use red medial line, sharply angled at reniform spot, a dark-gray spot in lower part of reniform spot, and an even, slightly concave red subterminal line; some specimens with patch of gray scales near apex of wing.Fringe similar to forewing ground color, or slightly darker red.Dorsal hindwing dirty white or very pale fuscous with darker fuscous on discal spot, wing veins, and wing margin.Fringe pale reddish buff with diff use darker medial line.Male genitalia -Uncus gradually widening from base, then abruptly expanded and wedge shaped at apex.Valve with well-defi ned triangular cucullus with narrow "neck," dorsoapical corona, and one stout seta at protruding anal angle; digitus short, tapered and lightly sclerotized, projecting into base of ventral notch proximal to cucullus; clasper a slightly upcurved rod extending to dorsal margin of valve; membranous part of sacculus extends along ventral half of valve to notch anterior to cucullus; lower margin of valve evenly curved into notch.Aedeagus with cluster of small spines at apex on right side.Vesica very long and gently coiled, about 6 × as long as aedeagus; vesica swollen at base with 16-18 long stout cornuti forming longitudinal row along swollen area and transverse row across middle of it; cornutus with bulbous base on a short diverticulum at about 1/5 from base of vesica.Female genitalia -Corpus bursae membranous, rounded; appendix bursae long, narrow, and coiled, about 3 × as long as corpus bursae.Ductus bursae about as long as corpus bursae, heavily sclerotized on sides, more so on left side.Anal papillae narrow and sharply pointed with large bulbous base.Diagnosis.Hypotrix spinosa superfi cially looks like a brown, well-marked form of H. parallela, but averages slightly larger (forewing length: 13-15 mm), the reniform and orbicular spots are larger and outlined by a contrasting pale line, the reniform spot is more rectangular, and spiniform setae are on all three pairs of tibiae.Th e male genitalia also are very diff erent from those of H. parallela; the uncus is slender with an abruptly spatulate apex, the cucullis is longer and narrower, and the vesica lacks subbasal cornuti, is more tightly coiled medially, and has a fi eld of minute spines postmedially.In the female geni-talia the corpus bursae is smaller than that of H. parallela, the appendix bursae is coiled mesially, and the ductus bursae is mostly membranous, sclerotized only posteriorly.
Distribution and biology.Hypotrix spinosa is a very rarely collected species that is known only from southeastern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, and the State of Durango in northern Mexico.Collecting dates range from mid-July to mid-August.Etymology.Th e name of this species, ocularis, is Latin for eye and refers to the eye-like reniform spot on each forewing.

Hypotrix ocularis
Diagnosis.Hypotrix ocularis can be recognized by the pale gray, or brownish-gray fore wing, the pale rounded orbicular spot with a black central pupil or "bull's eye," and the irregular subterminal line.Th e male genitalia are most similar to those of H. spinosa but the apical half of the uncus is broadly spatulate (apically spatulate in H. spinosa), and the vesica is much shorter and with fewer coils and a large medial cornutus.Th e female genitalia also are similar to those of H. spinosa, but the corpus bursae is larger, the appendix bursae smaller, and the anal papillae more sharply pointed.
Description.Adults.Male and female similar in size, color, and maculation.Forewing length: 14-16 mm.Head -Male antenna with individual segments slightly swollen and rounded laterally; ventral setae with tendency to divide into two tufts on each side.Female antenna fi liform, minutely setose ventrally.Palpi and head clothed with slightlyforked, pale brownish-gray strap-like scales, some black tipped.Th orax -Covered with similar scales to those of head; without tufting.Legs: Appearing speckled with mixture of pale gray and blackish-brown scales.Middle and hind tibiae with one or two spiniform setae near tibial spurs.Wings: Dorsal forewing pale gray or pale brownish gray; maculation usually contrasting; basal, antemedial and postmedial lines black, partially double with fi lling slightly paler than ground color; medial line dark, but diff use, angled at reniform spot; postmedial line irregular as a thin pale sinuate line with varying amounts of dark speckling on proximal margin; wing margin with prominent black dots between wing veins and with black spot at apex; orbicular spot a contrasting rounded pale spot, partially outlined with dark scales and with black central spot, resembling a "bull's eye;" orbicular spot separated from antemedial line by distance equal to width of line; reniform spot with both sides concave, so more 8-shaped than kidney shaped, fi lled with pale reddish-brown shading outlined by a pale line and with a large black spot in lower part of Figure 8. Fringe slightly paler than forewing ground color and with darker gray medial line.Dorsal hindwing pale fuscous with darker fuscous on discal spot, wing veins, postmedial line, and marginal 1/3 of wing; a series of black dashes on wing margin between veins.Fringe pale gray with thin dark-gray medial line.Male genitalia -Apical 1/2 of uncus broadly spatulate.Valve with well-defi ned triangular cucullus with narrow "neck," dorsoapical corona, and one stout seta at rounded anal angle; digitus short, tapered, ending before reaching notch proximal to cucullus; clasper strongly upcurved, extending beyond dorsal margin of valve; membranous part of sacculus very large, with fl ap extending over most of sclerotized part of sacculus and along ventral half of valve to notch anterior to cucullus; lower margin of valve rounded into notch.Aedeagus unarmed.Vesica short and stout, about 3 × as long as aedeagus; vesica swollen at base, without cornuti, with three half coils in middle third; a large stout cornutus near middle of vesica and a brush-like cluster of spines postmedially.Female genitalia -Corpus bursae membranous, oval; appendix bursae only slightly longer than corpus bursae, strongly ribbed, with three partial coils.Ductus bursae about 2/3 as long as corpus bursae, lightly sclerotized except posterior 1/4.Anal papillae narrow and sharply pointed with sclerotized bulbous base.
Distribution and biology.Hypotrix ocularis occurs from southwestern New Mexico and southeastern Arizona southward to Mexico City.Adults have been collected in June.Diagnosis.Hypotrix basistriga can be recognized by its small size, streaked appearance created by the black basal dash and the combination of black on the forewing veins and pale gray-brown shading between the veins, the orbicular spot touching the outer edge of the antemedial line, and the obscure subterminal line.Th e male genitalia are most similar to those of H. ocularis but in H. basistriga the corona extends along the entire outer margin of the cucullus, there is no stout cornutus at the anal angle of the cucullus, and the vesica is much longer and without a large medial cornutus.Th e female genitalia also similar to those of H. ocularis, but in H. basistriga the appendix bursae is much longer.
Description.Adults.Male and female similar in size, color, and maculation.Forewing length: 12-13 mm.Head -Male antenna with individual segments slightly swollen and rounded laterally; ventral setae with tendency to divide into two tufts on each side.Female antenna fi liform, minutely setose ventrally.Palpi and head clothed with slightly-forked, pale buff and brown strap-like scales, a few black tipped.Th orax -Covered with similar scales to those of head; without tufting.Legs: Appearing speckled with mixture of pale gray and blackish-brown scales.Middle and hind tibiae with 2-5 spiniform setae near tibial spurs.Wings: Dorsal forewing ground color appearing blotchy because of pale-brown shading mixed with patches of darker-brown; scattered white scales give wing a hoary appearance; wing appearing streaked because of long black basal dash and black shading on wing veins, especially in subterminal and terminal areas; maculation generally obscure; antemedial line with a faint darker gray inner line, a darker gray outer line, fi lled with pale ground color; postmedial line with faint scalloped inner line followed by diff use pale gray shading; medial line gray brown, broad but diff use, angled at reniform spot; postmedial line essentially absent but terminal area partially indicated by generally darker shading that blends into subterminal area; wing margin with small black dots between wing veins; orbicular spot a faint pale patch with a black spot in inner margin forming part of outer element of antemedial line, so antemedial line touching orbicular spot; reniform spot a rectangular pale patch with an elongated black spot or streak in lower proximal corner.Fringe with thin pale basal line, but mainly similar in color to darker ground shading on forewing.Dorsal hindwing very pale fuscous with darker fuscous on discal spot, wing veins, postmedial line, and mar-ginal 1/3 of wing; a broken terminal line indicated by dark fuscous line between some wing veins.Fringe pale buff .Male genitalia -Uncus thin from base, abruptly spatulate at apex.Valve with well-defi ned triangular cucullus with narrow "neck," complete outer corona, without stout seta at anal angle; digitus short, tapered, ending at notch proximal to cucullus; clasper strongly upcurved, extending beyond dorsal margin of valve; membranous part of sacculus not overlapping sclerotized part, extending along ventral 1/3 of valve to notch in valve anterior to cucullus; lower margin of valve angled in to notch.Aedeagus unarmed.Vesica about 3 1/2 × as long as aedeagus; vesica swollen at base, without cornuti, with coil in middle; vesica and a brush-like cluster of long spines postmedially.Female genitalia -Corpus bursae membranous, round; appendix bursae about 4 × longer than corpus bursae with Etymology.We take pleasure in naming Hypotrix naglei after Ray Nagle, a Lepidopterist who has graciously opened his home in the Santa Catalina Mountains for Lepidoptera research and where some of the type series was collected.
Diagnosis.Hypotrix naglei is a small silvery-gray or brownish-gray species with the maculation sharply defi ned in back, and a contrasting pale-orange patch in the lower half of the terminal area on the forewing.Th e male genitalia are characterized by an elongated, narrow cucullus, an apically rounded digitus, and a mesially broad uncus tapered to a double-toothed apex.Th e female genitalia have a heavily sclerotized ductus bursae and relatively small corpus bursae and appendix bursae.Hypotrix naglei belongs to the second clade of the genus in which the cucullus is elongated, without a distinct "neck," the digitus is apically spatulate, and the uncus is not usually apically spatulate.
Description.Adults.Male and female similar in size, color, and maculation, except female hindwing averages slightly darker than for male.Forewing length: 11-12 mm.Head -Male antenna with individual segments very slightly swollen laterally; ventral setae with tendency to divide into two tufts on each side, becoming doubly bifasciculate apically.Female antenna fi liform, minutely setose ventrally.Palpi and head clothed with slightly-forked, strap-like scales; appearing grizzled because of areas of white, gray, and brown on scales.Th orax -Mainly covered with scales similar to those of head, but black-tipped scales form a transverse band on back of prothoracic collar, around tegulae, and on dorsal metathoracic tuft.Legs: Tibiae and tarsi mainly blackishgray with ring of white scales at apex of each segment.Tibiae without spiniform setae.Wings: Dorsal forewing gray or brownish gray; maculation sharply defi ned in black; basal, antemedial and postmedial lines black, distinctly double with pale-gray fi lling; medial line dark gray but diff use and indistinct; postmedial line defi ned on anterior half of wing only by contrast between orange-brown shading in terminal area and gray in subterminal area; posterior half of subterminal line black and contrasting and dividing pale orange-brown shading in terminal area from gray subterminal area; wing margin with continuous black terminal line, slightly concave between veins; kidneyshaped reniform spot and rounded orbicular spot surrounded by black outline and fi lled with dark gray.Fringe with orange-brown scales basally, blending into dark gray scales distally.Dorsal hindwing pale fuscous with darker fuscous on discal spot, wing veins, postmedial line, and marginal 1/3 of wing; terminal line continuous, dark fuscous.Fringe a mixture of white and dark-fuscous scales.Male genitalia -Middle of uncus expanded laterally, tapered to double-toothed apex.Valve with elongated, tapered cucullus with only slight "neck" cucullus setose but no diff erentiated corona; digitus sclerotized, rounded apically, extending beyond ventral margin of valve anterior to neck of cucullus; clasper mainly straight, on inner surface of valve, abruptly upturned proximal to digitus; sacculus well-diff erentiated as a heavily sclerotized lobe on basal 1/4 of valve with membranous part of sacculus forming small fl ap overlapping sacculus and tapering to narrow area at ventral notch in valve.Aedeagus unarmed, very long and slender, about 10 × as long as wide and 0.8 × as long as vesica.Vesica basal swollen area with three sclerotized plates, each with short thorn-like cornutus in middle; short and stout, about 3 × as long as aedeagus; apical 2/3 of vesica curving in half coil and cluster of preapical spines.Female genitalia -Corpus bursae membranous, oval; appendix bursae only slightly longer than corpus bursae, partial coil at base; ductus bursae 1.3 × as long as corpus bursae with heavily sclerotized ridges and rounded mesial bulge on left.Anal papillae narrow and sharply pointed; base sclerotized, bulbous.
Distribution and biology.Hypotrix naglei is known from east-central Arizona (White Mountains), southeastern Arizona (Pinaleno, and Santa Catalina Mountains), south-central New Mexico (Capitan and Sacramento Mountains), and southwestern New Mexico (Mimbres Mountains).Adults have been collected from mid-June to mid-July in open meadows in forests of aspen and pine.
Hypotrix alamosa (Barnes, 1904), comb.n.Figs 10,11,27,42 Taeniocampa alamosa Barnes, 1904: 201.Type material.Th e species was described from a male and a female in USNM.Type locality: USA, Arizona, Huachuca Mts.Th e female is in better condition and represents the more common dark form, so it is here designated as lectotype.It is labeled "Taeniocampa alamosa type ♀ Barnes/ Huachuca Mts.Ariz./Photograph Pl.VI No. 18 [green printed label with "VI" and "18" hand written in black ink]/ Barnes Collection."It is in good condition except that the antennae are missing.
Diagnosis.Hypotrix alamosa (forewing length 14-16 mm) occurs in two forms.In the darker, more common form (Fig. 10) the forewing is reddish brown with the maculation sharply defi ned by dark-red lines.Th e medial area is similar in color to the remainder of the forewing and the postmedial line touches, or almost touches, the reniform spot.Superfi cially this form is most similar to Hypotrix hueco (see under H. hueco) and Xestia bolteri (Smith), both of which occur with H. alamosa.It diff ers from Xestia bolteri in that H. alamosa has smaller reniform, orbicular, and claviform spots, and in lacking spiniform setae on the tibiae; Xestia bolteri is illustrated in Lafontaine 1998.Th e pale form of H. alamosa looks like the specimens have been bleached, so the forewing is light orange with the maculation weakly defi ned by fi ne yellow lines.Th e dark and light forms frequently occur together and the two syntypes of H. alamosa represent a specimen of each form.Th e male genitalia diff er from those of other species in many features: the valves are tapered from the base to apex a slightly indented "neck" at the base of the triangular cucullus; the sacculus is very large with a rounded lobe projecting from the dorsal margin and the membranous saccular fl ap overtops almost the entire sclerotized part; the digitus is wide and truncated apically; the apical half of the uncus is broad and spatulate; the vesica has a mass of cornuti near the apex of the aedeagus, and the apical part of the vesica has four tight coils.In the female genitalia the appendix bursae has four tight coils, corresponding to those Diagnosis.Hypotrix trifascia is smaller than H. alamosa in size (forewing length 11-14 mm).It is variable in forewing ground color, varying from pale yellowish buff to dark reddish orange.As the name implies, the two transverse lines and the subterminal line are prominently marked by light and dark lines and are relatively straight and at least partially parallel, creating its distinctive "three-fascia" appearance.Th e hindwing is translucent white with a slight pinkish blush.Th e male genitalia are similar to those of H. alamosa, but in H. trifascia the dorsal process of the sacculus is pointed and the saccular fl ap is less extensive.Th e uncus is unique in H. trifascia; it is broad mesially, narrows subapically, and broad and truncated at apex.Th e vesica is about 2 × as long as the aedeagus, gently coiled, with two basal and one subbasal cornuti.Th e female genitalia are similar to those of H. alamosa but in H. trifascia the ductus bursae has a posterior bulge to the left and right and a mesial bulge to the right, and the appendix bursae is short with a single coil.
Hypotrix trifascia is closely related to H. vigasia (Schaus, 1894), comb.n. from the State of Veracruz in southeastern Mexico, but the forewing of H. vigasia is buff y-brown with the maculation muted, and the subterminal line is not as straight as in H. trifascia.Poole (1989) lists H. vigasia as a synonym of Bombyx agavis Blasquez, 1870, but the location of the types of Bombyx agavis, if any exist, is unknown and the original paintings (Blasquez, 1870, Figs 6, 9) are not identifi able as a noctuid and may be a cossid (Martin Honey, pers. comm.).
Distribution and biology.Hypotrix trifascia occurs from southern Utah and Colorado southward through Arizona, New Mexico, and western Texas to northern Mexico.Collecting dates range from early April to mid-July and early to late September.Diagnosis.Hypotrix optima is a small Hypotrix (forewing length 11-14 mm) with an unmistakable forewing pattern.Th e mainly orange and gray pattern is dominated by the pale yellow shading around the orbicular spot that forms a fl at-bottomed wedge mark between the dark gray reniform and orbicular spots, and the yellow streak at the forewing apex.Dark-gray shading in the basal area, on the reniform and orbicular spots, and in the subterminal area gives the forewing a distinctive blotchy look.Th e hindwing is translucent white in both sexes.Th e male genitalia are most similar to those of H. trifascia, but the valves are more slender and the apical half of the uncus is broad and spatulate.Th e vesica is about 2 × as long as the aedeagus with a tight cluster of cornuti at the base, several scattered spikelike cornuti subbasally, and a cluster of minute spines subapically after a postmedial coil.Th e female genitalia are similar to those of H. trifascia but the corpus bursae is curved rather than oval, and the ductus bursae is heavily sclerotized with long medial bulges on both sides.
Distribution and biology.Hypotrix optima occurs from southeastern Arizona and central New Mexico southward to Mexico City.Collecting dates range from mid-June to mid-July.
Diagnosis.Hypotrix hueco is superfi cially similar to H. alamosa, but averages larger (forewing length: 14-16 mm), the medial area is pale with whitish shading that contrasts with the darker color of the basal and subterminal areas, and the postmedial line is well removed from the outer edge of the reniform spot.Th e outward displacement of the postmedial line results in a very narrow subterminal area, similar in width to the terminal area.Surprisingly, the male genitalia are most similar to those of H. lunata, with a high dorsal tuft of setae on the broadly spatulate uncus and the cucullus is long and tapered with a folded depressed area at the base of the dorsal margin.Th e vesica is about 3 × as long as the aedeagus; there are two spiny clusters where the aedeagus joins the vesica, a row of three long spike like cornuti near the vesica base, and a premedial coil.Th e female genitalia are similar to those of H. lunata, but the appendix bursae has only one coil.
Distribution and biology.Hypotrix hueco is known only from southeastern Arizona.Collecting dates range from mid-June to mid-August.
Hypotrix lunata (Smith, 1906) Diagnosis.Hypotrix lunata is a relatively large moth (forewing: 15-17 mm) that is superfi cially unlike any other species in North America.Th e forewing is a hoary gray with a large entirely black crescent-shaped reniform spot that is fused posteriorly with the black orbicular spot.It is most closely related to Hypotrix quindiensis (Draudt, 1924) that was originally described as a form of H. lunata; it occurs from Colombia to Peru.Hypotrix lunata diff ers from H. quindiensis in having a smaller orbicular spot (the two sides of the black mark formed by the fusion of the spots are similar in size in H. quindiensis), the postmedial line is an even black line (an irregular series of black dashes in H. quindiensis ending in a black spot on the costa), the basal line is obscure (a contrasting black spot in H. quindiensis) and the hindwing is fuscous, not dirty white.In the genitalia of H. quindiensis there are two rather than three coils in the vesica and appendix bursae and only the posterior half of the ductus bursae is sclerotized.Hypotrix purpurigera (Fig. 17) and several of its South American relatives also have black reniform and orbicular spots that are frequently fused posteriorly, creating a wide V-shaped mark.Within the North American fauna the male genitalia of Hypotrix lunata are most similar to those of H. hueco, but diff er in that only the apical part of the uncus is expanded in H. lunata whereas the apical 2/3 is wide in H. hueco, the clasper is stouter and abruptly tapered apically in H. lunata, and the dorsal lobe on the sacculus is much larger.Th e vesica is very diff erent from that of H. hueco in having much more extensive basal cluster of spines and subbasal cornuti in a longitudinally ribbed basal swelling, and the vesica has three tight medial coils rather than one as in H. hueco.In the female genitalia the appendix bursae has a corresponding three coils to those in the vesica and the ductus bursae is more heavily sclerotized.
Distribution and biology.Hypotrix lunata occurs from southeastern Arizona (Chiricahua, Huachuca and Santa Rita Mountains) southward to the State of Durango in northern Mexico.Collecting dates range from late May to mid-September, probably representing two generations.Anhypotrix Lafontaine, Ferris & Walsh, gen.n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:95031C4C-626F-4B91-803F-7C322588E240Type species.Polia tristis Barnes & McDunnough, 1910: 152.Etymology.Th e generic name Anhypotrix is a reference to this species being removed from its former congeners.From the Greek An [not] Hypotrix.
Diagnosis.Th e genus Anhypotrix diff ers from Hypotrix in that the uncus in Anhypotrix is cylindrical, tapered to a spine-tipped apex, the clasper is massive, gently curved on the ventral margin of the valve with a preapical tooth, the digitus is vestigial, the aedeagus has a large bulbous base and a narrow neck-like apex, and the details of the vesica are diff erent.Th e female genitalia in Anhypotrix diff er from those of Hypotrix in having lightly sclerotized anal papillae that are short and rounded posteriorly, and abdominal segment eight has a rounded sclerotized posterior plate on each side of the ostium.
Anhypotrix tristis never associates with species in the genus Hypotrix in barcode analyses, a result already suggested by the very diff erent form of male clasper and female anal papillae.No other known species has similar male genitalia and the barcode results do not suggest any known genus with which the species can be associated so we describe a new genus for it.We place it with the other southwestern genera that have spiniform tibiae (Hypotrix (some species), Trichofeltia McDunnough, and Mimobarathra Barnes & McDunnough) and within this group after Hypotrix because of the similarities in the form of the various parts of the bursa copulatrix in the female genitalia.
Description.Adult: Head -Frons rounded; labial palpus with apical segment about 1/4 as long as second segment; male antenna narrowly biserrate, individual segments diamond shaped, bifasciculate; female antenna fi liform, densely setose ventrally; eye rounded, hairy; ocellus present.Th orax -Th orax clothed with hair-like scales and spatulate, apically serrated scales that form a slightly raised tuft on the prothorax, and a partially divided tuft on the metathorax that blends with a broad dorsal tuft of scales on the fi rst abdominal segment.Legs: spiniform setae on middle and hind tibae near tibial spurs, and in three ventral rows on tarsi.Wings: forewing venation typically quadrifi ne, cubital vein appearing four branched; hindwing with typical trifi ne venation (i.e., M2 reduced, about 2/3 down cell and parallel to M3. Abdomenbasal abdominal brushes and pockets absent.Eighth abdominal sternite of male with an eversible coremata with a tuft of long setae.Male genitalia -Uncus: decurved, cylindrical, abruptly tapered to fl at heavily sclerotized apex.Valva: symmetrical, basally broad, narrowed postmesially into an elongated "neck," broadening to rounded cucullus with scattered slender setae forming partial corona; sacculus short, heavily sclerotized, with a large, rounded dorsal process, but without membranous fl ap; clasper near middle of valve on ventral margin, stout and heavily sclerotized, slightly upturned apically with preapical tooth; clasper connected to apex of sacculus and valve costa by long sclerotized rods; digitus absent.Aedeagus: base bulbous, tapered to narrow "neck" at apex, smooth (without spines or spinules); everted vesica tubular, about 3 × as long as aedeagus, basal 1/4 with double row of 23-26 long cornuti on left side and single row of 12-14 long cornuti on right; vesica with postmedial coil; small diverticulum at base of coil with apical cornutus and small diverticulum in middle of coil; apex of vesica covered with spinules.Female genitalia -Corpus bursae gourd shaped, rounded anteriorly, tapered posteriorly into wide appendix bursae on right side with single coil.Ductus bursae heavily sclerotized, middle surface rugose with thicker bands of sclerite; posterior half of ductus abruptly wider and bulging to sides, especially on left, then constricting to narrower ostium.Abdominal segment eight extended posteriorly into rounded sclerotized plate on each side of ostium.Anterior apophyses rod-like, widening posteriorly, slightly longer than abdominal segment eight.Posterior apophyses about 2 × longer than anterior apophyses.Anal papillae lightly sclerotized, slightly wider mesially, gradually tapered to rounded apex; surface covered with long hair-like setae.
Distribution.Known from New Mexico, Arizona, and northern Mexico.Diagnosis.Anhypotrix tristis can be recognized by the blackish-gray and pale gray streaked forewing pattern.Th e streaked appearance is enhanced by the strongly zigzagged antemedial line and a deep V-shaped notch in the postmedial line with a black bar connecting it to the antemedial line.Th ere is also a black basal dash and a black and white patch near the anal angle of the wing, this latter patch giving the moth the appearance of a large (forewing length: 15-18 mm) Lacinipolia McDunnough.In many specimens there is some brown shading on or beyond the reniform spot, below the orbicular spot, and near the anal angle.Th e hind wing in males varies from dirty white (e.g., Fig. 18), to entirely fuscous, with dark-fuscous on the veins, postmedial line and wing margin.Th e hindwing in females averages darker than in the males.Th e male genitalia are best recognized by the massive ventral clasper, the tapered uncus, and the form of the vesica and the female genitalia by the rounded anal papillae and shape of the bursa copulatrix.
Distribution and biology.Anhypotrix tristis occurs from eastern Arizona and northern New Mexico southward in the Sierra Madre Occidental to the State of Durango in Mexico.Adults have been collected in conifer forest habitats from early May until early August.
BMNH Th e Natural History Museum (statutorily, British Museum (Natural His-CUICCornell University Insect Collection, Ithaca, New York, USA.JBWPersonal collection of J. Bruce Walsh, Tucson, Arizona, USA.NMSU New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA.Male antenna beadlike to biserrate, lateral setae tending to group into two tufts on each side and clearly doubly bifasciculate in some species.Female antenna fi liform, minutely setose ventrally.Frons rounded and usually covered with long scales, but partially exposed and centrally roughened in some species.Eye covered with surface hair.

Figures 29-33. Hypotrix and
Basistriga is Latin and refers to the black dash or streak at the base of the forewing.