On the huntsman spider genera Sparianthina Banks , 1929 and Anaptomecus Simon , 1903 from South and Central America ( Araneae , Sparassidae )

Th e huntsman spider genera Sparianthina Banks, 1929 and Anaptomecus Simon, 1903 are reviewed. Th e type species of Sparianthina, Sparianthina selenopoides Banks, 1929, is redescribed, illustrated, and recorded from Costa Rica for the fi rst time; a lectotype and paralectotype are designated. Th ree species are transferred to the genus: Sparianthina pumilla (Keyserling, 1880) comb. n. from Heteropoda Latreille, 1804 (lectotype and paralectotype are designated), Sparianthina rufescens (Mello-Leitão, 1940) comb. n. from Anaptomecus and Sparianthina milleri (Caporiacco, 1955) comb. n. from Macrinus Simon, 1887. Th e ♂ of S. rufescens (Mello-Leitão, 1940) comb. n. and the ♀ of S. milleri comb. n. are described for the fi rst time. Th ree new species are described: Sparianthina adisi sp. n., S. deltshevi sp. n., and S. saaristoi sp. n. Th e male and female of Anaptomecus longiventris Simon, 1903 are described for the fi rst time and the species is recorded from Panama for the fi rst time. Two new species are described: Anaptomecus temii sp. n. and A. levyi sp. n.


Introduction
American representatives of the spider family Sparassidae have been neglected in modern scientifi c publications.Th e last revision was by Gerschman and Schiapelli (1965) on the genus Polybetes Simon, 1897.Many genera were never recorded after their original publication.
Th e genus Sparianthina Banks, 1929 with its type species Sparianthina selenopides Banks, 1929 was described by Banks (1929) within a survey of the spider fauna of Panama.Since then no systematic work listed this genus or species.In recent times, a few South American species were recognised as species incertae sedis, among those Macrinus milleri Capporiacco, 1955(Rheims 2007).Th is latter and two additional species are transferred here to the genus Sparianthina.Th ree new species are described.A re-diagnosis of the genus is given by means of the copulatory organs.
A similar case is the genus Anaptomecus Simon, 1903 which was known for a long time exclusively from its type species Anaptomecus longiventris Simon, 1903before Mello-Leitão (1940) described a second species: A. rufescens.No records were published since then except for one juvenile of A. longiventris from Costa Rica (Lapinski et al. 2002).
Th e present paper is one in a series of papers treating Sparassidae from the Americas (Jäger and Rheims 2008;Rheims 2007Rheims , 2008;;Rheims and Jäger 2008;Rheims et al. 2008) and aims to revise the two genera Sparianthina and Anaptomecus.
It was not possible to take all measurements due to the fragile condition of some of the types.Material was examined and is preserved in 70% denatured ethanol.Female copulatory organs were cleared in lactic acid or clove oil.GPS data in square brackets were taken from Google Earth.Measurements are in millimetres.Styles of description are according to Jäger (2008) and Rheims (2008).Positions of tegular structures, e.g., embolus and conductor, are given as clock positions on the left palp in ventral view.
Illustrations were made using a Leica MZ 12.5 / MZ 16 and a Leitz Wetzlar 751739 stereomicroscope with camera lucida attachments.Pictures were taken with Leica DFC 500 and Nikon DXM1200 digital cameras mounted on a MZ 16A and Nikon SMZ1500 stereomicroscope respectively.Extended focal range images were composed with Leica Application Suite version 2.5.0 R 1 and Helicon Focus 3.10.3or 4.01.
Redescription.Total length (♂♂ and ♀♀) 5.2-9.8.Prosoma as long as wide.Cephalic region slightly higher than thoracic region.Fovea long and conspicuous on posterior third of prosoma.Eyes arranged in two rows, the anterior recurved and posterior straight or very slightly recurved.AME slightly smaller than ALE and further apart from each other than from laterals.PME smaller than PLE, equidistant.Clypeus low, as high as or slightly lower than AME diameter.Chelicerae longer than wide, the two retrolateral basal teeth smaller than others.Intermarginal denticles present, mostly scattered at the base of the cheliceral groove.Gnathocoxae parallel, longer than wide with dense scopula on internal margin (Fig. 45).Leg formula 2143.Tarsi I-IV with pair of pectinate claws bearing 15-20 short and slightly curved teeth.Female pedipalp with single pectinate claw with 5-6 long and curved teeth.Opisthosoma slightly triangular, longer than wide.Tracheal spiracle contiguous to spinnerets.Anal tubercule small and triangular, covered by a few long hairs.Six spinnerets: anterior lateral spinnerets contiguous, conical and bi-segmented.Basal segment slightly elongate and cylindrical.Distal segment short and truncated.Posterior median spinnerets conical and short.Posterior lateral spinnerets conical and bi-segmented.Basal segment elongate and cylindrical.Distal segment short and truncated.
Male palp: Tibia slightly longer than cymbium, with one retrolateral, one dorsal and three prolateral spines.Distal margin with small ventro-retrolateral, triangular projection and retrolateral RTA.Cymbium with large median alveolus and elongate dorsal scopula.Subtegulum oval, smooth.Tegulum with retrolateral swelling and subembolic projection, the latter notched onto the subtegulum.Embolus with wide base and distally narrowed, with one or two small projections at its base.Conductor long and hyaline.
Female epigynum: epigynum divided longitudinally into a median septum and lateral borders.Lateral borders smooth, lacking projections.Anterior atrium bearing pair of copulatory openings.Vulva with long and convoluted internal duct system with small, anterior glandular projection close to copulatory openings.Fertilisation ducts very long and hook shaped.
Distribution.Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana (undescribed species are known from Ecuador, Trinidad and Tobago, French Guyana).
Colouration.Prosoma orange with small lateral light brown markings.Chelicerae orange with light brown markings.Gnathocoxae pale yellow, distally cream coloured.Labium orange, slightly darker at base.Legs and pedipalps pale orange with small light brown markings and dark brown spots at the base of the spines.Opisthosoma cream coloured with scattered small white markings (Fig. 74).
Distribution.Costa Rica and Panama.
Diagnosis.Males: embolus fi liform, distinctly bent (roughly at a right angle); additional apophysis between embolus and conductor, blunt to rounded, widened distally; DTA massive in lateral views, bluntly rounded, pointing retrolatero-distally in ventral view; RTA with two appendages, one smaller pointing ventrally, the other larger, stout and slightly pointed and pointing distally .Females: epigynal furrows present over the entire length of epigyne, forming two rounded fi elds, a larger anterior and a smaller posterior one (Figs 27-28); fertilisation ducts very slender running posteriorad, turning at epigastric furrow; glandular appendages dorsally at anterior part of internal duct system, inconspicuous (Figs 29-30).
Copulatory organ as in diagnosis.Epigynal fi eld rounded, without anterior bands; slit sense organs separated by about one of their lengths from epigynal fi eld.Internal duct system with reticulate pattern in large oval parts (Fig. 49), apparently representing narrow ducts.
Copulatory organ as in diagnosis.Epigynal fi eld roughly rectangular, with lateral outgrowths (Fig. 58: arrows) and without anterior bands, longer than wide.Posterior lobe of epigyne almost rectangular with rounded edges, distinctly extending beyond the epigastric furrow (Fig. 58).Internal duct system with wide ducts throughout and with reticulate structure close to glandular pores (Figs 59-61).
Distribution.Known only from the type locality.

Sparianthina adisi
Colouration.Prosoma orange-brown, slightly darker at eye area and brown along fovea and thoracic striae.Chelicerae orange.Pedipalps dark orange.Legs orange with light brown markings at spine bases.Sternum yellow with orange margins.Gnathocoxae pale yellow.Labium pale yellow, light brown at base.Opisthosoma pale yellow (Fig. 77).
Female unknown.
Variation.Males (n=8): total length 6. Etymology.Th e species is dedicated to Christo Deltshev on occasion of his 70 th birthday for his various contributions to the fi eld of arachnology especially of the Balkan Peninsula; name in genitive case.
Diagnosis.Th e males of Sparianthina deltshevi sp.n. are distinguished from those of the remaining species of the genus by the RTA with a slightly cylindrical dorsal branch and a smaller and distally bent ventral branch .It resembles Sparianthina adisi sp.n. by the presence of a long and slender projection at the retrolateral base of the embolus but is distinguished from this species by exhibiting a much thicker projection.
Palp as in diagnosis.Embolus and conductor arising from tegulum at a 9-o'clockposition.Sperm duct running marginally with a small bend retrolaterally (Fig. 69).
Female unknown.
Palp as in diagnosis.Embolus and conductor arising from tegulum at a 9-o'clockposition.Sperm duct running marginally at the distal and proximal tegulum and submarginally at the retrolateral tegulum (Fig. 72).
Female unknown.

Genus Anaptomecus Simon, 1903
Anaptomecus Simon 1903b: 28 (description of genus).Simon 1903a: 1027. Petrunkevitch 1911: 444. Roewer 1954: 712. Bonnet 1955: 313. Lapinski et al. 2002: 4. Platnick 2009.Note.Simon (1903a) listed genus name and species name with a cross reference to his publication (Simon 1903b) in which he described the new genus and the new species.First of all there is a mistake in this reference, as Simon wrote "1893" instead of "1903"; all other data (journal name, volume number, page number) are correct.Secondly, it might be that he assumed that the genus description would be published fi rst, and added the reference in advance.As the name of the type species (A.longiventris) proposed by Simon (1903a) was not available at the time of publication of the genus description (identifi cation key for genera of Heteropodeae) (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999: Article 68.2), and as the name of the type species was not nominal, i.e. available, it is not valid.Th erefore the genus and species names were made available only in Simon (1903b).
Diagnosis.Medium-sized Sparassidae with total length 8.6-14.1.Prosoma fl at (Figs 87,97).Opisthosoma elongated (Figs 98-99).Cheliceral teeth with 3 promarginal (median enlarged) and 6-7 retromarginal teeth and denticles in a patch.Eye arrangement similar to Heteropodinae (Jäger 1998) with lateral eyes larger than median eyes, and eye rows recurved.Posterior eye row narrower than that in Sparianthina, i.e. more space left between PLE and prosomal margin.Head part of prosoma extended with almost parallel margins, i.e.PLE distinctly anterior to the transition between head and thoracic part.Median hook of trilobate membrane extending beyond lateral projections.♀ palpal claw with 5 barely elongated teeth (Figs 92,112).Tibiae with 4 ventral spines, lacking two additional distal spines present in Heteropodinae.Males: Tegulum pear shaped, sperm duct with U-shaped bend in ventral view; embolus and hyaline conductor situated on a membranous base, thus being movable; massive embolus retrolaterally bent with small teeth at base and a soft lamina at the end, hyaline conductor, RTA simple.Females hardly diagnosable by their copulatory organs; median extension of posterior epigyne forming two indistinct lobes.
Redescription.Dorsal shield of prosoma slightly longer than wide (Figs 98, 107).Eye region slightly elevated (Figs 87,97).Fovea conspicuous and short on posterior third of prosoma.Eyes arranged in two recurved rows (Figs 88,108).Clypeus as high as diameter of anterior eyes.Chelicerae longer than wide, with middle anterior tooth larger than others and size of posterior teeth gradually decreasing from proximal to basal.Denticles in distinct patch (Figs 89,(109)(110).Gnathocoxae almost parallel, slightly converging distally, longer than wide with dense scopula on internal margin (Fig. 90).Leg formula 1243 or 2143.Tarsi I-IV with pair of pectinate claws bearing 12-20 teeth.Female pedipalp with single pectinate claw with 5 larger teeth and 1-2 tiny teeth.Opisthosoma distinctly longer than wide.Tracheal spiracle contiguous to spinnerets.Anal tubercule small and triangular, covered by few long hairs.Six spinnerets.
Male palp.Tibia shorter than cymbium.Tibia with RTA arising subdistally.RTA simple, slightly twisted and not extending beyond distal tibia.Cymbium narrow, with dense prolatero-dorsal scopula along its entire length.Tegulum in basal half of alveolus, not extending beyond cymbial margin.Embolus and conductor arising at an 11 to 12:30-o'clock-position from tegulum.Embolus curved and slightly twisted.Sperm duct running centrally in tegulum as a U-turn.Conductor hyaline, may be reduced.
Composition.Anaptomecus longiventris Simon, 1903, A. temii  Relationships.See discussion under Sparianthina.Characters of Anaptomecus such as presence of denticles at cheliceral furrow in combination with three anterior teeth, eye arrangement, female palpal claw with long teeth, and basally shifted tegulum may represent evidence of a closer relationship to Sparianthina.Diff erentiating characters between the genera are the conformation of denticles (patch vs. row), female palpal claw with primary tooth sensu Jäger (2004) shorter vs. longer than following secondary teeth, shape of opisthosoma (triangular to oval vs. elongated), and trilobate membrane with median hook longer vs. shorter than lateral projections.
Further material examined.PANAMA.Diagnosis.Males: embolus arising prolaterally on tegulum with smooth teeth at base and a lamina widest medially at the end; conductor well developed, hammer-shaped; RTA relatively distant from cymbium (94)(95)(96).Females: Copulatory openings situated laterally, appearing as large circles (in some cases fi lled with [mating] plug); epigynal furrows absent; posterior epigynal margin with inconspicuous lobe(s) (Fig. 82).Fertilisation ducts short, situated in the centre of internal duct system, the latter with two blind ending appendages, one long, pointing in a posterior direction, the other short, pointing in an anterior direction, with glandular pores at its tip .
Colouration (Figs 97-99).In live specimens, prosoma pale green with olive green margins and fovea.Chelicerae pale yellow, anterior base pale green.Pedipalps and legs pale yellow with light brown markings at the base of the spines.Sternum, gnathocoxae and labium pale yellow.Opisthosoma pale orange, with two large, yellow dots dorsally and two yellow and white stripes laterally.Colour fading in ethanol, leaving a whitish pale appearance; dorsal prosoma with dark marginal band (Fig. 98).
Copulatory organ as in diagnosis.Epigynal fi eld not recognisable.Posterior margin of epigyne with two indistinct lobes.
Natural history.One female collected with a spherical egg sac, containing 76 spiderlings.In Costa Rica all specimens were observed on leaves of shrubs and lower tree branches.
Colouration.Prosoma pale yellow with brown margins, anterior dots and fovea.Chelicerae pale yellow.Pedipalps and legs pale yellow with olive green markings at the base of the spines.Sternum, gnathocoxae and labium pale yellow.Opisthosoma pale orange, with three yellow and white large dots laterally.
Distribution.Eastern Panama.Note.In a letter from Jürgen Gruber to Herbert Levi fom 1986 the questionable locality "Gosomoco" is discussed.According to information of JG reported in this letter, there is a report of the lepidopterologist A.H. Fassl from Teplitz (Bohemia) who collected with his brother and another colleague 1888-1912 in Colombia.Fassl mentioned in one of his travel reports a "Sosomuco" where he collected one year in a mountain forest in altitudes of 800-1200 meters.Th is "Sosomuco" is located approximately a two day march east of Bogota.

Anaptomecus levyi
Etymology.Th e specifi c name honours Gershom Levy (1937Levy ( -2009) ) for his important contributions to the knowledge about spiders and scorpions from Israel and the Middle East; name in genitive case.
Diagnosis.Opisthosoma elongated, without conspicuous bright patches on its dorsal side (Fig. 107).Male unknown.Female: epigynal furrows present in centre of epigyne as moderately bent rims (Fig. 102); fertilisation ducts situated in the centre of internal duct system; glandular appendages of internal duct system directed dorsally, conspicuous; posterior epigynal margin with trapezoidal lobe .
Copulatory organ as in diagnosis.Epigynal fi eld rounded, as long as wide, with distinct anterior bands, the latter indistinctly separated from epigynal fi eld.One slit sense organ included marginally in epigynal fi eld.Copulatory openings situated anteriorly at medial rims (Fig. 102).Internal duct system stout.Fertilisation ducts long, bent and narrow .
Colouration.Th e colouration of the holotype female is strongly faded.Body and appendages show in ethanol a yellow-brown colour.Dorsal prosoma exhibiting a darker marginal band.Legs dorsally having small indistinct spots.Dorsal opisthosoma with bright guanine crystals, which extend laterally, and four pairs of small muscle sigilla (Fig. 107).
Distribution.Colombia (known only from the type locality).

genera. Sparianthina selenopoides Banks, 1929
Colombia (known only from the type locality).Mello-Leitão (1940: 181)listed "type no.2491".Although the label shows "3941" it is considered the holotype female according to the match of other data.