Nymphs of some Nearctic leafhoppers ( Homoptera , Cicadellidae ) with description of a new tribe

Last (fi fth) instar nymphs of several Nearctic leafhoppers (Cicadellidae) are described in detail for the fi rst time. Th e nymphs represent subfamilies Neocoelidiinae and Deltocephalinae, and deltocephaline tribes Acinopterini, Cochlorhinini, and Athysanini. Th e tribe Pendarini, apparently endemic to the New World, is described as new, with the genus Pendarus as its type. Besides the type genus, the genera Dorydiella and Paraphlepsius are included in the new tribe. A preliminary key for nymphs of the Nearctic tribes of Deltocephalinae is provided.


Introduction
Nymphs of many Nearctic leafhopper species were previously described and illustrated by Osborn and Ball (1898d, 1898e, 1898f ), Osborn (1915Osborn ( , 1928Osborn ( , 1932)), DeLong (1916DeLong ( , 1948)), and Oman (1949), but these authors provided only very brief descriptions or illustrations, which are not useful for detailed comparison of the representatives of diff erent groups.Moreover, nymphs of Nearctic leafhoppers have never been used for the description of higher level taxa or for identifi cation keys.Th is paper emphasizes the nymphal characters important for distinguishing higher level taxa based on their nymphs.It continues a series of publications on leafhopper nymphs (Dmitriev 2001(Dmitriev , 2002c(Dmitriev , 2002d(Dmitriev , 2003(Dmitriev , 2004a(Dmitriev , 2004b(Dmitriev , 2006;;Dietrich and Dmitriev 2003).Th e included key is only preliminary and intended to encourage additional research on nymphs of Nearctic leafhoppers and their morphology.

Methods
Th e nymphs were identifi ed by repeated associations with their adults.Dried and pinned specimens were studied under an Olympus SZX12 microscope with SZX-DA drawing tube attachment.Detailed study was based on examination of specimens cleared in 5% KOH.Th e key is based only on characters found to be stable across wider taxon sampling, as refl ected in the key but whose complete description is beyond the scope of the present study.

Family Cicadellidae
Subfamily Neocoelidiinae Oman, 1949 Description.Nymphs medium sized or large.Body moderately slender.Crown longer than pronotum, as long as wide or longer, elevated above eyes, with angulate anterior margin.Crown-face transition carinate, acrometope distinct; eumetope not reaching dorsum of head.Ocelli at anterior margin of head, close to eyes.Face longer than wide; anteclypeus with slightly convex lateral margins; lorum narrower than anteclypeus, about 1/4 of its inner margin bordered by postclypeus; maxillary plate slightly expanding towards apex; postclypeus longer than wide; lateral margins of gena slightly S-shaped.Antennae long, extending significantly beyond apices of wing pads, attached close to anterior margin of eyes.Pronotum with weak lateral carina.Forewing pads 1.3-1.5 times as long as pterothorax medially.Fore tibia without dorsal rows of macrochaetae, with only two apical setae.Middle tibia with 3 macrochaetae in dorsal rows and 4-6 macrochaetae in ventral rows.Setal formula of hind femur 2+2+1; hind tibia with 8-9 macrochaetae in dorsal rows and intercalary setae among them: 1-3 intercalary setae in anterodorsal row, 1 intercalary seta in posterodorsal row; setae in posteroventral row and intercalary setae in dorsal rows usually very long.First hind tarsomere with pecten of platellae at apex.Abdomen with long macrochaeta at posterolateral corners of each tergite, pygofer with numerous macrochaetae, sometimes macrochaetae slightly flattened.Pygofer with long apical processes usually widely spaced.Male gonapophyses shorter than pygofer, triangular, longer than wide, with narrowly rounded apices.Usually yellow or pale green, often with reddish or brownish color pattern.

Genus Neocoelidia Gillette & Baker, 1895
Description.Body moderately slender.Crown 1.8 times as long as pronotum, two times as long medially as next to eyes, about as long as wide, its anterior margin angulate rounded, posterior margin slightly concave.Crown-face transition carinate.Face slightly longer than wide; anteclypeus with slightly convex lateral margins, 1.1 times as long as wide; lorum 1/2 times as wide as anteclypeus, 1/4 of its inner margin bordered by postclypeus; maxillary plate slightly expanding towards apex; postclypeus longer than wide.Antennae long, extending signifi cantly beyond apices of wing pads.Pronotum 3.3 times as wide as long, with weak lateral carina.Forewing pads 1.3 times as long as pterothorax medially.Setal formula of hind femur 2+2+1; hind tibia with 8 macrochaetae in dorsal rows and shorter intercalary setae among them: 1-3 intercalary setae in anterodorsal row, 1 intercalary seta in posterodorsal row.Apex of fi rst hind tarsomere with pecten of 5 platellae and single regular seta.Abdomen with long macrochaeta at posterolateral corners of each tergite, pygofer with numerous macrochaetae.Pygofer with long apical slightly spaced processes.Male gonapophyses triangular, 1.5 times as long as wide, with narrowly rounded apices.
Notes.N. tumidifrons Gillette & Baker, was previously illustrated by Osborn (1928), DeLong (1948), and Oman (1949).Nymphs of Retrolidia sp. and several unidentifi ed Neotropical species of Neocoelidiinae were also studied; their characters are incorporated in the tribal description.

Subfamily Deltocephalinae Dallas, 1870
Tribe Acinopterini Oman, 1949 Genus Acinopterus Van Duzee, 1892 Description.Body moderately robust.Vertex about as long as pronotum, slightly wider than long; medially about 1.5 times as long as next to eye; anterior margin rounded, posterior margin almost straight.Crown-face transition narrowly rounded; acrometope distinct, with remnants of original anterior carina on dorsum of head.Face slightly wider than long; anteclypeus expanding towards apex with contraction at base, about two times as long as wide; lorum about as wide as anteclypeus; postclypeus slightly longer than wide; antenna short, reaching apex of anteclypeus.Pronotum 3.5 times as wide as long, with weak lateral carina.Forewing pads 1.5 times as long as pterothorax medially.Fore tibia with 4 macrochaetae in dorsal rows and numerous setae in ventral rows.Middle tibia with 4 macrochaetae in dorsal rows and 5 macrochaetae in ventral rows.Setal formula of hind femur 2+2+1; hind tibia with 8-9 macrochaetae in dorsal rows; anterodorsal row with 2-4 intercalary setae among macrochaetae; posterodorsal row with 1-2 intercalary setae; apex of hind tibia with pecten of 7 macrochaetae.First hind tarsomere with pecten of 5 platellae at apex.Abdominal tergites with 6-8 macrochaetae at posterior margins, often with additional shorter macrochaetae at anterior corners.Pygofer about 2 times as long as preceding abdominal tergites.Male gonapophyses triangular, slightly longer than wide, with pointed apices.

Tribe Athysanini Van Duzee, 1892
Notes.Athysanini is the largest, world wide distributed tribe of Deltocephalinae.Th e tribe is presently defi ned based only on the absence of the distinctive features that defi ne other deltocephaline tribes.Th e genera included in the tribe are so morphologically diverse that it is not possible to separate this assemblage in a single couplet in a key (see the key below).Th ere were few attempts to split Palaearctic genera of Athysanini in up to fi ve subtribes or tribes, namely Athysanina, Platymetopiina, Cicadulina, Alligidiina, and Limotettigini, based on adult (Emeljanov 2009) and nymphal morphology (Dmitriev 2002d(Dmitriev , 2006)).Similar research should be done for Nearctic region and other parts of the world.

Genus Texananus Ball, 1918
Description.Body robust.Crown slightly longer than pronotum, slightly wider than long, medially 1.5 times as long as next to eyes.Crown-face transition narrowly rounded, remnants of anterior carina slightly shifted to dorsum of head.Face about as long as wide; anteclypeus 1.7 times longer than wide, signifi cantly expanding towards apex, with constriction at base; lorum about as wide as anteclypeus, 2/5 of its inner margin bordered by postclypeus; postclypeus longer than wide; antennae of medium length, reaching apices of forewing pads; maxillary plate with sensory pit close to lorum.Pronotum 3.2 times as wide as long.Forewing pads 1.5 times as long as pterothorax medially.Hind femur setal formula 2+2+1.Hind tibia with 9 macrochaetae in dorsal rows.Male gonapophyses triangular, longer than wide, with narrowly rounded apices.
Description.Coloration brownish, color pattern consists of numerous confl uent dark brown specks.Crown with pale sutures and pale posterior margin.Pronotum with pale posterior margin; metanotum with two dark spots at posterior margin; hind wing pad apices pale.Abdomen with pale setal areolae; middle part of tergites and sides of tergites V and VI pale.Femora with dark rings, tibiae with longitudinal stripes, setal areolae dark.Body length 4.3 mm; head width 1.6 mm.
Notes.Nymphs of Texananus are morphologically similar to nymphs of Phlepsius and may be transferred to the subtribe Platymetopiina.

Genus Chlorotettix Van Duzee, 1892
Description.Body slender.Crown about as long as pronotum, 2 times as wide as long, medially 1.5 times as long as next to eye; anterior margin broadly rounded, posterior margin concave.Crown-face transition narrowly rounded.Face wider than long; anteclypeus expanded towards apex, with constriction at base; about 2 times as long as wide.Lorum about as wide as anteclypeus, 2/5 of its inner margin bordered by postclypeus.Postclypeus 1.5 times longer than wide.Lateral margin of gena almost straight.Antenna long, almost reaching forewing apex.Pronotum 3 times as wide as long, without lateral carina.Forewing pads 1.6 times as long as pterothorax medially.Fore tibia with 4 macrochaetae in dorsal rows.Middle tibia with 5 macrochaetae in each longitudinal row.Setal formula of hind femur 2+2+1.Hind tibia with 9 macrochaetae in dorsal rows and shorter intercalary setae among them: 2-4 in anterodorsal row and 1 in posterodorsal row; apex of tibia with pecten of 7 macrochaetae.First hind tarsomere with pecten of 5 platellae and one regular macrochaeta at apex.Abdomen with 4 longitudinal rows of macrochaetae; tergites VII and VIII with 6 macrochaetae; macrochaetae about as long as half length of tergites.Pygofer more than 2 times as long as preceding abdominal tergites.Male gonapophyses longer than wide with narrowly rounded apices.
Notes.An unidentifi ed nymph of Chlorotettix from Argentina has two brown broad longitudinal stripes with washed out lateral margins; macrochaetae on abdomen and legs dark, with dark setal areolae.Th e nymph of Ch. meriscus Cwikla was illustrated by Cwikla (1988).Th e tribal placement of the genus Chlorotettix requires further investigation.Th e nymphs of this genus have a long pygofer, which is not characteristic for the tribe Athysanini.Chlorotettix shares some characters with the new tribe Pendarini (long pygofer), although the former has the crown-face transition rounded, longer abdominal macrochaetae and diff erent color pattern.

Genus Scaphoideus Uhler, 1889
Description.Body slender.Crown 1.5 times as long as pronotum, 1.3 times longer than wide, medially almost 2 times as long as next to eye; its anterior margin acuteangled, posterior margin straight.Crown-face transition carinate; acrometope distinct, with remnants of the original anterior carina on dorsum of head.Face about as long as wide; anteclypeus expanded towards apex; 1.7 times as long as wide; lorum as wide as anteclypeus, 2/5 of its inner margin bordered by postclypeus; postclypeus about 2 times as long as wide.Gena evenly convex, slightly incised below eye.Antennae long, extending beyond apices of wing pads.Pronotum 3 times as wide as long, without lateral carina.Forewing pads 1.4 times as long as pterothorax medially.Fore tibia with 4 macrochaetae in dorsal rows and numerous setae in ventral rows.Middle tibia with 4 macrochaetae in all longitudinal rows.Setal formula of hind femur 2+2+1; hind tibia with 8 macrochaetae in dorsal rows and shorter intercalary setae among them: 4-5 in anterodorsal row and 1 in posterodorsal row.Abdomen with 4 longitudinal rows of macrochaetae; tergites VII and VIII with 6 macrochaetae; macrochaetae longer than length of tergites.Pygofer about 2 times as long as preceding tergites.Male gonapophyses triangular, almost 2 times longer than wide, with pointed apices.Osborn, 1900 (Fig. 2A) Material.USA, 2 ♂, Illinois, Vermilion Co., 1.7mi S Muncie, 40°05'27" N, 87°50'11" W, 20 VI 2001 (Dietrich).

Scaphoideus cinerosus
Description.Coloration pale brownish with brown color pattern.Crown pale with dark median longitudinal stripe divided into two parts by pale median line and broken by pale ecdysial line; with small spots laterally in front of eyes.Notum and abdomen with two stripes with ragged inner edges, these stripes fused together on abdominal tergite VII and at posterior margin of tergite VIII; lateral margins of abdominal tergites pale; tergites III-VI with large pale patch medially; setal areolae pale.Pronotum, mesonotum, and abdomen with narrow median stripe divided medially by pale median line.Pygofer with two large black spots laterally.Venter pale; apex of fi rst hind tarsomere darkened.Body length 3.2-3.3mm; head width 0.9 mm.
Notes.Nymphs of Scaphoideus titanus Ball, S. immistus (Say), and S. major Osborn were illustrated by Barnett (1977), and the nymph of S. luteolus Van Duzee was illustrated by Oman (1949).Oman (1943) placed Scaphoideus and several related genera in the tribe Scaphoideini, but never validated this tribe providing a formal description.Th e group is considered nomen nudum (see Zahniser and Dietrich in press for details).Th e nymphs of Scaphoideini are very similar to the nymphs of Platymetopiina (Athysanini), another poorly defi ned group recognized by some researchers (see Emeljanov 1999;Dmitriev 2006), but usually treated as a synonym of Athysanini (Zahniser and Dietrich in press).Th ey have similar body proportions, chaetotaxy, and color pattern.Th e only diff erence found so far is longer macrochaetae in the posterodorsal row of the hind tibia; these are usually much longer than macrochaetae in the anterodorsal row.Further investigation is needed to evaluate the status of Scaphoideini.

Tribe Cochlorhinini Oman, 1949
Description.Body slender.Head long; crown 2-3 times as long as pronotum, longer than wide, apex narrowly rounded, posterior margin slightly concave.Crown-face transition carinate; acrometope distinct.Face as long as wide or longer; anteclypeus parallel sided, 1.5-1.7 times as long as wide; lorum about as wide as anteclypeus, 1/2 of its inner margin bordered by postclypeus; postclypeus elongated, sometimes with faint median longitudinal carina in dorsal half.Gena with single hair like seta, its lateral margin slightly S-curved or straight.Antenna short, slightly extended beyond anteclypeus apex.Pronotum 3-3.5 times as wide as long, with lateral carina.Forewing pads 1.5 times as long as pterothorax medially.Fore tibia with 4 longitudinal rows of macrochaetae: anteroventral row with numerous setae, increasing in size towards apex of tibia; anterodorsal, posterodorsal, and posteroventral rows with 4-5 macrochaetae each.Middle tibia with 4-5 macrochaetae in dorsal rows and 5-6 macrochaetae in ventral rows.Setal formula of hind femur 2+2+1.Hind tibia with 7-9 macrochaetae in dorsal rows, and 1-3 intercalary setae among them, with pecten of setae at apex (setae II-IV are platellae, other setae regular).First hind tarsomere with platellae in anteroventral row and in distal pecten; one platella on the border between second and third tarsomere.Entire body covered with short setae.Pygofer 1.5-2 times as long as preceding tergites.Male gonapophyses triangular, about as long as wide, with narrowly rounded apices.Coloration yellowish, usually with two longitudinal stripes.

Genus Cochlorhinus Uhler, 1876
Description.Body slender.Crown 2 times as long as pronotum, slightly longer than wide.Face about as long as wide; anteclypeus parallel sided, 1.7 times as long as wide; lorum about as wide as anteclypeus; postclypeus ~1.8 times as long as wide; lateral margin of gena slightly S-shaped.Pronotum 3.5 times as wide as long, with lateral carina.Forewing pads 1.5 as long as pterothorax medially.Hind tibiae with 7 macrochaetae in dorsal rows and 2-3 shorter intercalary setae between macrochaetae.Entire body covered with short setae; setae slightly enlarged at hind margin of tergite VIII and on pygofer.Male gonapophyses triangular, about as long as wide, apices narrowly rounded.
Cochlorhinus pluto Uhler, 1876 (Fig. 2B, C)  (Zahniser).Description.Coloration dirty yellow with brownish color pattern.Crown with pair of small oval spots at posterior margin.Notum and abdomen with two broad longitudinal stripes, which brighter on abdomen; pale median stripe about as wide as dark stripes; lateral margins of tergites pale.Venter pale, laterotergites slightly darkened.Face pale with dark brown color pattern; two stripes pass from top of face to antennal pits, stripes broken with pale epistomal suture; small spots above antennal pits.Antenna with dark ring on pedicel.Proepimeron with dark longitudinal stripe.Body length 4.1-4.9mm; head width 1.3-1.4mm.

Genus Huleria Ball, 1902
Description.Body slender.Head strongly elongated; crown almost 3 times as long as pronotum, 1.8 times as long as wide.Face longer than wide, with faint median longi-tudinal carina in dorsal half; anteclypeus 1.5 times as long as wide, its lateral margins slightly convex; lorum about as wide as anteclypeus; postclypeus strongly elongated; lateral margin of gena almost straight.Pronotum 3 times as wide as long, with weak lateral carina.Forewing pads 1.5 times as long as pterothorax medially.Hind tibia with 8-9 macrochaetae in dorsal rows and 1-3 shorter intercalary setae among them.Abdomen without macrochaetae.Pygofer 2 times as long as preceding tergites, with short setae along ventral margin.
Description.Coloration straw yellow, with two dark brown narrow lateral stripes on notum and abdomen.Face with narrow longitudinal brown stripes from tip of face to eyes and continued below eyes on genae.Proepimeron with dark longitudinal stripe.Sternites pale, ventral laterotergites brownish.Body length 7.9-8.4mm; head width 1.5-1.6 mm.

Tribe Pendarini trib. n.
Type genus.Pendarus Ball, 1897 Included genera.Type genus, Dorydiella Baker, Paraphlepsius Baker.Description.Nymphs.Body medium sized or large, robust, rarely slender.Crown as long as pronotum or longer; transition to face carinate; acrometope distinct, its anterior margin tracing anterior carina.Face often with distinct longitudinal carina in upper part; anteclypeus 1.5-1.7 times as long as wide, weakly expanding towards apex; lorum about as wide as anteclypeus; 2/5 of its inner margin bordered by postclypeus; postclypeus elongated; gena with evenly convex lateral margin, with incision below eye; maxillary sensorial pits positioned close to lorum, near middle level of its lateral margin.Antenna short, not reaching apex of anteclypeus.Pronotum 2.5-3 times as wide as long, its lateral margin short, with well developed lateral carina.Forewing pads 1.5 times as long as pterothorax medially.Fore and middle tibiae with 4-7 macrochaetae in dorsal rows.Setal formula of hind femur 2+2+1, 2+2+1+1, or 2+1+1; hind tibia with 8-11 macrochaetae in dorsal rows and shorter intercalary setae among them: 1-5 intercalary setae in anterodorsal row and 1-2 setae in posterodorsal row.Apex of fi rst hind tarsomere with 5-6 platellae and single regular seta.Abdomen with 4-6 longitudinal rows of very short macrochaetae; entire body covered with shorter setae, almost as long as macrochaetae in longitudinal rows.Pygofer strongly elongated.Male gonapophyses triangular, slightly longer than wide, apices narrowly rounded.First segment of anal tube with pointed apical projection.
Adults.Body medium sized or large, robust.Head usually as wide as pronotum, or slightly wider; crown not longer than wide, usually several times wider, than long, its anterior margin broadly rounded or angulate produced; transition to face carinate or narrowly rounded.Ocelli at anterior margin of head close to eyes.Face fl at or weakly concave or convex, variable in shape; postclypeus as long as wide or longer; anteclypeus parallel sided or weakly expending towards apex, shape of lorum and gena as in nymphs.Antenna short.Pronotum with strongly convex anterior margin and shallowly concave posterior margin.Leg chaetotaxy as in nymphs.Macropterous; wing venation usual for Deltocephalinae.Coloration yellowish or brownish; without color pattern or mottled and streaked with dark brown; face usually without traces of muscle attachment; forewing usually marked with numerous ramose pigment lines.Male pygofer usually strongly extended; apex usually acute and often bearing one or more spines or teeth, often with dorsal or distal macrochaetae.Anal tube with pointed distal projection.Style variable in shape, short, broadly bilobed basally.Aedeagus variable in shape, with single gonopore; paraphyses, if present, fused to aedeagal shaft, often with single or paired apical and/or preapical processes.Connective Y-shaped, with stem shorter than arms.Valve triangular.Genital plates together triangular, with pointed or narrowly rounded apices; lateral margin straight, convex, or concave, usually with uniseriate macrochaetae.Seventh sternite in female variable in shape; ovipositor slightly extended beyond pygofer apex.
Diagnosis.Th e nymphs of Pendarini diff er from the representatives of other tribes of Deltocephalinae as follows: carinate crown-face transition; face with a medial longitudinal carina in upper part; acrometope with its anterior margin tracing the anterior carina of the head; abdomen with 4-6 longitudinal rows of very short macrochaetae; pygofer elongated.
Th e following combination of characters may be used to distinguish the adults of the new tribe: forewing marked with numerous ramose pigment lines, male pygofer apex acute and usually bearing one or more spines or teeth, aedeagal shaft usually with one or more distal processes and frequently with paired preapical processes, with one gonopore.
Notes.Th e genera included in the new tribe Pendarini were previously placed in Athysanini, a polyphyletic assemblage of genera (Zahniser and Dietrich in press).Adults of these species are indeed very similar to adults of some species of Athysanini (see Hamilton 1975).Th e most distinctive characters separating species of Pendarini from Athysanini, as previously mentioned by Oman (1949), are found in the nymphs.Th is situation is very similar to some other tribes of Deltocephalinae (e.g.Limotettigini and Drabescini) which are very purely defi ned based on adult characters, but distinct based on nymphal morphology (see Dmitriev 2002dDmitriev , 2004a, and the key for identifi cation of tribes of Deltocephalinae below).Based on the set of nymphal features, the new tribe is apparently closely related to Scaphytopiini and Hecalini, especially to its more primitive subtribe Glossocratina.From Scaphytopiini, representatives of the new tribe may be distinguished by the more robust body, smaller genae, short antennae, short abdominal macrochaetae, and diff erent color pattern; from Hecalini, Pendarini may be distinguished by the shorter lateral margin of the pronotum, and the long pygofer.
Recent phylogenetic analysis (Zahniser and Dietrich in press) based on morphological and molecular data recovered Dorydiella and Paraphlepsius as monophyletic, Pendarus was not included in that study, but this genus is very closely related to Paraphlepsius and was treated as a synonym or a subgenus of the latter by some previous researchers (see Hamilton 1975 for details).Further investigation may reveal some other genera presently included in Athysanini, which may be transferred to Pendarini.

Genus Pendarus Ball, 1927
Description.Body moderately slender.Crown about as long as pronotum, 2 times as wide as long, medially about 2 times as long as next to eye; anterior margin obtuse angulate rounded, posterior margin concave.Face slightly wider than long; with weak median carina in upper part.Pronotum 3.2 times as wide as long.Fore tibiae with 7 macrochaetae in dorsal rows, ventral rows with numerous setae, their size increases  88°05' W, 6 VIII 1997 (Dietrich).Description.Brownish, with 4 dark brown longitudinal stripes; lateral stripes about twice as wide as median; abdomen with pale setal areolae and pale lateral margins of tergites.Venter paler than dorsum.Face mostly pale, postfrons darker, blackened at apex, clypeus often with darkened longitudinal stripe.Body length 8-8.5 mm; head width 2.3 mm.

Genus Paraphlepsius Baker, 1897
Description.Body moderately robust.Crown as long as pronotum or longer, rounded or angulate at apex.Face with median longitudinal carina in upper part; boundaries of postclypeus, frons and postfrons defi nitely marked with color pattern.Pronotum 3 times as wide as long.Hind femur setal formula 2+2+1.Hind fi rst tarsomere with pecten of 5 platellae and single regular seta.Abdomen with 4 longitudinal rows of very short setae.
Paraphlepsius spp.(Fig. 3F-I) Description.Coloration brownish, color pattern consists of numerous dark brown specks; two longitudinal pale stripes in anterior part of body; abdomen with pale stripes near sides of tergites.Abdomen with pale longitudinally expanded setal areolae, lateral areolae with darkened margins; dark spots between median and lateral rows of setae near anterior margins of tergites.Head with two dark spots at apex.Face largely dark, with broad pale stripes along sutures.Legs with dark setal areolae.
Th e preliminary key to tribes of immature Nearctic Deltocephalinae includes both native and introduced groups.An interactive key to tribes and subfamilies of Cicadellidae is also available from the web site (see Dmitriev 2003 onward).Hind tibia only with regular macrochaetae in distal pecten (Fig. 4E, F) ..... 8 7(6).

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Nymphs of leafhoppers.A Dorydiella fl oridana Baker B same, face C same, head, lateral view D Pendarus magnus (Osborn & Ball) E same, face F Paraphlepsius sp. 1 G same, face H Paraphlepsius sp. 2 I same, face.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Characters used in the key.A general head structure (abbreviations: am acrometope el ecdysial line es epistomal suture f frons pc postclypeus ra remnants of anterior carina) B-C face B Koebelia grossa Ball C Diplocolenus abdominalis (F.) D-F apices of the hind tibiae and the fi rst hind tarsomere D Koebelia californica Baker E Opsius pallasi Leth.F Deltocephalus pulicaris Fall.(arrow points to the anterior seta in distal pecten of hind tarsomere) G-H apex of male abdomen G Macrosteles laevis (Rib.)H Doratura stylata (Boh.).