Salticus forceps Doleschall, 1859 by original designation.

The genus can be identified by and differentiated from the closely related Bathippus based on the combination of the following characters: males with exaggerated chelicerae (Fig. 1) which are usually thicker and wider than longer (vs thin and usually two or three times the length of the prosoma in Bathippus), thin embolus that coils usually more than a circle (Fig. 5; vs thicker, shorter, thread-like embolus that coils usually only one circle in Bathippus), the plane of the embolus closes a ~30° angle perpendicular to the plane of the cymbium (vs the plane of the embolus is parallel to the plane of the cymbium in Bathippus), the embolus coils in a wide circle (vs embolus narrowly coils in Bathippus) and the well-developed, long, distally curved RTA (vs small, finger-like and straight RTA in Bathippus). Females with less swollen, round spermathecae with median ridge and genital openings situated below the spermathecae, sometimes with a small epigynal window (Fig. 9; vs female epigyne of Bathippus with large window, swollen spermathecae, and the opening to the copulatory duct is at the anterior or median of the vulva; for more details see Zhang and Maddison 2012).

Medium-sized to large spiders; males usually with large, elongated or wide chelicerae, similar to Bathippus species (Figs 1, 4) and with teeth varying in shape and size. Females with unmodified chelicerae, usually with a single bicuspid retromarginal tooth or two retromarginal teeth (Fig. 8E). Male palpal bulb elongated, oval, and without proximal tegular lobe (Fig. 5). Embolus thin, long, twisted perpendicular to axis of cymbium. Spermophore wide, usually occupying about ²/₃ width of bulb. Retrolateral tibial apophysis (RTA) large, long, simple, usually with a curve at distal end. Spermathecae rather coiled, continuous with copulatory duct, usually not swollen (Zhang and Maddison 2012). Genital openings situated below spermathecae, relatively far from each other.

So far, nine species have been described from Australia, the Pacific islands, Malaysia, and Papua New Guinea, to which we add six species (three species new to science, C. horobi sp. nov., C. limagigi sp. nov., and C. wanita sp. nov., and three new combinations, C. dentiferellus comb. nov., C. dilanians comb. nov., and C. seltuttensis comb. nov.).

There was a debate about the clear delimitation of Bathippus and Canama at the late 1980s. Prószyński (1987) suggested that Canama is a junior synonym of Bathippus, based on the similarities. Davies and Żabka (1989) disagreed with Prószyński, despite that they based their arguments on species now belonging to Parabathippus Zhang & Maddison, 2012. They suggested the separation of Bathippus and Canama based on the differences in the structure of the chelicerae and epigyne. Zhang and Maddison (2013, 2015) showed that both Canama and Bathippus form monophyletic groups and thus argued to keep these genera separate; these authors described the genus Parabathippus to accommodate about 10 species from South-East Asia and Indonesia previously placed in Bathippus.

Our strategy to place the new species was integrative: we used similarity of morphology to the type species—Salticus forceps Doleschall, 1859—such as the elongated but bulky chelicerae of the male and the shape of the male embolus and RTA. We used three molecular markers to test whether the morphological placement of C. horobi sp. nov., C. limagigi sp. nov., and C. wanita sp. nov. is reinforced by molecular data. Both morphological and molecular data suggest that these species belong in Canama (Figs 5, 7, 11). We redescribe two species—Bathippus dentiferellus Strand, 1911 and Bathippus seltuttensis Strand, 1911—and both also share with the new Canama species the same shape of RTA and embolus (Fig. 5), together with the bulky chelicerae (Figs 6, 7); thus, these two species are transferred to Canama. Bathippus dilanians (Thorell, 1881) is well illustrated in the literature (Prószyński, 1984) also shows great similarity to these species (in fact the new Canama species are often diagnosed against it) and, thus, is also transferred to Canama.

Holotype male from Indonesia • Seltutti, Kobroor, Aru Island; 29 April 1908; coll. H. Merton; Senckenberg Naturmuseum Frankfurt 2421.

The palp of C. dentiferellus has two, tight loops of the embolus and is similar to those of C. seltuttensis, C. forceps, and C. dilanians. It can be easily differentiated from C. dilanians by the shape of the RTA, being less curved (having a strong curve in the distal end in the case of C. dilanians) and being even in width (base of RTA is wider in C. dilanians). The RTA of C. dentiferellus has less significant apical narrowing and there is no apical hook (Fig. 5A, E), whereas C. dilanians has an RTA with a wide basal part and a distal hook. The chelicera of C. dentiferellus has only a small cusp near the distal end of the fang; C. dilanians (Prószyński 1984: 8) has a large tooth.

Canama dentiferellus (Fig. 5A, E) also shows similarities to C. seltuttensis (Fig. 5B, F) but can be differentiated by the tighter embolic coiling (Fig. 5A vs wider coils in C. seltuttensis about two times wider; Fig. 5B). The chelicerae also differ; C. dentiferellus has a wide retrolateral basal tooth (Fig. 7A) versus a thin retrolateral tooth in C. seltuttensis (Fig. 7B).

Habitus shown in Figs 1A, 2A, 3A. Total length 7.10; carapace length 3.41; width 2.77; abdomen length 3.69; width 2.20; chelicera length 2.21; width 1.02. Prosoma round in dorsal view, dark coloured, with lighter markings and blackish net-like markings between eyes and thoracic hump (Figs 1A, 2A, 3A, 4A). PLE small (Figs 1A, 2A). Chelicerae (Figs 4A) light brown, relatively short (Fig. 1A), wide (Figs 1A, 2A, 4A). Paturon with three large posterior teeth: one each on promargin and retromargin sides, and one in middle (Fig. 7A); middle tooth longer, angled, closing a 20° angle with paturon (Fig. 7A); these three teeth form a triangle in ventral view. Paturon with two small anterior teeth on promargin (Fig. 7A). Fang with a cusp near distal end (Figs 1A, 2A, 7A), slightly curved on distal end (Figs 5A, 7A). Opisthosoma elongated, narrow (Figs 1A, 2A), and lighter coloured, with darker spots on dorsal part (Fig. 1A). Legs long and slender; first legs more robust than others (Fig. 1A). Measurements of legs: I. 10.00, II. 7.91, III. 9.69, IV. 7.90. Spination of legs: Leg I. Fmd 0-1-1-4ap; Ptpr 1, rt 1; Tbv 2-2-0-2, pr 1-0-1-1, rt 1-0-1-1-0; Mtv 2-0-2, pr 1-0-1ap rt 1-0-1ap. Leg II. Fmd 0-1-1-4ap, pr 1, rt 1; Ptpr 1, rt 1; Tbv 2-1-1-2ap, pr 0-1-0-1-1-0, rt 1-1-1; Mtv 2-0-2, pr 1-0-1, rt 1-0-1. Palp (Fig. 5A, E) with a retrolateral loop of spermophore wide and occupying about ¹/₂ width of bulb (Fig. 5A). Embolus coiled for about two complete circles, narrow, tubular, and dark (Fig. 5A). RTA long wide, and flat, narrowing in a curve until the distal end (Fig. 5E).

Female. Unknown.

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 10A).

The palp of C. dilanians can be easily differentiated from congeners by the RTA of 45° angle and with a strong hook shaped distal curve. This is similar to that of C. limagigi; however, C. dilanians can be differentiated by the narrow circles of the coiled embolus, occupying about ¹/₃ of the bulb width (vs about half of the width of embolus in C. limagigi; Fig. 5D). In C. dilanians the embolus forms a narrow 1.5 coil. Females can be recognised by the bean-shaped sperm ducts well visible through the cuticle. The sperm ducts are similar to those of C. wanita (Fig. 9A–C), but they are only slightly bent in C. dilanians (Prószyński 1984: 7) but strongly bent in C. wanita (Fig. 9A–C). Male chelicera can be recognised by the ventral extension of the fang (Prószyński 1984: 8).

Male. Prószyński 1984: 6–8. Palp (Prószyński, 1984: 7) with an embolus coiled for about 1.5 turn, narrow, tubular, and dark (Fig. 5A). RTA long, wide, and flat, narrowing in a curve until the distal end.

Female. Prószyński, 1984: 6–8.

Known only from Aru Island (Fig. 10).

Holotype male from Indonesia • Seltutti, Kobroor, Aru Island; 3 May 1908; coll. H. Merton; Senckenberg Naturmuseum Frankfurt 2427.

The palp of C. seltuttensis can be recognized by the strong, straight RTA (Fig. 5F), which has a slight bend at the distal end. The chelicera of C. seltuttensis has a small hump near the distal end of the fang (Fig. 7B). The paturon of the chelicera bears a straight, pointed, median retromarginal tooth, and one tooth on the distal end of the retromargin.

Habitus shown in Figs 1B, 2B, 3B. Total length 7.13; carapace length 3.00; width 2.36; abdomen length 4.13; width 1.69; chelicerae length 1.67; width 0.75. Prosoma round in dorsal view and darkly coloured, with lighter markings between eyes and thoracic hump (Figs 1B, 2B, 3B). PLE small (Figs 1B, 3B). Chelicerae (Figs 1B, 2B, 4B, 7B) light brown, short, and wide (Figs 1B, 2B, 4B). Paturon with three posterior teeth about equal in size: two each on retromargin and promargin, and one in middle of paturon on retromargin side (Fig. 7B); these teeth form an elongated triangle in ventral view. Paturon with two small promargin teeth on anterior side. Fang with a small hump near distal end (Figs 1B, 4B, 7B). Fang relatively straight, curved only near distal end (Figs 1B, 4B, 7B). Opisthosoma elongated, narrow (Figs 1B, 2B), light coloured, with dark, net-like markings on dorsal side (Fig. 1B). Legs slender, long, uniform, except for femur of leg I being thicker than in other legs (Figs 1B, 2B). Measurements of legs: I. 8.94, II. 6.96, III. 8.37, IV. 7.36. Leg spination: I. Fmd 1-1-3ap; Ptpr 1, rt 1; Tbv 2-2-0-2ap, pr 1-0-1-1, rt 1-0-1-1; Mtv 2-0-2, pr 1-0-1ap, rt 1-0-1ap. Leg II. Fmd 1-1-4ap, pr 1, rt 1; Ptpr 1, rt 1; Tbv 2-2-0-2ap, pr 1-1-1, rt 1-1-1; Mtv 2-0-2, pr 1-0-1ap, rt 1-0-1 ap.

Palp (Fig. 5B, F) with retrolateral loop of spermophore wide and occupying about ¹/₂ width of bulb (Fig. 5B). Embolus forming about three complete turns, loosely coiled, narrow, flat and dark (Fig. 5B). RTA long, narrowing to distal end, flat, knife-shaped (Fig. 5B, F).

Female. Unknown.

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 10A).

Holotype male from Indonesia • West Papua, Batanta Island, Valley of Kalijakut River; 545 m a.s.l.; 0°52.51'S, 130°37.98'E; 10 February 2024; coll. Tibor Kovács & Ronnius Sauyai; 2024-13; HNHMAraneae-11516.

Paratype male from Indonesia • West Papua, Batanta Island, Warai Stream valley; between 0°50.41'S, 130°35.29'E and 0°50.98'S, 130°35.29'E; 22–23 February 2019; coll. Előd Kondorosy; HNHMAraneae-11520.

The specific name is a patronym, dedicated to Róbert Horváth, Hungarian ornithologist, who initiated and supported Hungarian biodiversity research in Batanta.

Canama horobi can be easily identified by the bulky (Fig. 6A, D), shield-like chelicera (Fig. 1C), with a complex multicuspid teeth (Figs 6B, 6D, 7C). Its palp is similar to those of C. limagigi and C. seltuttensis in an embolus with many loose coils. The embolus of C. horobi differs from C. limagigi in having three coils (Fig. 5C vs two in C. limagigi; Fig. 5D) and from C. seltuttensis by the distally curved RTA (Fig. 5G vs straight then bent RTA of C. seltuttensis; Fig. 5F).

Male (holotype). Habitus shown in Figs 1C, 2C. Total length 6.55; carapace length 3.45; width 2.78; abdomen length 3.10; width 1.74; chelicera length 1.51; width 1.57. Prosoma round from dorsal view and darkly coloured, with lighter markings between eyes and at thoracic hump (Figs 1C, 2C). PLE small (Figs 1C, 3C). Chelicera (Figs 4C, 6A–D, 7C) dark brown, stout, wide and shield-like. Chelicerae with two posterior teeth: one small on retromarginal side and a large, wide tooth on promarginal side (Figs 4C, 6A–D, 7C). Paturon with a large multicuspid tooth near base, which bears four tips: one large, pointed tip on retrolateral side of tooth and one large, pointed and two smaller tips on prolateral side (Figs 6A–D, 7C), with one located at base of tooth. Fang with a cusp near distal end (Figs 7C). Fang slightly curved at distal end (Figs 6B, 6C, 7C). Opisthosoma elongated, narrow (Figs 1C, 2C), lighter coloured, with darker markings and scattered orange dots on dorsal side (Fig. 1C). Legs slender; first and second legs thicker and more robust than others (Fig. 1C). Legs I and II darker than others (Figs 1C, 2C). Measurements of legs: I. 7.41, II. 6.51, III. 8.02, IV. 7.01. Leg spination: Leg I. Fmd 0-1-1-3ap; Ptpr 1, rt 1; Tbv 2-1-0-2, pr 1-0-2-1, rt 1-1-1; Mtv 2-2-2ap, pr 1-0-0, rt 1-0-0. Leg II. Fm 0-1-1-4ap; Ptpr 1, rt 1; Tbv 2-2-2ap, pr 1-1-1, rt 1-1-1; Mtv 2-0-2, pr 1-0-1, rt 1–0-1. Palp (Fig. 5C, G) light brown; retrolateral loop of spermophore wide, occupying about ³/₄ of width of bulb (Fig. 5C). Spermophore with a long stem (Fig. 5C). Embolus coiled about three complete turns, narrow, flat (Fig. 5C). RTA long, narrowing until distal end, curved at distal end (Fig. 5 G), anteriorly facing but with curve ventrally facing.

Female. Unknown.

Known only from the type locality, Batanta Island (Fig. 10B).

Holotype male from Indonesia • West Papua, Batanta Island, Valley of Warai Stream; 225 m a.s.l.; 0°50.85'S, 130°35.23'E; 21 February 2024; coll. Tibor Kovács; 2024-20; HNHMAraneae-12107.

Paratypes: Batanta Island: • one male from Valley of Warai Stream; 225 m a.s.l.; 0°50.85'S, 130°35.23'E; 21 February 2023; coll. Tibor Kovács, Péter Juhász; 2023-20; HNHMAraneae-11457.

• 1 male from Valley of Kalijakut River; between 0°53.04'S, 130°38.20'E and 0°52.51'S, 130°37.97'E; 09 February 2024; coll. Tibor Kovács; 2024-11; HNHMAraneae-11466. • 1 male from Valley of Waibin River and right side stream of Waibin River; between 0°49.34'S, 130°45.94'E and 0°50.07'S, 130°45.48'E; 18 February 2024; coll. Tibor Kovács; 2024-17; HNHMAraneae-11929.

The specific epithet is a noun in apposition, formed from the Indonesian words ‘lima’ (meaning five) and ‘gigi’ (meaning teeth) referring to the five teeth on the male chelicerae of the species.

The palp of C. limagigi has a large, bent RTA, as in C. dorcas Thorell, 1881, C. forceps, and C. hinnulea Thorell, 1881, but C. limagigi can be differentiated from those species by the narrower embolic coils occupying about half of the bulb’s width (vs occupying more than half of the bulb’s width), and the number of the embolic coils (about two complete turns; Fig. 5D). Canama limagigi has a unique number and position of teeth on the chelicerae as well; it has five teeth (Figs 6E–H, 7D): two on the retromargin (one elongated tooth near the fang base and another larger tooth near the base of the paturon) and three on the promargin.

Male (holotype). Habitus shown in Figs 1D, 2D, 4D. Total length 7.73; carapace length 3.75; width 2.84; abdomen length 3.98; width 2.09; chelicerae length 2.11; width 0.92. Prosoma round from dorsal view (Figs 1D, 3D, 4D), light coloured, with dark markings between eyes (Figs 1D, 3D). PLE small (Figs 1D, 4D). Chelicerae (Figs 6E–H, 7D) light brown, relatively short and wide (Fig. 6E–H). Chelicera with five teeth: two large retromargin teeth and three small promargin teeth (Fig. 6F–H). Fang slightly curved on distal end and with a small cusp near base (Figs 6F, 7D). Opisthosoma elongated, narrow (Figs 1D, 2D), light in coloration, with two dark, parallel markings on dorsal side (Fig. 1D). Legs slender: leg I and II more robust and darker coloured (Figs 1D, 2D) than the other legs. Measurements of legs: I. 10.70, II. 8.10, III. 9.63, IV. 8.24. Leg spination: Leg I. Fmd 0-1-1-3ap; Ptpr 1, rt 1; Tbv 2-2-2ap, pr 1-0-1-1, rt 1-0-1-1-1; Mtv 2-0-2, pr 1-0-1ap, rt 1-0-1ap. Leg II. Fmv 0-1-1-4ap; Ptpr 1, rt 1; Tbv 2-2-2ap, pr 1-0-1-1, rt 1-1-1; Mtv 2-0-2, pr 1-0-1ap, rt 1-0-1ap. Palp (Fig. 5D, H) light brown; retrolateral loop of spermophore wide, occupying about ³/₄ of bulb width (Fig. 5D). Embolus coiled, forming two complete turns (Fig. 5D). RTA long, narrowing to distal end, curved at distal end (Fig. 5H), anteriorly facing with curve antero-ventrally facing. Tip of RTA darker than base (Fig. 5H).

Female. Unknown.

Known from Batanta Island and Birie Island (Fig. 10B).

Holotype female from Indonesia • West Papua, Birie Island, near Papua Paradise Eco Resort; 5 m a.s.l.; 0°46.23'S, 130°44.76'E; 26 February 2019; sweeping; coll. Előd Kondorosy; HNHMAraneae-9284.

Paratypes: Birie Island: • 1 female from Papua Paradise Eco Resort and coast; between 5-18 m a.s.l.; 0°46.23'S, 130°44.76'E and 0°46.63'S, 130°44.4'E; 06 February 2025; coll. Tibor Kovács; 2025-2b.; HNHMAraneae-11464. Batanta Island: • 1 female from Valley of Wailebet Stream, between 70-290 m a.s.l.; between 0°53.63'S, 130°39.26'E and 0°53.10'S, 130°38.98'E; 14 February 2023; coll. Tibor Kovács, Róbert Horváth, Péter Juhász, Kristian Sauyai, Ronnius Sauyai; 2023-14; HNHMAraneae-11656. • 1 female from Valley of Waibin River; between 00°49.34’S, 130°45.94’E and 00°50.03’S, 130°45.41’E; 05 February 2024; coll. Tibor Kovács; 2024-9; HNHMAraneae-11712. • 1 female from Valley of Warikambon stream, between the War Inkabom and Injonabor waterfalls; 35–145 m a.s.l.; between 0°50.05'S, 130°42.9'E and 0°50.37'S, 130°42.58'E; 10 February 2023; coll. Tibor Kovács, Róbert Horváth, Péter Juhász; 2023-11; HNHMAraneae-11451. Arefi Island: • 1 female from Arefi, Mandur; 25 m a.s.l.; 0°47.26'S, 130°42.36'E; 10 February 2019; coll. Előd Kondorosy; HNHMAraneae-11506.

The species is a noun in apposition, derived from the Indonesian word wanita (meaning woman, female), referring to the fact that the species is known only from females.

The female genitalia of C. wanita can be differentiated from females of all other Canama species by the circularly curved copulatory ducts, visible as two half circles through the cuticle (Fig. 9A, B), and by the wide median septum.

Male. Unknown.

Female. Female (paratype). Habitus shown in Fig. 8. Total length (holotype) 6.75; carapace length 3.05; width 2.40; abdomen length 3.70; width 2.20; chelicerae length 0.96; width 0.73. Prosoma round from dorsal view (Fig. 8A), light yellow, with darker markings between eye-field (Fig. 8A). Chelicerae yellow, with two small, unident, promargin teeth and two separate retromarginal teeth (Fig. 8E). Opisthosoma elongated, narrow (Fig. 8), with two dark, parallel markings on dorsal side. (This marking probably covers the whole abdomen, as a paratype with a light dorsal longitudinal stripe on a dark background also has been captured.) Legs slender, rather uniform in appearance. Measurements of legs (HNHM11541): I. 4.69, II. 4.71, III. 5.32, IV. 4.67. Leg spination: Leg I. Fmd 0-1-1-4ap; Ptpr 1, rt 1; Tbv 2-2-2ap, pr 1-0-1, rt 1-0-1, d 1-2-0; Mtv 2-0-2, pr 1-0-1ap, rt 1-0-1ap.

Leg II. Fmd 0-1-1-5ap; Ptpr 1, rt 1; Tbv 2-2-2ap, pr 1-0-1, rt 1-0-1, d 1-2-0; Mtv 2-0-2, pr 1-0-1ap, rt 1-0-1ap Epigyne (Fig. 9) with small epigynal window, median septum short and wide (Fig. 9A–C), about size of epigynal window, opening to copulatory duct located at anterior end of window. Copulatory duct wide, turned backwards towards epigastric fold (Fig. 9A–C); spermathecae medium-sized (Fig. 9D–F).

Known from Arefi, Batanta and Birie islands (Fig. 10).

The holotype female was sequenced, using the COI gene, to test for their conspecificity with the males of species on Batanta Island. However, the genetic distances between the holotype of C. wanita and C. limagigi was found to be 8.346%, and for C. horobi it was 9.621%. These distances are too great to assign the female C. wanita to either of these species. We acknowledge that this might be the unknown female of either C. dorcas or C. forceps.