Systematics of moths in the genus Catocala ( Lepidoptera , Erebidae ) IV . Nomenclatorial stabilization of the Nearctic fauna , with a revised synonymic check list

Th e taxonomy of the Nearctic species in the genus Catocala is reviewed, and a revised check list presented. A total of 101 species is recognized, with a synonymy comprising 357 names. Th e status of 61 available names is assessed, with designation and illustration of 41 lectotypes and 5 neotypes. Taxonomic changes include 23 new synonymies, 3 revised synonymies, 8 new statuses and 1 revised status. Two subspecies are elevated to species rank (Catocala carissima Hulst, 1884 and Catocala luctuosa Hulst, 1884), 15 subspecies are synonymized, and another 15 species are either downgraded to subspecies or synonymized.


Introduction
Th e holarctic genus Catocala Schrank (1802) in the family Erebidae (treatment sensu Zahiri et al. 2010) contains more than 200 species worldwide.Th e most recent revision of the North American species was Barnes and McDunnough's (1918) monograph, and the Nearctic faunal list has subsequently grown to encompass 357 available and/or infrasubspecifi c names.Th e present paper is the fourth in a series on Nearctic Catocala taxonomy.Th e previous papers addressed 116 available and 15 infrasubspecifi c names, with designation of 78 lectotypes and 3 neotypes, and 6 changes in status (Gall 1990;Gall andHawks 1990, 2002b).Here we discuss in further detail 61 of the other 147 available names that warrant nomenclatorial action to promote stability, and present a revised check list for the Nearctic fauna.

Materials and methods
Nomenclatorial protocol follows Gall and Hawks (2002b: 234-235).To paraphrase, the early Catocala workers used the terms "type" and "types" loosely, and a priori we presume there may be syntypes even when original descriptions use the singular.In addition, the terms "form" and "variety" were used in both subspecifi c and infrasubspecifi c manners, and diff erent authors had varying and potentially confusing, inconsistent customs.Determining infrasubspecifi c intent often requires tracing context for a name through the early literature until the publication of Barnes and McDunnough's (1918) defi nitive monograph, and may not be evident simply by reading the original description (many of which are brief ).For example, G. D. Hulst used the term "var." for Catocala names in potentially subspecifi c and/or infrasubspecifi c manners, sometimes within a single publication, e.g.: "I use the word variety to mean a local form, which breeds true to itself, but is yet known by intergrades, or breeding elsewhere, to be connected to the stem form of the species… I also give variety standing to marked accidental variations among the Catocalae, which do not breed true to themselves…" (Hulst 1884: 28).

Results
Type specimens for the 357 Nearctic Catocala names are scattered widely in dozens of institutional collections throughout North America and Europe.We have located and examined what we consider to be suitable type material for all but 19 of the 357 names -6 available, and 13 infrasubspecifi c.Types are presumed lost for another 8 available names authored by J. E. Smith, D. Drury, P. Cramer, and J. Hübner.However, application of these 14 available and 13 infrasubspecifi c names has remained stable since Barnes and McDunnough (1918).
For the 61 available names treated below in the "Taxonomic Assessments" section, 41 lectotypes are designated.In addition, 5 neotypes are designated for names in taxonomically diffi cult western Nearctic species complexes (notably the species whose larvae feed on willows and poplars) for which unequivocal type material is lacking, since these taxa can not be adequately stabilized in the absence of types (see further elaboration in Gall and Hawks 2002b: 235).In addition, 23 new synonymies (8 species and 15 subspecies downgraded to synonyms), 3 revised synonymies, 8 new statuses (7 species downgraded to subspecies, one subspecies elevated to species), and one revised status (subspecies elevated to species) are established.
Th e Nearctic Catocala fauna comprises 101 species.In the Check List and Taxonomic Assessments sections below, names for the taxa are presented in alphabetical order.Actions taken in the Taxonomic Assessments section are summarized in Table 1.An alphabetical checklist of the Nearctic Catocala is given in Appendix 1, and a phylogenetic list of the species and subspecies is given in Appendix 2. westerly population known for praeclara, and appears to be somewhat isolated geographically from other Gulf Coast populations, although we suspect this may be an artifact of limited sampling.We have examined a series of over one hundred topotypes of C. charlottae, and although these are fairly homogeneous (forewings largely lacking both the lustrous blue-green scaling and prominent basal dash, and with an overshading of brown), about fi ve percent of the topotypes are like C. praeclara from other localities in North America.Baggett (1989) reported that "charlottae and a praeclara-like morph were reared from the same batch of eggs," and J. Slotten (in litt.) has reared specimens both with and without the basal dash from the same female.(1913).Th e name was incorrectly placed as a synonym of C. palaeogama Guenée, 1852in McDunnough (1938) Gall and Hawks (1990: 10).Barnes and McDunnough (1918: 30) Barnes and McDunnough (1918: 41) felt this "duller and darker-colored form" might "merely be a geographical race" of praeclara.Catocala pura; Barnes and McDunnough 1918: 28 Catocala pura;McDunnough 1938: 116 Catocala pura;Franclemont and Todd 1983: 129 Type material.Catocala pura: the original description does not state the number of types.A male type is at the AMNH, and is designated lectotype to clarify application of the name pura.Th e lectotype bears the labels "♂", "Col.","Collection / GDHulst", "Catocala  Catocala werneri Biederman, 1909: 76 Catocala verrilliana syn.werneri; Barnes and McDunnough 1918: 37 Catocala verrilliana syn. werneri;McDunnough 1938: 117 Catocala verrilliana syn. werneri;Franclemont and Todd 1983: 129 Type material.Catocala werneri: the original description does not state the number of types.A female type is at the USNM, and is designated as lectotype to clarify application of the name werneri.Th e lectotype bears the labels "Palmerlee / Ariz.", "Catocala / werneri / Type Biederman", "Photograph / Pl.
: AMNH = American Museum of Natural History, New York; ANSP = Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; BMNH = Th e Natural History Museum, London; CMNH = Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh; CNC = Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa; CUIC = Cornell University, Ithaca; FMNH = Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago; MCZ = Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge (USA); PMNH = Peabody Museum of Natural History, New Haven; USNM = United States National Collection, Smithsonian Institution, Washington.

Table 1 .
Synopsis of actions taken in this paper regarding Nearctic names in the genus Catocala Schrank.Th e lectotype bears the labels "Was.T.", "Catocala / allusa / Orig.Type.Hulst", "Type No. / 33992 / U.S.N.M." Th e geographic distribution of Catocala allusa is broadly parapatric with that of Catocala faustina Strecker, 1873 in northwestern North America; C. allusa blends with C. faustina cleopatra Strecker, 1874 in northwestern California, and with C. faustina faustina in the Rocky Mountains of Idaho, Wyoming and Montana.Th e larvae of C. allusa and C. faustina also do not diff er appreciably, and so we place C. allusa as a subspecies of Catocala faustina Strecker, 1873.We refer material from the coastal areas of northern California, Oregon, Washington and British Columbia to C. faustina allusa.Type Locality: Was[hington] T[erritory, USA].

Catocala faustina ssp. allusa syn. caerulea Beutenmüller, syn. n.
Barnes and McDunnough (1917)nal description does not state the number of types.Th ere are two male types at the AMNH, and one is designated as lectotype to clarify application of the name caerulea.Th e lectotype bears the labels "Oregon", "Type / No. / A.M.N.H.", "Catocala / caerulea / Beut."Th e name caerulea has been treated sinceBarnes and McDunnough (1917)as a subspecies of nominate C. faustina, but the name allusa Hulst, 1884 has priority over the name caerulea for the coastal northwestern subspecies.Type Locality: Oregon, [USA].

Catocala praeclara ssp. charlottae Brou, stat. n.
and is designated as lectotype to clarify application of the name concumbens.Th e lectotype bears the labels "Canada / Ontario / Orilla / Bush./56-13","Canada W. / 56-13 [and on the reverse:] Catocala / concumbens / Walker Type."TypeLocality: hereby restricted to Orillia, [Ontario,] Canada on the basis of the lectotype label.Catocala mira var.dana: the original description states a "Holotype ♂ in the collection of the author."There is a female at the USNM[Type No. 44533,  examined]with a Cassino type label and appropriate locality data, and because Cassino often missexed his material, we consider this female to be his holotype.Th e name dana has in the past been treated as a subspecies of C. mira Grote, 1876, probably based on small sample sizes and limited knowledge of geographic variation in this species.We have examined large numbers of C. mira from throughout North America, and fi nd the name dana to be neither distinctive nor geographically defi nable.Type Locality: Springfi eld, Texas, [USA].

Catocala faustina ssp. allusa syn. frenchii Poling, syn. rev. Fig
Barnes & McDunnough, 1918ginal description states "2 ♂... Arizona.Coll.B. Neumoegen."Amaletype is at the USNM, and is designated as lectotype to clarify application of the name dionyza.Th e lectotype bears the labels "Arizona" "Type No. / 33996 / U.S.N.M." Col. / B. Neumogen" "Catocala / Type / dionyza.Hy.Edw."TypeLocality:Arizona,[USA].notes by him inquiring as to the status of the holotype.Given Benjamin's diffi culties and the fact that the name refers to one of the taxonomically diffi cult western Nearctic species, we designate the USNM female noted above as neotype to clarify application of the name dollii.Th e neotype bears the labels "Prescott / VII.21 Ariz.","Col./JacobDoll",Catocalaedwardsi: the name edwardsi is a replacement name for C. mariana Strecker, 1874, with the same type specimen and type locality[FMNH, examined], and C. mariana Strecker is a primary junior homonym of C. mariana Rambur, 1866 (seeGall and Hawks 1990).Although C. edwardsi has been treated sinceMcDunnough (1938)as a subspecies of C. californica Edwards, C. edwardsi falls within the normal range of geographic variation of C. californica.Type Locality: Vancouver Island, [British Columbia, Canada].Coast from British Columbia to Oregon… it is apparently best defi ned on Vancouver Island, B.C., for specimens before us from the interior of Washington State can scarcely be separated from phrynia."Since we have also seen specimens referable to elda from other eastern North American localities, we place C. elda as a synonym of C. relicta Walker, [1858].Type Locality: Portland, Oregon, [USA].Catocala elizabeth: holotype ♀ [USNM, examined].Th e name elizabeth has been treated since McDunnough (1938) as a subspecies of C. californica Edwards, 1864.However, the type of C. elizabeth falls within the normal range of geographic variation of C. californica.Type Locality: Truckee, Calif[ornia, USA].Specimens referable to C. erichi occur sporadically throughout the geographic range of C. californica, but are most prevalent in the mountains of southern California.Th e larval character cited by Brower varies both geographically as well as within single broods of C. hermia and C. californica, and asJohnson and Walter (1984)more accurately reported, "[the] oblique, lateral patch on A5 and A6 [in erichi is] inconspicuous" i.Catocala euphemia: the original description indicates types at the "American Entomological Society, American Museum of Natural History, and Brooklyn Institute of Art and Science."Amaletype is at the AMNH, and is designated as lectotype to clarify application of the name euphemia.Th e lectotype bears the labels "Carr Canyon / Huachuca Mts./ Cochise Co. Ariz.","H.Skinner / August 1905", "Type / No. / A.M.N.H.", "Catocala / euphemia / Type Beuten."Barnes and  McDunnough (1918:16) noted that C. euphemia could "be merely a southwestern race of neogama (J.E.Smith, 1797) but as there is some slight diff erence shown in the male claspers, we treat it as a species until the larval history is known."Atthesametime,theydescribedC.loretta from south-central Texas as a new race that "would appear to be intermediate between neogama and euphemia," and suggested that the name euphemia be limited to the material from the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona, as has been done above.Although specimens of C. euphemia from Arizona and New Mexico are normally separable from specimens of C. neogama from the midwest and eastern United States, these two blend in the southcentral United States, particularly in Oklahoma and Texas; specimens referable to loretta mostly manifest toward the southern end of this blend.We have successfully reared larvae ex ovis from several broods of Arizona C. euphemia and eastern C. neogama, and have collected and reared many wild larvae of both taxa from various species of Juglans; we have found no substantial diff erences between these larvae.Th ree fl uid preserved larvae of C. loretta at PMNH, collected by R. Kendall on Juglans microcarpa Berl. in Uvalde County, Texas, are likewise indistinguishable from larvae of C. neogama and C. euphemia.Accordingly, we treat C. euphemia as a subspecies of C. neogama (J.E.Smith, 1797).We refer material from Arizona, New Mexico, and extreme western Texas to C. neogama euphemia, and all other material to C. n. neogama (for analysis of C. lorettaBarnes & McDunnough, 1918see its entry below).Type Locality: hereby restricted to Carr Canyon, Huachuca M[oun]t[ain]s, Cochise Co[unty], Arizona [USA] on the basis of the lectotype labels.Catocala mariana var.francisca:Th e original description states "Humboldt Co., Cal. 2 ♂.Type, coll.Hy.Edwards."Beutenmüller(1892:191)liststheC.franciscatypes as being at the AMNH, and a male type is there but bears Mendocino County, California locality labels.At the USNM is a male labeled "Type 2" [examined], also from Mendocino County.Although the county on these labels confl icts with the original description,Barnes and McDunnough (1918: 24- 25)have already noted that errors in locality data do occur with type specimens of the dark-forewinged western Catocala.Mendocino and Humboldt counties are adjacent to one another, and the county indicated on the label is the only information we have that might otherwise disqualify the two aforementioned C. francisca males as syntypes.With deference to Beutenmüller and Barnes and McDunnough's judgments, we consider it likely that a mislabeling occurred, and designate the AMNH male as lectotype to clarify application of the name francisca.Th e lectotype bears the labels "Mendocino Co.Catocala frenchii: the original description states "two examples, one in collection of G. H. French, the other in the collection of O. C. Poling."Amaletype is at the USNM, and is designated as lectotype to clarify application of the name frenchii.Catocala gisela Meyer, 1880: 96 Catocala micronympha syn.gisela;Barnes and McDunnough 1918: 43  Catocala micronymha syn.gisela;McDunnough 1938: 118  Catocala micronympha syn.gisela;Franclemont and Todd 1983: 129Type material.Catocala gisela: the original description states "One specimen in my collection, and another in Mr. Fr.Tepper's of Brooklyn."A female type is at the BMNH, and is designated as lectotype to clarify application of the name gisela.Th e lectotype bears the labels "Catocala / gisela ♂ / Type", "Catocala / gisela ♀." Type Locality: Georgia, [USA].

Catocala praeclara ssp. manitoba Beutenmüller, stat. n.
Gall (1991)wks 1990 is only known from the Coast Range of California extending from Sonoma County to Los Angeles County."AlthoughC.hippolytahasbeentreatedas an endemic coastal Californian species, it in fact comes into contact with C. semirelicta Grote, 1874 along the eastern and northern edges of its geographic range in the Sierra Nevada mountains, where the two blend into one another.Moreover, during the past several decades, Paul and Sandy Russell have collected from one locality in the Santa Barbara foothills a series of C. hippolyta that contains specimens indistinguishable from typical C. semirelicta.We thus feel the observed geographic variation in C. hippolyta and C. semirelicta is more indicative of two subspecies.Type Locality: San Mateo County, California,[USA].Catocala types resided at some juncture with Strecker (seeGall and Hawks 1990).However, since we cannot prove the MCZ specimen is the holotype, and the name refers to a member of the taxonomically diffi cult and variable western Nearctic species, we give precedence to the AMNH specimen compared to the type, and designate it as neotype to clarify application of the name irene.Th e neotype bears the labels "Mendocino / California.","3477","No.11896/ Collection / Hy.Edwards.","Truetotype./irene/ Behr."TypeLocality: hereby amended to Mendocino, California, [USA] on the basis of the neotype locality label.Th e lectotype bears the labels "Ind.","Collection/GD-Hulst", "Catocala / luctuosa / Type Hulst."AlthoughHulstdescribed C. luctuosa as a distinct species, the name has been treated in the literature as a synonym or subspecies of C. retecta Grote, 1872.Gall (1991)established that C. luctuosa and C. retecta breed true, and that the adult morphologies are consistently distinct.Although C. luctuosa is encountered more commonly than C. retecta in the southcentral United States, the area of sympatry between the two is extensive and includes most of the geographic range of C. luctuosa.Accordingly, we reinstate C. luctuosa to the rank of species.Type Locality: hereby restricted to Ind[iana, USA] on the basis of the lectotype labels.
Behr, 1870reneBehr, 1870: 24Catocala irene;Barnes and McDunnough 1918: 22  Catocala irene; McDunnough 1938: 116Catocala irene;Franclemont and Todd 1983: 128Type material.Catocala irene: the original description states "Ft.Tejon, one specimen."Smith(1893:343)indicatedtheirenetypewasinHenryEdwards'collection,andBarnesandMcDunnoughstated(1918:22):"Accordingto Hy. Edwards, who had opportunities of examining the type specimen (since destroyed)…; a specimen of this form, marked 'true to type' exists in the Hy.Edwards' Collection…" Reiff (1920: 64)added: "Without making any comments I may mention that I have from the old Worthington collection a specimen without locality label and marked 'Irene type' in apparently Strecker's handwriting."HenryEdwards'specimen is at the AMNH, and Reiff 's specimen is at the MCZ.We have not been able to locate another specimen that is unquestionably the C. irene holotype.Reiff 's MCZ specimen could be the holotype, since what we consider to be the holotype of C. zoeBehr, 1870is in the Strecker collection at the FMNH, and it seems likely that Behr's Catocala neogama syn.lorettaBarnes & McDunnough, syn.n.Fig.23 (lectotype) Catocala neogama race loretta Barnes & McDunnough, 1918: 16 Catocala neogama ssp.loretta;McDunnough 1938: 115 Catocala neogama ssp.loretta;Franclemont and Todd 1983: 128Type material.Catocala neogama race loretta: the original description lists 4 males and 3 females from several Texas localities, and a male type from the USNM is designated as lectotype to clarify application of the name loretta.Th e lectotype bears the labels "Black Jack / Spgs, Texas", "C.neogama / v. lucetta [sic] / Type B+McD", "Barnes / Collection."We noted above under the entry for the name euphemia that the larvae of C. loretta do not diff er appreciably from those of both C. n. neogama and C. n. euphemia.A broad blend zone between C. n. neogama and C. n. euphemia exists in the southcentral United States, and specimens matching C. loretta occur throughout this zone, mostly in Texas.We therefore place C. loretta as a synonym of C. n. neogama (J.E.Smith, 1797).Type Locality: hereby restricted to Black Jack Sp[rin]gs, Texas, [USA] on the basis of the lectotype labels.luctuosa;McDunnough1938:115Catocalaretectassp.luctuosa;Franclemont and Todd 1983: 128Type material.Catocala luctuosa: the original description does not state the number of types.Four types are at the AMNH, and a male is designated as lectotype to clarify ap-plication of the name luctuosa.Catocala maestosa Hulst, 1884: 53 Catocala maestosa;Barnes and McDunnough 1918: 14  Catocala maestosa; McDunnough 1938: 115  Catocala maestosa; Franclemont and Todd 1983: 128Type material.Catocala maestosa: the name maestosa was proposed as a replacement name for C. viduata Guenée, 1852, which was based on a misidentifi cation of Phalaena vidua J. E. Smith 1797.Two of Hulst's types are at the AMNH, and a male is designated lectotype to clarify application of the name maestosa.Th e lectotype bears the labels "Tex.","Collection/ GDHulst", "Catocala / maestosa / Type Hulst."TypeLolcality: Tex[as, USA].toba,Canadian / E. F. Heath / VIII 22 07", "Type / No. / A.M.N.H.", "Catocala / manitoba / Beuten."Beutenmüllerconsidered C. manitoba closely related to C. praeclaraGrote & Robinson, 1866, and

Catocala blandula syn. manitobensis Cassino, syn. n. Catocala
Gall (1990)2 andcribed the forewings of C. manitoba as generally more concolorous and less lustrous than C. praeclara, with a reduced basal dash "scarcely extending to the middle of the basal area, sometimes absent" (a basal dash is a prominent characteristic of eastern C. praeclara populations).At that time, there was an apparent geographic disjunction between C. manitoba, which had only been recorded from Manitoba, and C. praeclara, which was known from the eastern coast of the USA and maritime Canada.Specimens referable to C. manitoba are now known from over forty localities in Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Wisconsin, Minnesota, North Dakota, northern South Dakota and northern Wyoming.Similarly, populations of praeclara are now known from throughout the Great Lakes region, and then eastward to the seacoast.Individuals lacking a basal dash occur sporadically throughout the entire range of C. praeclara (more frequently in Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota, and the southern USA; see above under account for C.charlottae Brou, 1988), and the same individuals that lack the basal dash often have less iridescent and/or more concolorous forewings.A paratype of C. manitoba in the ANSP has a prominent basal dash and markings otherwise consistent with nominate C. praeclara, lacking only the lustrous scaling.Beutenmüller also stated that the two medial teeth of the postmedian forewing line were We have examined specimens of C. m. manitobensis (including paratypes) and nominate C. blandula from across the Nearctic, and fi nd that the characteristics ascribed to C. m. manitobensis occur sporadically throughout the species' entire geographic range, especially in females, and see little merit in retaining the name manitobensis.Exemplary localities where specimens often show manitobensis characteristics include the vicinity of Chicago, Illinois, and the eastern seaboard of Maine and maritime Canada; the same characteristics also appear regularly in what we presently consider to be C. blandula populations from lowland coastal areas in the southeastern USA (e.g., notably around Gainesville, Florida).Th ese lowland C. blandula populations are among the most morphologically variable known: some Floridian specimens (especially females) are nearly identical to types of C. manitobensis, whereas others have the entire forewing pattern obscured by brownish black, and numerous intergrades occur.In many respects, the extreme variation in these southeastern C. blandula populations is analogous to the extreme infrapopulational forms of both C. connubialisGuenée, 1852 and C. crataegi Saunders, 1876seen from the same geographic region.Type Locality: Cartwright, Manitoba, [Canada].Catocala miranda: the original description states "Washington, D. C. Type.Coll.Hy.Edwards."Amaletype is at the AMNH, and is designated as lectotype to clarify application of the name miranda.Th e lectotype bears the labels "Washington / D.C." "No.11725 / Collection / Hy.Edwards" "Type / No. / A.M.N.H." "Catocala / miranda / Type.Hy.Edw."TypeLocality:Washington,D[istrict of ] C[olumbia, USA].Grote, 1872 and the USNM type is a specimen of C. jair Strecker, 1897.The AMNH male is designated as lectotype to clarify application of the name nerissa.The name nerissa thereby attaches to C. lineella, which itself was reinstated to species status byGall (1990).The lectotype bears the labels "S.West / Texas.","No.11784/Collection/Hy.Edwards.","Cat.amica/var.nerissa./TypeHy.Edw."TypeLocality:herebyrestricted to S[outh] West Texas, [USA] on the basis of the lectotype labels.Catocala nuptula: the original description states "a,b.North America.From Mr. Milne's collection."Afemaletype is at the BMNH, and is designated as lectotype to clarify application of the name nuptula.Th e lectotype bears the labels "N.Catocala nurus: the original description states "a-c.United States.Presented by E. Doubleday, Esq."A female type is at the BMNH, and is designated lectotype to clarify application of the name nurus.Th e lectotype bears the labels "New York / Doubleday / 46-110", "New York / 46-110 [and on the reverse:] Catocala / nurus ♀ / Walker Type."Th e name nurus Walker is a synonym of C. amatrix Hübner, [1813] and a homonym of Noctua nurus Hübner, 1822, which is itself a synonym of the Palearctic C. elocata(Esper, 1787).Type Locality: United States.Catocala olivia: holotype ♂ [USNM, examined].Catocala olivia has previously been treated as a full species, but, as suggested byBarnes and McDunnough  (1918: 41), it is an extreme infrapopulational variant of C. alabamae Grote, 1875 with a large black basal forewing patch.We have seen intergrades between C. olivia and typical C. alabamae from several localities in Texas, Arkansas and Oklahoma, and J. Slotten (in litt.) has reared both C. olivia and typical C. alabamae ex ovis from a female from eastern Texas.Th e color form parvula W. H. Edwards, 1864 of C. minuta Edwards, 1864 is a parallel to the color form olivia of C. alabamae.Type Locality: S[outh] W[est] Texas, [USA].Catocala orion: holotype ♂ [CNC, examined].McDunnough (1922: 288) considered that specimens of C. orion "approach closest to meskei Grt., and may eventually prove to be a race of this species."We have examined the type series at the CNC, and consider that C. orion falls within the normal range of geographic variation of C. meskei Grote, 1873.Type Locality: Lethbridge, Al[ber]ta, [Canada].Catocala badia var.phoebe Hulst, 1884: 50 Catocala badia var.phoebe; Barnes and McDunnough 1918: 8 Catocala badia syn.phoebe; McDunnough 1938: 115 Catocala coelebs syn.phoebe; Franclemont and Todd 1983: 128 Type material.Catocala phoebe: the name phoebe was proposed by Hulst as "A form intermediate between coelebs and badia… Found in Mass.and N. Hampshire."Since Hulst gave distinguishing characters and non-overlapping geographic localities for each of C. badia Grote & Robinson, 1866, C. coelebs Grote, 1874 and C. phoebe, the name phoebe was proposed in a subspecifi c context and is available.Hulst cited the name phoebe to "Hy.Edw.MSS," but Hulst's paper was published before Edwards' description appeared.Two females from Hy. Edwards' type lot are at the AMNH, and one is designated lectotype to clarify application of the name phoebe Hulst.Th e lectotype bears the labels "New Hampshire", "No.11779 / Collection / Hy.Edwards.","Type / No. / A.M.N.H." Type Locality: hereby restricted to New Hampshire, [USA] on the basis of the lectotype labels.Catocala badia syn.phoebe; McDunnough 1938: 115 Catocala coelebs syn.phoebe Franclemont and Todd 1983: 128 Type material.Catocala phoebe: H. Edwards listed seven specimens from New Hampshire in his description of C. phoebe.To clarify application of the name, the female lectotype of C. phoebe Hulst is also designated as lectotype of C. phoebe H. Edwards.Th e name phoebe H. Edwards, 1885 is a homonym of C. phoebe Hulst, 1884.Type Locality: New Hampshire, [USA].

pretiosa ssp. texarkana Brower, stat. n.
Type Hulst."Th e lectotype of C. pura is a typical specimen of the widespread and morphologically variable C. semirelicta Grote, 1874.. Type Locality: Colorado,[USA].Catocala rosalinda: the original description states "Type, coll.Dr.James S. Bailey."Amale at the AMNH is labelled "Type 2."Beutenmüller (1892: 192)stated that the type of C. rosalinda was at the AMNH, and we presume this male to be the specimen to which he referred, since we have been unable to locate a specimen of C. rosalinda bearing simply a "Type" label.Th e AMNH male is designated as lectotype to clarify application of the name rosalinda.Th e lectotype bears the labels "New York./Albany","No.11836/Collection/Hy.Edwards.","Type/No./A.M.N.H.", "Catoc.Type 2 / rosalinda./Hy.Edw."TypeLocality:Albany,[NewYork,USA].Catocala sancta: the original description does not state the number of types.A male type is at the AMNH, and is designated as lectotype to clarify application of the name sancta.Th e lectotype bears the labels "Collection / GDHulst", "Catocala / sancta / Type Hulst."Th e name sancta was proposed as a replacement name for C. connubialis Guenée, 1852, which Hulst mistakenly thought was unavailable (seeGall and Hawks 2002b: 257-259for detailed analysis of the name connubialis).Type Locality: East and South East [southeastern USA].Catocala sheba: the original description states "Types: 1 ♂, one ♀, paratypes 8 ♂s, 7 ♀s in the author's collection."Amale is at the USNM, with correct locality and date information, and a label "C.new= / muni / Cassino."It also bears the following label by F. H. Benjamin: "Th ink this ♂ type / of sheba Cass./…who says descr./ under diff .name/fromthat on / Type label / FHB." Th is male is designated lectotype to clarify application of the name sheba.In addition to the above two labels, the lectotype bears the labels "Jemez Springs / New Mex", "Sept 3", "Barnes / Collection."Th e lectotype of C. sheba is a typical specimen of the widespread and morphologically variable C. hermia H. Edwards, 1880.Type Locality: Jemez Springs, New Mexico, [USA].Edwards, 1880 and C. sierrae Beutenmüller, 1897 and concluded that these three names referred to the same species(viz.C. junctura Walker [1858]).We have not been able to locate the C. stretchii type.Since the name refers to a member of the taxonomically diffi cult western Nearctic species, the female in the AMNH labeled true to type is designated as neotype to clarify application of the name stretchii.Th e neotype bears the labels "Havilah / California.","7300","No.12646/ Collection / Hy.Edwards.","Stretchii,/Behr./True to type."Th e neotype of C. stretchii is a typical specimen of the widespread and morphologically variable C. junctura Walker,[1858].Type Locality: hereby amended to Havilah, California, [USA] on the basis of the neotype labels.Catocala texanae: French's original description states "Before closing this I want to speak of the Junctura group.Th e more I see of the Arizona specimens, the more satisfi ed I am that the Texan form is separate from both that occur in Arizona… Th e Texan form is a larger insect than either of the Arizona forms, of an even greenish gray, and may be known as Texanae."No types of C. texanae have been located in institutional collections, and French may never have labeled any specimens as such.Since the name refers to a member of the taxonomically diffi cult western Nearctic species, a female from PMNH (specimen #ENT 719311) is designated as neotype in order to clarify application of the name texanae.Th e neotype bears the labels "Uvalde Co / Texas / Stallings & Turner" "Catocala / texanae / French / Det./ A.E. Brower 1941."Type Locality: hereby amended to Uvalde Co[unty, Texas, USA] on the basis of the lectotype label.Catocala texarkana from C. pretiosa is extremely diffi cult.At present, some specimens cannot be determined with certainty.Th e original description of C. texarkana does not contain explicit comparisons with related taxa, and I can fi nd no constant diff erences between these two taxa."Even though Schweitzer had rather limited specimen material available to him, especially from the southern Appalachians, he was able to fi nd at least one specimen of C. pretiosa (from Massachusetts) that was indistinguishable from three topotypical C. texarkana.We have subsequently examined hundreds of specimens of C. texarkana from over fi fty localities from Texas and Oklahoma through the midatlantic states (including Brower's types, and a morphologically variable series of several dozen topotypes in the CUIC), and fi nd the minor diff erences between C. pretiosa and C. texarkana to be essentially as stated by Schweitzer, but with greater overlap and variability.Th ese diff erences are best refl ected by placing C. texarkana as a subspecies of C. pretiosa Lintner, 1876.Type Locality: Forestburg, Texas, [USA].Although most specimens from Illinois and Missouri are referable to C. titania (even gray forewings with reduced maculation), both C. titania and C. alabamae and a wide range of intergrades (including its form olivia) occur in populations in Oklahoma, Arkansas and Texas.Specimens referable to C. titania are in the minority in populations along the Gulf Coast, and are apparently lacking in peninsular Floridian specimens, which are even larger and more strongly marked than typical C. alabamae.Because C. titania and C. alabamae can be found on an intrapopulational basis over a broad geographic area, we place C. titania as a synonym of C. alabamae Grote, 1875.Type Locality: Louisiana, Missouri, [USA].