Lithophane leeae ( Lepidoptera , Noctuidae , Xyleninae ) , a striking new species from southeastern Arizona

A new species of noctuid moth in the genus Lithophane Hübner is described and illustrated. Th e largest member in the genus, Lithophane leeae Walsh, sp. n. is known from a single female from the Chiricahua Mountains in southeastern Arizona, and is strikingly diff erent from other described species of Li thophane. Mitochondrial DNA data place L. leeae closest to (but quite divergent from) Lithophane atara (Smith) in the Lithophane lepida Grote species-group of pine-feeding Lithophane species.


Introduction
While the mountains of southeastern Arizona are classic moth collecting locations that have been heavily sampled over the past 60 years, they still continue to produce new species.Th e author has made a conscious eff ort over the past fi ve years to collect at elevations above 2000 meters in May and June, before the summer monsoons that also lure most moth collectors to Arizona.In the early evening of June 14 th , 2007 a large pink moth fl ew into a mercury-vapor collecting sheet in the Chiricahua Mountains in Cochise County.Its appearance in fl ight was very similar to females of Coloradia doris Barnes (Saturniidae), which were also fl ying in some numbers at the time, and so the moth was ignored for several minutes.Upon closer inspection, it turned out to be a very large species of Lithophane Hübner, quite distinct from any known species.Despite fairly extensive collecting at this (and nearby) locations from late May through mid-July over the past fi ve years, no other individuals have been found.While there is a quite reasonable reluctance to describe a species from a single specimen, this individual is so distinct from any described Lithophane as to make it highly unlikely to be an aberration of a known species.DNA barcoding confi rms that this is a distinct species within the lepida Grote species-group (as defi ned by Forbes 1954; also see Troubridge and Lafontaine 2003).
Etymology.Known from a singularly unique female festooned in pink, this species is named after the author's wife, Lee Fulmer.
Diagnosis.While superfi cially similar to L. atara (Smith) (Fig. 3) in maculation, Lithophane leeae is the largest known species in the genus Lithophane.Although Lithophane leeae keys out to L. atara in the key of Troubridge and Lafontaine (2003), it clearly diff ers from L. atara in being a signifi cantly larger species (forewing length 25 mm vs. 18-20 mm), with more extensive and brighter pink on the dorsal surface of the hindwing (Fig. 1) and on both wings on the ventral surface (Fig. 2).While the male is presently undescribed, male specimens should be easily recognized once found given the distinct appearance and barcode of L. leeae.
Description.Female (male: unknown).A large species with extensive pink suff usion on the dorsal hind wing and both wings on the ventral surface.Dorsal surfaceforewing ground color gray brown, with a large reniform spot almost touching the orbicular spot.Th ere is a deep zigzag in antemedial (am) and postmedial (pm) lines into median area fold where am and pm lines are connected by a thick black dash.Similar but thinner dashes occur from medial das h to subterminal (st) line, from lower margin of reniform spot to st line, and at wing base.Subterminal line deeply zigzagged.Basal two-thirds of hindwing heavily suff used with pink, with a light brown on outer third.Discal lunule prominent and brown.Ventral surface -ground color heavily suff used with pink on basal two-thirds of both fore-and hindwing.Reniform spot and discal lunule dark brown and prominent.Abdomen -pink lateral tufts of hair at distal end.Diff ers from L. atara in its much larger size (25.0 versus 18.0 mm forewing length in L. atara) and extensive bright pink suff usion on dorsal hindwing and very extensive pink suff usion on fore-and hindwings ventrally.
Biology and Distribution.Th e only known specimen was collected in mid-June at 7700' elevation in the Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona.Attracted to mercury-vapor lights.Based on its phylogenetic position and biology of other Lithophanae, L. leeae is most likely a pine-feeder and probably hibernates as an adult, fl ying in early spring.

Discussion
In the subsequent paper in this issue, Brou and Lafontaine ( 2009) present a phenogram of the relationships among 39 species of North American Lit hophane based on the barcode fragment of cytochrome c oxidase 1 (CO1).Th is gene, located in the mitochondrial genome, is the basis for DNA "barcoding" (Hebert et al. 2003).Base pair diff erences are shown as percentages, and within-species diff erences for Lithophane were less than one percent.Based on the CO1 sequence, L. leeae is indeed a distinct species with a greater than three percent diff erence from its closest relative, L. atara (Smith).It clearly falls within the L. lepida Grote species-group (Brou and Lafontaine's Group VII). Figure 4 provides a more detailed DNA-based phenogram of this group based on sequences in the BOLD barcode data base (Ratnasingham and Hebert 2007).Troubridge and Lafontaine (2003) present a revision of this group, whose members are all apparently pine (Pinaceae) feeders.
Th e closest relative of L. leeae, L. atara, feeds on Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa C. Lawson).Arizona pine (P.arizon ica Engelm.), which historically has been treated as a variety of P. ponderosa but more recently viewed as a distinct species (Farjon and Styles 1997), is found at the type locality.Two other species of pine found at the type locality are also at the northern end of their distributions; both are more common in the Sierra Madre Occidental in Mexico.Th ese are Apache Pine (P.engelmannii Carrière) and Chihuahua Pine (P.leiophylla Schiede & Deppe).Any of these three species are potential hosts for L. leeae.
Why has L. leeae not been found before?Th e most obvious explanation would be that it is an early fl ier at high elevation.Historically, high elevations in the Chiricahua Mountains were not even modestly collected until late June.Hence, the type specimen could simply be a late individual that was unfortunate enough to have been collected.A second explanation could be that it represents a stray from the nearby mountains in northern Sonora (strays from which are well documented for numerous species of butterfl ies).Th e high elevations of the Chiricahuas contain other large, spectacular moth species such as Caloecia entima Franclemont (Lasiocampidae) and Biston multidentata (Guedet) (Geometridae: Bistonini) that are early summer fl iers, rare in collections, and not seen in most years.For example, B. multidentata is known from less than a dozen individuals, and C. entima has only been taken sporadically, usually being absent for years at a time, although it can be common when taken.We can now add L. leeae to this group of large, but quite elusive, species.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. DNA phenogram of the Lithophane lepida species-group, based on the Neighbor-Joining reconstruction method with the Kimura 2-parameter (K2P) algorithm implemented in BOLD (Ratnasingham and Hebert 2007).Compare with the more extensive phenogram of the entire genus in the preceding paper by Brou and Lafontaine (2009).