The larva of Adicella syriaca Ulmer 1907, including a key to the European larvae of Adicella McLachlan, 1877 (Trichoptera, Leptoceridae)

Abstract Adicella syriaca is a leptocerid caddisfly distributed throughout the Balkan Peninsula, the Carpathians, the Hungarian Lowlands, the Pontic Province, and the Caucasus. This paper describes the previously unknown larva of this species, based on material from the Greek island of Corfu. Information on the morphology of the fifth larval instar is given, and the most important diagnostic features are illustrated. A key to the known larvae of the European species of Adicella McLachlan, 1877 is provided. In the context of existing identification keys, the larva of Adicella syriaca Ulmer, 1907 keys together with Adicella cremisa Malicky, 1972, but the species pair can be easily separated by the number of setae on the pro- and mesonotum, and setation patterns on abdominal dorsum IX.


Introduction
Eleven species of Adicella McLachlan, 1877 are currently known in Europe (Graf et al. 2008;Malicky 2004Malicky , 2005a. However, with respect to larval taxonomy, descriptions for only four species were uncovered: Adicella meridionalis Morton, 1906(Vieira-Lanero et al. 1997, Vieira-Lanero 2000, A. filicornis (Pictet, 1834), A. reducta (McLachlan, 1865) (Wallace et al. 2003, Waringer andGraf 2011) and A. cremisa Malicky, 1972 (Graf et al., submitted). However, of the remaining seven species where larvae are unknown, Malicky collected larvae of A. syriaca on the Greek island of Corfu. Adicella syriaca was described by Ulmer, 1907, based on material from Lebanon (Morse 2017); the species is rather widely distributed throughout Europe, ranging from the Balkans through the Carpathians and Hungarian Lowlands to the Caucasus (Ćukušić et al. 2017;Graf et al. 2008;Ibrahimi et al. 2012;Morse 2017;Živić et al. 2006). With our description of its larva and the key, proposed here, the identification of five out of eleven European Adicella species is now possible, without an adult male specimen as frequently required in caddisfly studies.

Materials and methods
Two final instar larvae and many adults of Adicella syriaca were collected by Malicky at Mesaria on the island of Corfu, Greece (39°44'N, 19°44'E, 40 m a.s.l.) on 1 May 1979. Larval caddisflies were picked from the mineral substrate with forceps, and adults were collected using light traps. The material was preserved in 70% ethanol. The larvae were studied and photographed using a Nikon SMZ 1500 binocular microscope with DS-Fi1 camera and NIS-elements D 3.1 image stacking software for combining 8-45 frames in one focused image. Larval morphological features are named following Wiggins (1998) and Waringer and Graf (2011), nomenclature of primary setae and setal areas (= sa) follows Wiggins (1998). Species association was enabled by the fact that final instar larvae and adults were collected at the same location; in addition, the other four Leptoceridae species known from Corfu are well known in the larval stage (Leptocerus interruptus (Fabricius, 1775), L. tineiformis Curtis, 1834, Mystacides azurea (Linnaeus, 1761): Wallace et al. 2003;Waringer and Graf 2011); Triaenodes ochreellus lefkas Malicky, 1974: Corallini Sorcetti andMoretti 1984;Vieira-Lanero (2000)). Although the location was repeatedly sampled, A. syriaca was the only Adicella species on this island. Final instar larvae and adults of Adicella syriaca used for the descriptions are deposited in the collection of Hans Malicky (Lunz am See, Austria). Comparative larval material of Adicella cremisa, A. filicornis and A. reducta is deposited in the collections of W. Graf and J. Waringer (Vienna, Austria). The larval material is intended to be subsequently transferred to Austrian Museum collections.

Description of the fifth instar larva of Adicella syriaca
Adicella syriaca Ulmer, 1907 Diagnosis. Head with pattern composed of dark bands and dark muscle attachment spots; case with spiral pattern, constructed of plant material; metanotal sa3 reduced to a single seta per side; pronotum with 56-65 setae of varying length per pronotal half; total number of setae per mesonotal sclerite 11-13; outermost seta of abdominal dorsum IX setal group approximately as long as width of this segment.
Head. Head capsule surface smooth, with very shallow wrinkles, elongated and hypognathous. Base coloration pale yellow, with dark, reddish brown, oval muscle attachment spots on lateral and postero-ventral sections of parietalia. Frontoclypeus and parietal bands along frontoclypeal and coronal sutures dark reddish brown (Figs 1-3). White ring present around eyes (Fig. 3). Complete set of primary setae present (Figs 1-3). Frontoclypeus elongated, narrow, without central constriction (Fig. 1). Subocular ecdysial line running from foramen occipitale to ventro-lateral section of parietalia. Anteriorly of the eyes the subocular ecdysial line bends dorsally, eventually meeting frontoclypeal suture in a straight line (Fig. 3, arrow). Antennae slender, approximately six times longer than their basal width, situated at extreme anterior end of parietalia and originating from a socketlike ridge; antennal apex with single seta (Fig. 1a). Labrum light brown, quadrangular, with anterior median notch, ventral brush and six pairs of primary setae (Fig. 1). Ventral apotome medium brown, with darker brown anterior border, elongated quadrangular, with irregular lateral and posterior sides (Fig. 2). Mandibles black, each with ventral and dorsal cutting edge and terminal teeth along edge (Fig. 2).
Metanotum without sclerotization except pleural sclerites; metanotal sa1 without setae, each sa2 with 1 seta each, sa3 reduced to a single seta per side (Fig. 5, arrows). Metaventer with a row of 4-5 setae per side (Fig. 11). Pleural sclerite arrangement as on mesonotum.  Legs orange-yellow, with very numerous setae, especially on coxae, trochanters, and femora (Figs 6-8); tibiae and tarsi undivided and without central constrictions. Femur of foreleg much wider than those of mid-and hind legs. Claw of mid leg curved and not hook-shaped as in genus Leptocerus (Fig. 7, arrow). Long fringes of swimming setae absent on hind legs.
Abdomen. Abdomen white, cylindrical. First abdominal segment with one dorsal and two lateral protuberances (Fig. 9); dorsal sa1 and sa3 not developed, dorsal sa2 with single seta on each side (Fig. 5); oval and light orange lateral sclerite with strongly sclerotized, dark, curved and sickle-shaped posterior process; lateral sclerite with 1 ventral seta (Figs 9, 10). Abdominal tergum IX with pale, weakly sclerotized tergite, bearing 6 long and 4 short terminal setae; abdominal segment IX with 1 posterodorsal seta on either side (Fig. 12). Outermost seta on abdominal dorsum IX approximately as long as width of segment IX (Fig. 12, arrows). Anal prolegs pale and weakly sclerotized, each with large lateral sclerite and more strongly sclerotized anal claw with two tiny accessory hooks (Fig. 13). Each lateral sclerite bearing several long, black setae (Figs 13, 14). Each anal proleg medially with small group of pale, soft ventral setae (Fig. 13vs); tooth-edged plates around anal slit absent (Fig. 14). Gills and lateral line not visible; however, a lateral row of forked lamellae is present on abdominal segment VIII (Fig. 13fl).

Morphological separation of fifth instar larvae of Adicella syriaca from other European species of Leptoceridae and Adicella
A summary of morphological features for the identification of Leptoceridae larvae was provided by Wallace et al. (2003) and of Triaenodini larvae by Morse (1981). Within the framework of available leptocerid keys by Waringer and Graf (2011) and Graf et al. (2017), and the descriptions of Vieira-Lanero et al. (1997), Vieira-Lanero (2000), and Graf et al. (2017), A. syriaca is characterised by the following features: -head with pattern composed of dark bands and dark muscle attachment spots (Figs 1, 3); -metanotal sa3 reduced to a single seta per side (Fig. 5, arrows); -pronotum with 56-65 setae of varying length per pronotal half (Fig. 3); -total number of setae per mesonotal sclerite 11-13 (Fig. 4); -lateral sclerites on 1 st abdominal segment each with dark stripe, bent (Figs 10, 18) and not straight (Fig. 17); -outermost seta of abdominal dorsum IX setal group (Fig. 12, arrow) approximately as long as width of this segment.

Discussion
The larvae of Adicella species frequent a large range of habitats, including small shallow springs, rocky streams, marshes, canals and rivers, and often colonize root mats of riparian vegetation, with A. reducta remaining the only leptocerid caddisfly to persevere in large impoverished streams (Wallace et al. 2003). Cianficconi and Moretti (1987) also collected larvae of A. cremisa in standing water bodies and irrigated meadows. On Corfu, A. syriaca is most common relatively close to the shore (Malicky 2005b) where it inhabits streams and rivulets, and also mill brooks, shaded by Nereum oleander, Arundo donax, Platanus orientalis, Ficus carnica, and Inula viscosa. According to mandible morphology, Adicella larvae are shredders and, to a minor extent, also grazers (Graf et al. 2008); this also fully applies to A. syriaca where mandibles are fitted with ventral and dorsal cutting edges and terminal teeth along edges (Fig. 2). The distribution of Adicella syriaca ranges from Tunisia, the Levant, and Turkey, throughout the Balkan Peninsula to Hungary and the Caucasus (Graf et al. 2008;Malicky, 2004Malicky, , 2005aMalicky, , b, 2014Morse 2017). In Greece, A. syriaca is widespread on the mainland, but also on many islands, e.g., Euboea, Corfu, Lefkada, Kefallonia, Samothraki, Skiathos, Samos, Lesbos, Andros, and Rhodes (Malicky, 2005b).
The collection time of final instar larvae of A. syriaca in May fits well into the reported flight period of adults from the onset of April to mid-November. Within this period, a peak in May-June and in October can be observed which might be an indication of two generation cycles per year (Malicky 2005b). In A. cremisa, Graf et al. (2017) observed adults flying amongst dense riparian vegetation in vertical zig-zag patterns of about 10 cm extent; the long whitish antennae obviously played a role as an optical cue in courtship behavior in this species.