Review of the biodiversity and zoogeographical patterns of the weevils ( Coleoptera , Curculionoidea ) in Israel

Th e rich but poorly studied weevil (Curculionoidea) fauna in Israel is briefl y reviewed, highlighting the uniqueness of its high biodiversity and zoogeographical pattern. Th e collection eff orts of about 100 years are briefl y summarized. Ten families of weevils, comprising around 1.000 species, are recorded; the Nemonychidae are recorded for the fi rst time.


Introduction
Th e Curculionoidea, or weevils, comprise the largest group of beetles with 62.000 described species, and the number of undescribed species is probably 3.5 times greater (Oberprieler et al. 2007).Th e weevils are extremely diverse morphologically, defying even the broad diagnoses off ered for them.Common to all weevils is the forepart of their head, which is somewhat prolonged to extremely long, producing the so-called "rostrum", although in some groups the rostrum is almost entirely reduced.In these latter cases, the beetles can still be recognized as weevils by having one gular suture; by the labrum either absent or fused to the head; and by having fi ve tarsomeres, of which the 4 th is strongly reduced and usually not visible.Some weevil families have geniculated antenna, whereas others have straight antenna.Th e 2-3 distal antennomeres are usually enlarged to form a distinct club, but this does not apply to all weevils.Although body pubescence comprised of variously shaped scales is very characteristic of weevils, there are also groups of species that are entirely bare.Most weevils are strict herbivores: the majority are associated with the vegetative or reproductive parts of plants, but certain groups are xylophages, mycetophages or detritophages (feeding on plant remnants).Weevils are distributed worldwide, with the exception of the Antarctic.Many weevil species are known as agricultural and stored-food pests.Weevils are subdivided into several families, the most recent subdivision system being that of Alonso-Zarazaga andLyal (1999, 2002) and Lyal and Alonso-Zarazaga (2006), according to which weevils are subdivided into18 recent and four extinct families (if the Scolytinae are considered a subfamily within the Curculionidae).Fifteen families occur in the Palaearctic region, of these 11 are found in Israel (one is recorded here for the fi rst time).Th e highly specifi c xylophagous Scolytinae (Curculionidae) and Platypodidae have been left out of this study.
Much of the world's weevil fauna still awaits study, although the fauna of the temperate parts of North America and Western Europe is relatively well known.Despite its closeness to Western Europe, the weevil fauna of the Middle East in general and of Israel in particular, has been insuffi ciently studied.Although the entomological research in the Middle East began as early as the time of Linnaeus (by his students Hasselquist and Forsskål), and many species and genera have been described from the area since then, not many attempts at a comprehensive study of the Middle Eastern weevil fauna have been made.Comprehensive faunistic works on weevils have been published to date only for Cyprus (Alziar 2007), Egypt (Alfi eri 1976), Iran (Borumand 1998) and the United Arab Emirates (Magnano et al. 2009); the weevil fauna was partially surveyed for Jordan (Katbeh-Bader 2002), Iraq (Abdul Rassoul 1976, Al-Ali 1977, Derwesh 1965) and Kuwait (Al-Houty 1989, 2004) and large weevil taxa were surveyed for Jordan (Colonnelli 1987, Voss 1964), Saudi Arabia (Caldara 1993, Colonnelli 1984, Wanat 1990) and Yemen (Wanat 1990).No comprehensive works or even preliminary lists have been published recently on the weevil fauna of Bahrain, Lebanon, Syria, Oman and Qatar.Th e status of knowledge of the weevil fauna of Israel is somewhat intermediate, and demands intensive studies, due to the scarce knowledge on the one hand and to its diversity and uniqueness on the other hand.
Th e Israeli fl ora and fauna are extremely diverse relative to the country's small size and to other countries in the temperate zones.Several factors are probably responsible for this phenomenon: Israel is about 500 km long from north to south, and while its northern part has a mainly Mediterranean climate, its southern part is a desert.Consequently, temperatures are generally lower and rainfall is considerably higher in the north than in the south, and between these extremities the climate is highly variable.Although Israel's area covers only 27.799 m 2 , the relief is very complex, and the country supports a great variety of biotopes: Mediterranean maquis and woodlands, deserts and semi-deserts, coastal and inland dunes, gorges and valleys, forest and tragacanth alpine scrublands.Altitudes range from 2.200 m above sea level (Mt.Hermon) to ~400 m below sea level (Dead Sea area).
Israel constitutes a zoogeographical crossroads between Europe, Asia and Africa, and its fauna is composed of elements originating from these continents.Nevertheless, Israel is located in the Palaearctic region, and Palaearctic elements dominate its fauna.Approximately one third of the animal species have a wide Palaearctic distribution (entire Palaearctic, Eurasian or West Palaearctic) (Furth 1975).Th e Mediterranean element is dominant in Israel's fauna, particularly north of Be`er Sheva' and as far east as the western edge of the Rift Valley.Th e southern and eastern parts of Israel are rich in desert (Saharo-Sindian, Saharo-Arabian and Arabian) and steppe (Irano-Turanian) elements.Palaeotropical elements (Afrotropical and Oriental) generally comprise about 10% distributed among various groups of animals (e.g., Bytinski-Salz (1954), Freidberg (1988), Furth (1975), Kugler (1988), Yom-Tov (1988)).
Following is a brief summary of the study of the weevil fauna of Israel.First works on the Israeli weevil fauna were either descriptions of new species (e.g., Desbrochers 1874-1875, 1897, Reiche and Saulcy 1855-1858, Reitter 1889, 1890), part of them in the revisions of large taxa (e.g., Bedel 1874, Petri 1901), or short lists resulting from collecting expeditions (e.g.Baudi 1894).Bodenheimer (1937) listed 219 weevil species in his "Prodromus", producing a very useful, but also partly erroneous and confusing list.Many species names were probably copied by Bodenheimer from Winkler's Catalogue (1924-1932).Th e Apionidae and the genus Sitona (Curculionidae) associated with cultivated legumes were studied by Melamed-Madjar (1966, 1969), who added several species to Bodenheimer's list.Gerling and Kugler (1973) recorded 31 species of weevils as natural enemies of certain noxious weeds.Halperin and Fremuth (2003) published a list of 135 weevil species from Halperin's private collection, which included mainly species reared from their host plants in the 1950-1990s and added ca. 90 species to the Israeli fauna.Pelletier (1999Pelletier ( , 2003Pelletier ( , 2006)), Borovec (2003) and Borovec and Magnano (2004) revised several East Mediterranean genera of Entiminae, and Caldara (2008 a,b) revised the Levantine erirhinid genus Picia and the Palaearctic curculionid genus Gymnetron, respectively, documenting their diversity and adding new species to the Israeli fauna.My own studies of the weevil fauna of Israel began in 1996, and have so far resulted in recently published reviews of three weevil families: Apionidae (Friedman and Freidberg 2007), Rhynchitidae, and Attelabidae (Legalov and Friedman 2007), and records of two invasive species of Curculionidae (Friedman 2006(Friedman , 2009)).

Materials and methods
My studies are based mostly on specimens from the National Collection of Insects, Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Israel (TAU).Th e TAU collection incorporates the results of the collecting eff orts of several generations of Israeli entomologists over nearly 100 years, starting with the pioneers of Israeli entomology, the late I. Aharoni, F. S. Bodenheimer, H. Bytinski-Salz, O. Th eodor and J. Kugler, as well as of those numerous, more recent collectors.Halperin's private collection was also incorporated into TAU.In addition, I have studied the collection of the Plant Protection and Inspection Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Bet Dagan, Israel, and the private collection of Mr. E. Orbach, Qiryat Tiv'on, Israel.Numerous methods of collecting were used, including sweeping, beating, gathering, trapping by light traps and pitfall traps and rearing from host plants.Zoogeographical terminology follows Yom-Tov (1988).

Biodiversity
Currently, about 600 weevil species are deposited at TAU and the number keeps growing.Based on the current rate of new species discovery, I estimate that the actual number of species in Israel will reach about 1.000.Th e families are listed in alphabetical order.
Th e Anthribidae contain predominantly xylophagous and mycetophagous species, mainly tropical, but with many species in the temperate regions.It is represented in Israel by two subfamilies: Anthribinae and Urodontinae.Th e Anthribinae are currently studied by B. Valentine (Ohio, USA) and myself, and we have so far recorded 11 species, most of which are Palaearctic.Th ree species are widely distributed in the Palaearctic Region, two are East Mediterranean, and two are known only from Lebanon and Israel (Upper Galilee).One is a cosmopolitan pest of stored food (Araecerus fasciculatus (DeGeer)).Two species of the Afrotropical genus Cylindroides, which are apparently undescribed, occur in the Rift Valley and in the Central and Southern Negev, and are probably associated with Acacia.Th e Urodontinae remain unstudied; although only two Bruchela species and one Cercomorphus species were recorded by Bodenheimer (1937), about 11 species of these genera are deposited at TAU.
Th e Apionidae comprise about 2.000 described species and about the same number of undescribed species worldwide, with 500-550 species in the Palaearctic region (Wanat 2001).Th e Israeli fauna is clearly Palaearctic.Friedman and Freidberg (2007) recorded 30 genera with 75 species in Israel, of which one genus and fi ve species were described as new.Twenty-fi ve genera have a wide Palaearctic distribution, three genera are circum-Mediterranean, one is Saharo-Sindian, and one is East Mediterranean.Forty species are more or less widely distributed over the western part of the Palaearctic region or in Europe and the Mediterranean region, one species is circum-Mediterranean, and 15 species are restricted to the East Mediterranean.Nine species are Levantine endemics (although seven of them are known only from Israel, there is no doubt that they also occur in neighboring countries).Six species are Saharo-Sindian.No Irano-Turanian or Afrotropical elements are known, however Necatapion bruleriei (Desbrochers), which is distributed across the East Mediterranean and is not related to any of the Palaearctic apionid groups, may represent a link to the Afrotropical fauna.Th ree species were not identifi ed to species rank.I estimate that the number of apionids in Israel will eventually reach 80-90 species, as more species are likely to be found.One species of Perapion collected in the Upper Galilee was overlooked during the survey and apparently represents a new species.One, probably alien, species was found in stored fruit originating from Israel (B.Korotyaev, pers.com.), and several of the species recorded from Jordan (Voss 1964, K. Schön, pers. com.) are likely to be found there.
Th e Attelabidae is a predominantly tropical family of leaf-rolling weevils (about 1.000 species), which is scarcely represented in the western part of the Palaearctic region by eight species (Legalov 2003).Its only representative that was recorded from Israel is Attelabus nitens (Scopoli) (Legalov and Friedman 2007).Th is species is associated with various species of oaks (in Israel predominantly with Quercus boissieri Reuter), and is widely distributed in the West Palaearctic region.It occurs only in the northernmost part of Israel, predominantly at high altitudes (Mt.Hermon, Mt.Meron, northern part of the Golan Heights), which apparently constitute the southern border of its distribution.
Th e Brachyceridae is represented in the Palaearctic region by the single genus Brachy cerus.Brachycerus comprises nine species in Israel, of which two are apparently new to science and the rest are restricted to the Levant or to the East Mediterranean (Fig. 1A).Th is genus comprises about 500 species that are restricted to the Old World; about 250 species are found only in South Africa (mainly in the Cape Province), while the remainder inhabit other parts of the African continent, with less diversity towards the north (Haaf 1957a(Haaf , b, 1958)).About 50 closely related species occur in the Mediterranean, with some extensions into southern and eastern Europe and Central Asia (Arzanov 2005, Zumpt 1937a,b).It is unknown whether the Mediterranean fauna of Brachycerus represents a relict of the ancient epoch, or an invasion from the African continent into Eurasia.If the latter is correct, then Israel is on the route of such invasion, which can explain the relative species richness of Brachycerus in the Israeli fauna.A review of the Brachycerus species of Israel is currently in preparation by A. Sagiv and myself.
Th e Brentidae are predominantly tropical, with 1.754 species occurring south of 30° latitude, and only 42 species north of it (Sforzi and Bartolozzi 2004).Although only two species were recorded by Bodenheimer (1937) from Israel, the Brentidae fauna of Israel is probably the richest among the West Palaearctic countries.It comprises about 5-6 Mediterranean, Saharo-Sindian and Palaeotropical species, which predominantly belong to Afrotropical and Oriental genera.A review of the Brentidae of Israel is currently in preparation (E.Orbach, pers. com.).
Th e Curculionidae constitute the largest weevil family, of which at least 50,000 species have been described to date, and many still await description.Probably 500-600 species occur in Israel, of which ca. 450 are deposited at TAU.Following is a review of the 14 subfamilies of Curculionidae that are currently known from Israel, of which only some have been studied satisfactorily, and therefore data pertaining to them are summarized here generally.
Subfamily Bagoinae: includes at least fi ve species of the genus Bagous, all of which are associated with aquatic biotopes (material partly studied by B. Korotyaev, ZIN, St. Petersburg, Russia).
Subfamily Baridinae: includes 22 species, of which two are new to science, both endemic to Mt. Hermon.Th ree species are East Mediterranean, one -circum-Medi- Subfamily Ceutorhynchinae: is recorded from Israel by 42 species (Colonnelli 2004), whereas it comprises above 60 species overall, nearly half of which in the widely distributed, nearly cosmopolitan genus Ceutorhynchus.Th e Israeli Ceutorhynchinae fauna is represented by local endemic and Saharo-Sindian species, and by species widely distributed in the Western Palaearctic, although East Mediterranean elements are prevalent (30-40%).Part of the material at TAU has been studied by B. Korotyaev, but the work is still incomplete.
Subfamily Conoderinae: is represented in Israel by Coryssomerus capucinus Beck, which is widely distributed in the Palaearctic Region, and particularly in the Mediterranean area, as well as by the Afrotropical Sphadasmus maculatus Hustache, which is associated with Acacia in the 'Arava Valley.
Subfamily Cossoninae: includes eight species in seven genera, of which six were recorded by Halperin and Fremuth (2003).One species is West Palaearctic, three are Mediterranean, and three are cosmopolitan (two stored-food pests and the coastdwelling Pselactus spadix (Herbst), which is associated with timbers fl oating in marine water).One species which is known from a single specimen is still undetermined; it was collected in the Jordan Valley and is currently under study by N. Maughan (Aix en Provence, France).
Subfamily Cryptorhynchinae: comprises eight species in six genera.Four species are endemic to Israel (but apparently have a wider distribution in the Levant), with one species new to science.One is Mediterranean, and two are East Mediterranean.Camptorrhinus erectisquamis Marshall (Fig. 1E), which is found in the 'Arava Valley and is associated with Acacia, constitutes an Afrotropical element.It occurs along the Rift Valley from Israel in the north to Zambia in the south.Th e relevant TAU collection was identifi ed by P. Stüben and F. Bahr (Curculio-Institut, Mönchengladbach, Germany).
Subfamily Curculioninae: is the largest and the least studied group of Curculionidae in Israel.Although recorded from Israel by 30-60 species (Bodenheimer 1937, Halperin andFremuth 2003), it apparently includes more than 130 species in 20-30 genera, of which Sibinia and Tychius are probably the most species rich, with about 20 species each.Th e East-Mediterranean species dominate among the Palaearctic elements (within the genera Anthonomus, Curculio, Cionus, Mecinus, Rhinusa, Sibinia, Smicronyx, Tychius etc.).Saharo-Sindian elements have a considerable representation (particularly in the genera Geranorhinus, Sharpia, Sibinia), whereas the widely-distributed Palaearctic species are restricted predominantly to high altitudes (e.g.Cionus scrophulariae (Linnaeus) on Mt.Hermon and the Golan Heights).Th e Afrotropical element is represented by species that are associated with Afrotropical vegetation (e.g.Acacia, Ziziphus) and found in the Negev and the Rift Valley (e.g.Bradybibastes discoidalis (Tournier), Sphincticraerus spp., Rhamphus kiesenwetteri Tournier).Derelomus pifriformis Hoff mann, previously a Canary Islands endemic, invaded the Mediterra-nean area at the beginning of the twentieth century and in recent years has been found as far east as Israel (Friedman 2006).
Subfamily Cyclominae: only two species were recorded in Israel (Bodenheimer 1937).Although this subfamily is represented by three species of Borborocoetes and two species of Gronops, all are undetermined and therefore their zoogeographical affi nities are unclear; and an invasive Neotropical species, Listroderes costirostris Schoenherr (Friedman 2009).
Subfamily Entiminae: previously recorded by Halperin and Fremuth (2003) and by Bodenheimer (1937) as containing 18 and 37 species, respectively.However, this subfamily is represented at TAU by at least 78 species in 27 genera, with about a dozen species and at least two genera that are new to science.Th is group seems to exhibit the highest rate of endemism within the Curculionidae: 31 species Subfamily Hyperinae: previously recorded by Halperin and Fremuth (2003) and by Bodenheimer (1937) as having 7 or 19 species in Israel, respectively.However, this subfamily comprises at TAU ca. 30 species in Israel, including several agricultural pests.About one third of these species are Saharo-Sindian and the rest are Mediterranean or West Palaearctic.Th e Hyperinae at TAU are currently being studied by H. Winkelmann (Berlin, Germany).
Subfamily Lixinae: previously recorded by Halperin and Fremuth (2003) and by Bodenheimer (1937) as having 22 and 59 Israeli species, respectively.However, this subfamily probably contains more than 100 species in Israel, based on an ongoing study by F. Talamelli (San Giovanni in Marignano, Italy) and myself.While the Cleonini and Larinini have been studied to some extent, the Lixini remain completely unstudied.Most of the species in this genus are Palaearctic, with at least one third being Saharo-Sindian, and several Afrotropical species.
Subfamily Mesoptiliinae: is represented at TAU by a single specimen of an undetermined Magdalis species which was collected on Mt.Hermon, at 1.600 m.Th e Palaearctic Magdalis linearis (Gyllenhal) was recorded in Israel by Klein and Chen (1983) as an invasive pest of Pinus, but no specimens or damage have been reported since.
Subfamily Molytinae: was previously recorded by Osella (1985) to have a single species in Israel, but fi ve more species are deposited in the TAU collection, three of which are Palaearctic elements.For the widely-distributed Palaearctic Myniops carinatus (Linnaeus) Israel (Upper Galilee) is the southernmost record.Two species are East Mediterranean: Pseudanchonidium galilaeum Osella from the Upper Galilee (Osella 1985) and Liparus (Trysibius) sp., represented by a single specimen from Mt. Hermon, 1.600 m above sea level.Afrotropical elements included in this subfamily are Aorus anthracinus Brancsik, which used to occur in the Hula Valley, but became extinct after drainage of the Hula Lake in the 1950s, and Paramecops sinaitus Pic that is found in the Central and Southern Negev.One ground-dwelling species occurring in the Central Negev remains undetermined to genus level, and its zoogeographical status is unclear.
Subfamily Ocladiinae: is represented in Israel by a single species Ocladius paucisquamis Meregalli and Colonnelli (Fig. 1B), which is found in the southern part of Israel (Negev and 'Arava Valley).Th e genus Ocladius Schoenherr is widely distributed in xeric habitats of the Afrotropical region, the Mediterranean basin and Central Asia (Meregalli and Colonnelli 2006).
Th e Dryophthoridae include mostly tropical species that are associated with monocots.In Israel, this family is represented by seven species, two of which are wellknown stored-food pests (the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (Linnaeus), and the corn weevil, S. zeamais Motschulsky) of cosmopolitan distribution and unknown origin.Two species are invasive pests (the circum-Tropical red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier), and the Neotropical Sphenophorus sp.).Another species, Sphenophorus parumpunctatus (Gyllenhal), is circum-Mediterranean. Th e granary weevil, Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus), which was common in Israel in the past, disappeared from the country around the 9 th century CE (Kislev and Simchoni 2007).It has repeatedly been introduced from Europe in imported goods in recent times, but is probably unable to complete its life cycle (Rivnay 1962).An unidentifi ed species of Sitophilus, which is similar to but signifi cantly larger than S. granarius, was collected recently in the Upper Galilee, in rotting foliage of the Mediterranean maquis.It is noteworthy that the nearly cosmopolitan xylophagous genus Dryophthorus, which is found both in the tropics and in temperate regions and is distributed widely in the Palaearctic Region, is completely absent from Israel.
Th e Erirhinidae were previously recorded from Israel only for the widespread Palaearctic genus Procas, by the Levantine subspecies P. picipes levantinus Th ompson (Bodenheimer 1937, Th ompson 2006).So far, it is known from a single specimen that was collected on a light trap in the Judean Foothils (Ben Shemen Forest) (Bodenheimer 1932).Th e TAU collection includes fi ve additional erirhinid species.Th ree of these species are rare desert weevils: Trichocaulus longipilis Fairmaire (Fig. 1D), known previously only from Algeria and Tunisia, Arthrostenus fullo Boheman, and Th eanellus sp.Th e latter two species apparently represent an Irano-Turanian element.Two species are associated with aquatic habitats: the Levantine endemic Picia syriaca (Reitter) and Icaris sparganii (Gyllenhal), distributed widely throughout both Palaearctic and Afrotropic regions.
Th e Nanophyidae probably constitute one of the least studied weevil families worldwide.Th e body length of the Palaearctic Nanophyidae usually does not exceed 1.5-2 mm, and therefore they are seldom collected and their small size and high morphological diversity hamper taxonomic study.Th e Nanophyidae probably comprise about 200 species, predominantly in the Old World tropics and the Palearctic region.Nine species were recorded from Israel (Bodenheimer 1937, Giordani-Soika 1937, Halperin and Fremuth 2003).I am currently working on the Israeli fauna and estimate their number at 15 species, with two undescribed species.Th e Nemonychidae is considered a primitive family of predominantly pollenophagous weevils, occurring in the Holarctic region, Australia, New Zealand and South America.To date, only Nemonyx lepturoides (Fabricius) has been recorded from the Middle East (Lebanon) (Kuschel 1993).Two specimens recently obtained extend the distribution of this family in the Middle East further south.Th e fi rst was collected in Israel and probably represents a new species of Cimberis.Th e second was collected in Jordan and although it resembles the Algerian Nemonyx semirufus Pic, it is apparently a new species which probably occurs also in Israel.
Th e Rhynchitidae include about 1.100 species.Th ey are species-rich in the tropics, especially in the Palaeotropic Region, and are represented in the western part of the Palaearctic Region by 60-70 species in 26 genera (Legalov 2003).In Israel, the Rhynchitidae are represented only by West-Palaearctic genera, with 14 species, of which fi ve are East Mediterranean and two are local endemics.Th ese were recently described from Israel, although at least one of them also occurs in Syria (J.Pelletier, pers. com.), whereas the rest have a more or less wide distribution in the Palaearctic region.Four of the 14 species occur only on Mt.Hermon, three of them only above 1.600 m (Fig. 1C).Th e rest are found mostly in northern Israel that features a Mediterranean climate, and predominantly at high altitudes (Mt.Hermon, Golan Heights, Upper Galilee and Carmel Ridge).Only three species occur as low as the northern Coastal Plain, and as far south as Samaria and the Judean Hills.For all these species Israel is apparently the southernmost limit of their distribution (Legalov and Friedman 2007).

Zoogeography
Although research into the taxonomy and zoogeography of the weevils of Israel is still very much in its infancy, some general conclusions can already be drawn (Table 1).Israel's weevil fauna is predominantly of Palaearctic origin; most genera have a wide Palaearctic distribution, although at least one third of the species are restricted to the Middle East.Endemism rates are high, particularly in fl ightless groups (e. g.Brachyceridae, Entiminae).Th e Saharo-Sindian (desert) elements in most groups constitute no more than 10-20%, which is apparently a collection bias caused by insuffi cient collecting in the desert regions of Israel.Experience over recent years has shown that many species still remain to be collected.Many desert elements are associated with coastal dunes and the sands of the Northern Negev and the 'Arava Valley.
Th e Irano-Turanian (steppe) elements are weakly represented in the weevil fauna of Israel, probably because there are no real steppes in Israel, but rather semi-deserts with a considerable steppe element.It is most likely that the percentage of Irano-Turanian elements will "increase" following more detailed studies.
Th e Palaeotropical element is represented by at least 20 species, mostly of Afrotropical origin, but belonging to widespread Palaeotropical genera.Th ese are primarily found in the Rift Valley, and many are associated with Afrotropical vegetation (e.g.Acacia, Ziziphus).To date, no distinct Oriental elements have been reported for the Israeli weevil fauna.
Israel's weevil fauna includes approximately fi ve species of Holarctic distribution and four cosmopolitan species (three of which are stored-food pests).Nine invasive species have been found in Israel so far: three of them Neotropical (Naupactus cervinus Boheman, Listroderes costirostris Schoenherr and Sphenophorus sp.); four Afrotropical (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier), Pseudomimus avocado Folwaczny, the almost cosmopolitan Araecerus fasciculatus (DeGeer), and an undetermined apionid); the cosmopolitan Caulophilus oryzae (Gyllenhal); and Derelomus piriformis Hoff mann, previously endemic to the Canary Islands and now widespread in the Mediterranean.
For many species of weevils, Israel is the border of their distribution.It is the southern border for the temperate Palaearctic species, many of which occur only at high altitudes on Mt.Hermon and the adjacent northern part of the Golan Heights, the Upper Galilee (particularly Mt.Meron), the Carmel Ridge and the western slopes of the Judean Hills.At the same time Israel constitutes a northern border for the Saharo-Sindian and Afrotropical species, particularly in the Negev Desert, the Dead Sea area and the 'Arava Valley.
(~40%) are endemic to the East Mediterranean, 17 (~22%) are endemic to Israel (or to the Levant), six species are Saharo-Sindian, 14 are Mediterranean, and eight have a fairly wide Palaearctic distribution.Eight genera are restricted to the East Mediterranean, and one is known so far only from Israel.Although several genera have a wider distribution in the Mediterranean or the Palaearctic regions, they are still mainly found in the East Mediterranean (e.g.Strophomorphus).Th e widely distributed Palaearctic genus, Otiorhynchus, comprises dozens of species in any West Palaearctic country.Th is genus is represented in Israel by only fi ve species, two of which are restricted to Mt. Hermon and the Golan Heights and the rest to the other high-altitude regions of the Mediterranean zone.Th ree genera are Saharo-Sindian elements.Th e Palaeotropic genus Myllocerus is represented by an undetermined desert species.Th e Entiminae of Israel are currently studied by R. Borovec (Sloupno, Czech Republic), J. Pelletier (Monnaie, France), A. Velazques de Castro (Valencia, Spain) and myself.
Th e Palaearctic Nanophyidae are divided into two distinct subfamilies: the Corimaliinae and Nanophyinae.Th e Corimaliinae are associated with Tamaricaceae and are of Saharo-Sindian origin.In Israel they are represented by eight species, all from Tamarix.Th e Nanophyinae are associated with Lythraceae, Crassulaceae and Ericaceae, and in Israel include seven East Mediterranean or Levantine species, six of which are associated with Lythrum salicaria L. (Lythraceae).

Table 1 .
Zoogeographical affi nities within the weevil fauna of Israel, expressed as percentages out of the total number of species in each group.Note: the less studied groups (Anthribidae (Urodntinae), Brentidae and 11 subfamilies of Curculionidae) were not included in the analysis).