A study of the genus Paraputo Laing, 1929 of China, with description of two new species (Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha, Coccomorpha)

Abstract A study of the genus Paraputo Laing, 1929 (Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) from China is provided. Eight Paraputo species are recognized in China, of which two species, P. platani sp. n. and P. yunnanensis sp. n., are described as new and P. banzigeri Williams, 2004 is recorded from China for the first time. Two new combinations are introduced, involving transfer of P. citricola Tang, 1992 and P. sinensis Borchsenius, 1962 to the genus Formicococcus Takahashi, 1928. A key to the Paraputo species of China is provided.


Introduction
The genus Paraputo was established by Laing (1929) with P. ritchiei Laing as its type species, which was described from Tanzania in the Afrotropical Region. Ferris (1955) erected the genus Cataenococcus with Dactylopius olivaceus Cockerell as its type species, later listed as a part of Paraputo by Tang (1992). Borchsenius (1960) described the genus Lachnodiopsis with L. szemaoensis Borchsenius as its type species, which was synonymized with Paraputo by Williams (2004) based on the study of original material. Currently, the genus Paraputo has been widely studied in many geographic regions: De Lotto (1964) and Millar (2002) in the African region; McKenzie (1967), McKenzie (1971, 1973), Williams and Granara de Willink (1992) in the American region; Williams and Watson (1988), Williams (2004Williams ( , 2005 in the Pacific and southern Asia regions; Tang (1992) and Wang (2001) in the Chinese region. Currently, the genus includes 81 species worldwide (Ben-Dov andWilliams 2006, García Morales et al. 2017).
The genus Paraputo is morphologically similar to Formicococcus; both have body of adult female broadly oval to rotund, legs stout, ostioles prominent, and cerarii rich containing multiple conical setae. Williams (2004) reviewed these two genera, using the presence or absence of an anal lobe bar for generic separation, with the bar being absent in Paraputo. However, Danzig and Gavrilov-Zimin (2015) considered the bar as subject to individual variation, and separated Paraputo and Formicococcus according to the number of setae in anal ring. Herein, we have adopted the suggestion of Williams (2004), who regarded the number of ring setae as not having any generic significance; based on our studies, the anal ring usually bears six basic setae, and when more setae are present, the extra setae are usually slender and short and vary in their positions.
Paraputo comantis Wang and P. gasteris Wang were previously transferred to Formicococcus as F. comantis (Wang) and F. gasteris (Wang) by Tang (1992) and Wu and Zheng (2001) respectively, on account of each species possessing multiple setae in the anal ring. In this study, this character is not regarded as having generic significance (as in the statement above), so we still place these two species in Paraputo in view of the absence of any anal lobe bar. Paraputo citricola Tang and P. sinensis Borchsenius, in which an anal lobe bar is present on each anal lobe, are here transferred to Formicococcus as F. citricola (Tang) comb. n. and F. sinensis (Borchsenius) comb. n. With the two new species described herein, Paraputo platani sp. n. and P. yunnanensis sp. n., and the new Chinese record of P. banzigeri Williams, there are now eight Paraputo species in China: P. albizzicola Borchsenius, P. banzigeri, P. comantis, P. gasteris, P. platani sp. n., P. porosus Borchsenius, P. szemaoensis (Borchsenius) and P. yunnanensis sp. n. A key to the Paraputo species found in China is provided below.

Materials and methods
The mealybug specimens were collected individually. The specimens were prepared using the method of Borchsenius (1950) and were mounted in Euparal. The terminology used follows that of Williams (2004). Measurements were made using a phase-contrast microscope (Leica DME) fitted with an ocular micrometer. Measurements are given in micrometers (μm) except for the length and width of the body, which are given in millimeters (mm); all measurements are given as minimum and maximum values. The drawings are arranged in the usual way for illustrating Coccomorpha, with the central drawing showing a slide-mounted specimen and the distribution of morphological features, and the enlarged drawings (not to scale) showing the detailed structure of important characters. Scale insect illustrations show the dorsal surface on the left side and the ventral surface on the right side.
The holotypes and paratypes of the new species are deposited in the Insect Collection, the Department of Forestry Protection, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China (BFUC).

Paraputo banzigeri Williams, 2004
Paraputo banzigeri Williams, 2004 Biology. This species was collected from Cinnamomum japonicum attended by ants, and sometimes inside the theca of the fungus Phlebopus portentosus on the roots of Ficus microcarpa (Zhang et al. 2015).
Remarks. The material examined agrees with the original description by Williams (2004) except that there are a few oral collar tubular ducts present lateral to each first coxa. Good description and illustration are given by Williams (2004).

Distribution. China (Sichuan).
Biology. This mealybug is found under bark crack of Platanus and is attended by ants. Etymology. The specific epithet is based on the Latin genitive of the host-plant name.
Remarks. Paraputo platani sp. n. is most similar to P. comantis Wang in the number of cerarii, long setae present flanking anal ring and anal ring bearing more than six setae. However, P. platani sp. n. differs from P. comantis Wang by the following features (condition of P. comantis Wang given in parentheses): (i) posteriormost three cerarii (C 16 , C 17 and C 18 ) situated on membranous plates (those cerarii situated on sclerotized areas); (ii) translucent pores present on hind coxa (absent from hind coxa); (iii) oral collar tubular ducts distributed across abdominal segments V-VI (ducts distributed across segments V-VII).
Host plant. Rosaceae: Eriobotrya japonica. Distribution. China (Yunnan). Etymology. The specific epithet is based on the name of the type locality Yunnan, combined with the Latin suffix ''-ensis'', indicating its place of origin.
Remarks. Paraputo yunnanensis sp. n. is similar to P. banzigeri Williams in possessing oral collar tubular ducts on the head anterior to the clypeolabral shield, and in having the cerarii on the thorax sometimes indistinct. However, it differs from P. banzigeri Williams by the following features (condition of P. banzigeri Williams given in parentheses): (i) all the dorsal setae are short and pointed (dorsal setae on abdominal segment VIII much longer than other dorsal setae); (ii) translucent pores present only on hind coxa (pores not only present on hind coxa, but also on hind femur and hind tibia).