New contributions to the leafhopper genus Gladkara from Thailand (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Typhlocybinae, Erythroneurini)

Abstract General characteristics of Gladkara Dworakowska and a checklist to all the known species of this genus are provided. A new species Gladkara klongensis Song & Dietrich, sp. n. from Thailand is added.


Introduction
The leafhopper genus Gladkara was established by  with G. albida Dworakowska as its type species. The genus previously contained 13 species, all of which were distributed in the Oriental Region. In this work, one more new species from Thailand is described and illustrated and a checklist of all known species of this genus worldwide is provided.

Materials and methods
Morphological terminology used in this work follows Dietrich (2005). Habitus photos were taken using a Canon EOS 5D Mark II camera and the Camlift V2.7.0 software. Multiple photographs of each specimen were compressed into final images with Zerene Stacker (64-bit) software. Body length was measured from the apex of crown to the tip of forewings. Abdomens were removed from specimens and cleared in cold 10% KOH solution overnight. The cleared material was rinsed with water and stored in glycerine. An Olympus SZX12 dissecting microscope was used for specimen study and Olympus BX41 and BX53 stereoscopic microscopes were used alternately for drawing of the dissected male genitalia and wings. The holotype of the new species is deposited at the Queen Sirikit Botanical Garden (QSBG), Chiang Mai, Thailand and additional specimens examined are deposited at the Illinois Natural History Survey (INHS), Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA (UIUC) and the School of Karst Science (SKS), Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China.
Male 2S abdominal apodemes broad, reaching 3S posterior margin. Male genitalia. Genital capsule cylindrical, slightly laterally compressed. Pygofer side broad, with caudal margin oval to square, with numerous sparse long fine setae, with or without enlarged macrosetae scattered at ventrolateral angle; dorsal appendage moveably articulated to the lobe, simple or bifurcate far from base, extended to pygofer apex or extended beyond pygofer apex; ventral appendage absent; segment X appendage present. Subgenital plate lamellate, with small latero-basal articulation with style, about 4-5 macrosetae in single or double row, setae of basal group in an oblique or longitudinal row, intergrading into marginal microsetae. Style long and slim, apical part tapering, smooth or adorned with sculpture; preapical lobe small. Connective lamellate, lateral arms long, stem reduced and central lobe desclerotized to various degree. Aedeagus with or without processes, aedeagal shaft tubular; dorsal apodeme with distinct V-shaped ligaments, connected to anal tube and/or pygofer dorsal appendages; preatrium about as long as or shorter than shaft; gonopore apical or subapical on ventral surface. Diagnosis. This species has its own salient characteristics as follows: pygofer with a bifurcate dorsal appendage (Fig. 10), segment X appendage twisted medially and hook-like apically (Fig. 11); style extremely elongated, with many cellular sculpturing apically (Fig. 14); aedeagus with long and tubular shaft, and a single short tooth-like process arising from preatrium (Fig. 18).
Male abdominal apodemes broad, extending to the hind margin of third sternite (Fig. 9). Male genitalia. Pygofer with dorsal appendage movably articulated (Fig. 10), segment X appendage elongated, twisted medially, and hook-like apically (Figs 11, 12). Pygofer lobe broadened, with two long fine setae arising from dorso-caudal margin and several long fine setae scattered near caudal margin medially (Fig. 10). Subgenital plate solid, much longer than hind margin of pygofer lobe, with four macrosetae on lateral surface and numerous stout setae along upper margin from sub-base to apex of plate, several microsetae scattered apically (Figs 10, 13). Style extremely elongated, with many cellular sculptures apically; preapical lobe small (Figs 14, 16). Connective V-shaped with lateral arms long and slim, widely divergent; stem short; central lobe absent (Fig.  15). Aedeagus with a single short toothlike process arising from preatrium; preatrium little shorter than length of shaft in lateral view, expanded in ventral view; shaft slender, tubular, slightly tapered distally in lateral view; gonopore apical (Figs 17, 18).
Remarks. This species is similar to G. lisiogon Dworakowska, 1995 from Brunei (Ulu Temburong) in the form of the aedeagus, but differs in having the dorsal pygofer appendage bifurcate apically (Fig. 12); the single short tooth-like process arising from aedeagal preatrium (Fig. 18); and the aedeagus dorsal apodeme not strongly expanded in caudal view (Fig. 18).
Etymology. The specific name is derived from a part of the type locality name in which all examined species were collected.