Seven new species of Pinelema from Vietnam (Araneae, Telemidae)

Abstract Seven new species of the spider genus Pinelema Wang & Li, 2012, from Vietnam are reported: P. damtaoensis Zhao & Li, sp. n. (♂♀), P. nuocnutensis Zhao & Li, sp. n. (♂♀), P. laensis Zhao & Li, sp. n. (♂♀), P. pacchanensis Zhao & Li, sp. n. (♂♀), P. spirulata Zhao & Li, sp. n. (♂♀), P. xiezi Zhao & Li, sp. n. (♂♀), and P. zhenzhuang Zhao & Li, sp. n. (♂♀). Prior to the current study, this genus contained eight species and was known only from southwestern China. The diagnosis of the genus is updated, accounting for characters found in the new species.


Introduction
The spider family Telemidae Fage, 1913 contains nine genera and 69 species (World Spider Catalog 2017). Pinelema  is the second-most species rich genus of the family, comprising eight species from the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau of China. Here, seven new species of Pinelema are described from Vietnam. The diagnosis and description of the genus are extended. Prior to this study, only two species of the spider family Telemidae were known from Vietnam: Telema cucphongensis Lin, Pham & Li, 2009and T. exiloculata Lin, Pham & Li, 2009(Lin et al. 2009).

Materials and methods
All specimens were examined and measured using a LEICA M205 C stereomicroscope. The bodies, male palps, and receptacles were photographed using an Olympus C7070 digital camera. Images were combined using Helicon Focus version 6.7.1 image stacking software (http://www.heliconsoft.com). Endogynes were removed and treated in lactic acid before photographing. All measurements are given in millimeters. Leg measurements are shown as: total length (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus). The left palpi of males were photographed using an FEI Quanta 450 Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope. The following abbreviations are used in the text and figures: CA cymbial apophysis; Em embolus; Re receptacle; REC the ratio of embolus length (green line in Fig. 1D) and cymbium length (blue line in Fig. 1D); SR spiral ridge of embolus.
All specimens treated here are deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IZCAS), Beijing, China.
Comments. Pinelema species are small (0.97-1.80). Carapace 0.48-0.75 long, yellow, with long thin legs relative to body length; tibia I 0.94-2.08 long. Six eyes are normally developed, vestigial, or in some species are completely absent. If eyes are present, they are encircled by black rings. Male palps are large relative to their body, with a distinct cymbial apophysis; embolus is long, medium or short in comparison to the cymbium; the REC varies from 0.28 to 0.90. The receptacle is unpaired as in other telemids and has spiral ducts inside.

Pinelema damtaoensis
Distribution. Known only from the type locality (Fig. 22).   Distribution. Known only from the type locality (Fig. 22).       triangles. The new species can be distinguished from other congeners by the short embolus and axe-shaped endogyne (Fig. 9C).
Distribution. Known only from the type locality (Fig. 22). Etymology. The specific name is derived from the Latin word "spirulatus", meaning "screw-shaped", and refers to the spiral embolus; adjective.

Pinelema spirulata
Diagnosis. This new species can be distinguished from other congeners by the screw-shaped embolus (Figs 13B-D, 14A-D), emboli of other Pinelema species are either tube-shaped, triangular, or trapezoidal.
Distribution. Known only from the type locality (Fig. 22).    Etymology. This specific name is derived from the Chinese Pinyin 'xié zǐ', meaning 'shoe', in reference to the shoe-shaped embolus; noun.
Diagnosis. This new species is similar to P. huobaensis and P. yaosaensis by a having short embolus. It can be distinguished from related species by the shoe-shaped embolus (Figs 16B, 17C-D) (vs. triangular embolus in related species). It is also similar to P. laensis sp. n. but can be distinguished by the unsclerotized margin of the embolus (the embolus of P. laensis sp. n. is sclerotized marginally and hollow). This new species can be distinguished from other congeners by the short embolus.
Distribution. Known only from the type locality (Fig. 22). Etymology. This specific name is derived from the Chinese Pinyin 'zhēn zhuàng', meaning 'needle-shaped', in reference to the shape of the embolus; adjective.       Diagnosis. This new species can be easily distinguished from other congeners by the short needle-shaped embolus (Figs 19B,. The embolus of other Pinelema species is either long and tube-like, short and triangular or short and trapezoidal.