Taxonomic review of the bifenestratus species group of the genus Fulvius Stål with descriptions of two new species (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Miridae, Cylapinae)

Abstract Two new species of the genus Fulvius Stål are described from the Philippines and Papua New Guinea. A taxonomic review of representatives of the F.bifenestratus species group, illustrations of the male genitalia, a color habitus image of each species, and a key to species of the group are provided.


Introduction
Fulvius Stål, 1862 is a morphologically diverse, speciose genus, with more than 80 valid species worldwide; most are found in the tropical and subtropical regions (Gorczyca 2006;Schuh 2002Schuh -2013. This genus is assumed to be paraphyletic and to lack consistent diagnostic characters. A combination of characters presented by previous
Discussion. Each species of the bifenestratus group can be distinguished from other Old World species of Fulvius, members of the anthocoroides group, by several characters. In the bifenestratus group, the dorsum is shiny and covered with irregularly distributed, simple setae 12,29,27,30,37,38), whereas in the anthocoroides group the dorsum is matte, and covered with uniformly distributed, scale-like vestiture . The second tarsomere in species of the bifenestratus group typically is subdivided medially and the pretarsal claw lacks the subapical tooth (Figs 32, 33;Sadowska-Woda et al. 2008). In most representatives of the anthocoroides group the second tarsomere is not subdivided medially and the subapical tooth is present (Figs 45, 46;Sadowska-Woda et al. 2008). The aperture of the pygophore in the bifenestratus group is subapical and oriented laterally, with the dorsal wall relatively short ( Figure 34; Sadowska-Woda et al. 2008), whereas in representatives of the anthocoroides group the aperture of the pygophore is oriented posteriorly and the dorsal wall is long (Figs 47, 48;Sadowska-Woda et al. 2008). The parameres in species of the bifenestratus group are strongly asymmetrical, with the right paramere vestigial and the left paramere quite variable in shape (Figs 14,15,17,18,20,22,23,25). In contrast, members of the anthocoroides group have the parameres similar in size. The shape of both parameres is rather symmetrical, with the right paramere bearing a short and sharply pointed apical process and the apex of the inner surface of the paramere body possessing a short spine, whereas the left paramere is long and thin, with an incision subapically (Carvalho and Lorenzato 1978: figs 56, 57, 68, 69;Gorczyca 2002: figs 1-4;Pluot-Sigwalt and Chérot 2013: 4B, C;Yasunaga 2000: 23, 24, 28, 29;Sadowska-Woda and Gorczyca 2005: 2, 3;Yasunaga and Wolski 2017: 3A, B). The endosoma in the bifenestratus group is always broadly membranous and the sclerotized portion of the seminal duct is short and variable in shape (Figs 16, 19, 21, 24, 26;Sadowska-Woda et al. 2008). In species of the anthocoroides group, by contrast, the endosoma has sclerites or sclerotized appendages, and the sclerotized portion of the seminal duct is well developed, long and tubular (Carvalho and Lorenzato 1978: fig. 55;Pluot-Sigwalt and Chérot 2013: fig. 4A;Yasunaga 2000: 30;Yasunaga and Wolski 2017: fig. 3C;Sadowska-Woda et al. 2008). The membranous structure between the second valvulae is always absent in the bifenestratus group, and always present in species of the anthocoroides group (Sadowska-Woda et al. 2008).
Remarks. Fulvius constanti is most similar to F. flavicornis, F. subnitens, F. thailandicus, and F. tumidipennis in having the eyes contiguous with the pronotal collar; the corium covered with dense setae, a pale patch over the cuneus; and the left paramere with an elongate apical process. It can be distinguished, however, by the absence of pale patches basally on the corium; the clavus with a thin, yellow stripe along its outer margin; and the shape of the male genitalia.
Remarks. Fulvius henryi is most similar to F. bifenestratus and F. bimaculatus in having the corium with short and sparse setae, lacking a pale patch over the cuneus, and in having the apical process of the left paramere short and broadened (Figs 15, 18;Carvalho and Lorenzato 1978: fig. 49). It can be distinguished by lacking a large yellow patch near the base of the corium and the shape of the male genitalia.

Fulvius subnitens
Description. Male. Coloration (Figure 9). Dorsal surface varying from brown to dark brown, with yellow and orange areas. Head. Dark brown; maxillary and mandibular plates sometimes slightly tinged with red; antennal segment I varying from reddish to dark brown; segment II dark brown, weakly tinged with red at basal one third, apical two thirds yellow; segments III and IV dark brownish; IV sometimes slightly yellowish apically; rostrum ranging from dark yellow to dark brown. Thorax. Pronotum. Ranging from brown to dark brown, almost black. Mesoscutum and scutellum. Varying from brown to dark brown. Thoracic pleura. Ranging from brown, sometimes slightly tinged with red to dark brown. Hemelytra. Clavus and corium with yellow patch basally and apically; corium with orange patch apically, contiguous with orange patch on apex of embolium; cuneus ranging from brown to dark brown; membrane brownish, sometimes tinged with gray. Legs. Mostly dull yellowish, often tinged with red; coxae usually paler than remainder of leg, yellow, slightly darkened apically; femora dull yellowish, often tinged with red; tibia and tarsus yellow, rarely darkened. Abdomen. Dark brown, usually tinged with yellow, rarely with red. Structure and vestiture (Figs 9,(35)(36)(37)(38). Dorsal surface covered with dense, relatively long, almost decumbent setae. Head. Posterior margin of vertex with row of long, erect setae, present also on posterior margin of each eye; eyes slightly removed from pronotal collar; antennae covered with dense, semidecumbent setae; rostrum distinctly surpassing half of abdominal length, sometimes reaching apex. Abdomen. Apical portion of abdomen flattened ventrally. Male genitalia (Figs 25,26). Left paramere (Figure 25). Apical process and paramere body forming obtuse angle; paramere body relatively thick, left margin convex in sinistrolateral view, arcuate, right margin weakly sinuate, concave; apical process when viewed sinistrolaterally with basal two thirds cylindrical and apical third weakly tapering toward apex, ventral margin with distinct subapical spine. Aedeagus (Figure 26). Endosoma tumid, membranous, divided into two, large lobes apically, sclerotized portion of ductus seminis inside endosoma relatively long, tapering toward apex.
Etymology. The specific name is taken from the Latin tumidus (thickened) and is used to denote the distinctly thickened endosoma.