A taxonomic review of the Selenophori group (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Harpalini) in the West Indies, with descriptions of new species and notes about classification and biogeography

Abstract Primarily a taxonomic review of the West Indian elements of the selenophorine Harpalini, this paper includes a classification, a key, descriptions and illustrations of taxa, re-rankings, and new synonymies. In total, 45 species and subspecies are treated, six of which are described as new. A new genus and new species are as follows, with type localities in parentheses: Paraulacoryssus gen. n., (type species Selenophorus puertoricensis Mutchler, 1934); Neodiachipteryx davidsoni sp. n., (Zamba, Dominican Republic); Selenophorus spinosus sp. n., seriatoporus species group (Benjamin Constant, state of Amazonas, Brazil); Selenophorus obtusoides sp. n., parumpunctatus species group (near Soroa, Pinar del Rio Province, Cuba); Selenophorus iviei sp. n., nonseriatus species group (Big River, Montserrat, 16°45.719N', 62°11.335W'); Selenophorus irec sp. n., nonseriatus species group (Vernou, Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles); and Selenophorus fabricii sp. n., opalinus species group (Cabo Rojo, Pedernales Province, Dominican Republic). This last species was misidentified as Selenophorus integer (Fabricius). In turn, that species was misidentified as Selenophorus chalybeus Dejean. Selenophorus chalybeus Dejean is a junior synonym of Selenophorus integer Fabricius, syn. n.; and Isopleurus macleayi Kirby is a junior synonym of Selenophorus pyritosus Dejean, syn. n. Biogeographically, log of land area plotted against log of number of species shows that the equilibrium theory of biogeography applies to the West Indian selenophorine fauna. Taxonomically, the selenophorine taxa of the West Indies are arranged in eight genera. The 30 species/subspecies of Selenophorus (sensu stricto) are arranged in 10 species groups. Geographically, the major sources of the selenophorines are the Bahamas, the Greater Antilles and Lesser Antilles. The West Indian islands probably have been invaded by 26 taxa. Of the currently extant taxa, 11 are classified as immigrant, meaning that they are represented both in the islands and on the mainland (South America or Middle America and southern Florida). Thirty three taxa are classified as precinctive, meaning that they originated where they are now living, the implication being that they have descended from immigrants, thus older in the islands than the current-day immigrants. It is postulated that the West Indian taxa represent three age groups: oldest, ancestors having reached the proto-Antilles by a landspan known as GAARlandia; a middle-age group (Neogene period), their ancestors having reached the islands by dispersal over water, between islands; and a young group of extant taxa, no older than the Pleistocene, also having reached the islands over water.


Measurements.
Measurements were made with an ocular micrometer in a Wild M5 stereoscopic microscope, at 12×, 25×, and 50×. Measurements of external body parts and abbreviations used for them in the text are: Length of head (HL) linear distance from base of left mandible to posterior margin of left eye; Length of pronotum (PL) linear distance from anterior to posterior margin, measured along the midline; Length of elytra (EL) linear distance from basal ridge to apex of longer elytron (if the pair of elytra is asymmetrical), measured along the suture. Standardized Body Length (SBL), used as an index of overall size, is the sum of HL, PL, and EL. Values for length (more or less diagnostic for species groups or species) were computed (Table 1), using the measurements above. We determined the central point of each range (median) to identify central tendency. We treat these morphometric data as illustrative rather than definitive.
Preparation of material. Dissections were made by using standard techniques. Genitalia and other small structures were preserved in glycerine in microvials, pinned beneath the specimens from which they were removed. Larger structures and those that were gold-coated for study with the SEM were glued to cards pinned beneath the specimens from which they were removed.
Photographs of isolated structures were taken with a JEOL JSM 6301 FXV field emission SEM. Line drawings of selected body parts were prepared by using a camera lucida on a Wild W5 stereoscopic microscope. Stacks of images were taken using a Nikon CoolPix 8400 digital camera mounted to an Olympus SZX16 stereomicroscope. The stacked images were then rendered into a single image using Helicon Focus 5.3.7. All specimens, regardless of luster or color, were imaged using the same identical conditions. A piece of mylar drafting film was shaped into a cylinder to surround the specimen. Four fibre optic wands were then shone on the mylar film, two at angles toward the head, and two at angles toward the elytral apex. Final plates were prepared using Adobe Photoshop CS4.

Terms
Terms used in this publication are either in common usage, or have been defined in previous publications, such as Lindroth (1974), Deuve (1993), Liebherr and Will (1998) and Shpeley (2002 and). The only new term relates to the male genitalia: "phallic" is added to "median lobe" to ensure that the meaning of the latter is established. Classification. For the general ranking and arrangement of the West Indian Selenophori, we accept that proposed by Noonan (1985a, b), with treatment of the taxa of Amblygnathus Dejean as proposed by Ball and Maddison (1987), and treatment of Stenomorphus Dejean as proposed by Ball et al. (1991). The classification of Selenophorus Dejean is based principally on details of the male genitalia, with sequence of species groups being alphabetical. Like the selenophorine groups, the members are arranged alphabetically according to species name.
Because of the remarkable structure of the female genital tract and its similarity to that of Neoaulacoryssus Noonan, we place Selenophorus puertoricensis Mutchler in a new monobasic genus named Paraulacoryssus gen. n., following Neoaulacoryssus in a linear arrangement.
Diagnosis. Noonan (1985a: 4-8) discussed the definition and composition of the New World Selenophori group, and included a detailed description of adult selenophorines. In this paper we limit the West Indian Selenophori group to harpaline adults that have seta bearing punctures in striae 2 and 5 or in striae 2, 5 and 7 which includes the following genera: Neoaulacoryssus Noonan, Paraulacoryssus gen. n., Athrostictus Bates, Amblygnathus Dejean, Neodiachipteryx Noonan, Selenophorus Dejean, Stenomorphus Dejean and Discoderus LeConte. Way of life. Information available in the form of label data about this topic is limited, as shown by number of species (Table 2) and number of specimens per species (Table 3). Basically, selenophorines are geophilous and lowland. Collectively, they occupy habitats ranging from swamps to desert and from fresh water to brackish tidal flats. They are night-active, adults of most species being macropterous, many being taken by light traps.  Middle femur anteroventrally angulate or more-or-less sharply dentate near apex. Geographical range: Hispaniola (habitus, Fig. 62  Selenophorus cupripennis Gory, 1833: 239. TYPE MATERIAL: not seen by present authors; only a single specimen from "Cayenne"; sex unspecified. -Gemminger and Harold 1868: 266.-Csiki 1932: 1197.-Blackwelder 1944Noonan 1985a: 38.-Ball 1992: 85.-Lorenz 1998: 355.-Lorenz 2005 Taxonomic note. Noonan (1985a: 38) suggested that N. cupripennis and N speciosus (Dejean) may be conspecific. The everted endophallus of both N. cupripennis and N. speciosus was examined, as the form of the phallic median lobe was nearly identical. The three spine fields were similar in placement on the surface of the everted endophallus and length of spines, but differed in size and shape of the field. We believe that both of these are valid species. Type area. Cayenne. Diagnosis. The elytral macrosculpture, consisting of elongate punctures in places confluent and chain-like, readily separates this species from other West Indian selenophorine species. Specimens of N. cupripennis have the entire dorsum metallic cupreous, whereas specimens of N. speciosus have a greenish-bluish-violaceous head, greenish pronotum and reddish elytra. Descriptive notes. Data for SBL in Table 1. Habitus as in Fig. 1A. Labrum with anterior margin shallowly concave; clypeus with anterior margin moderately concave. Antennae and mouthparts rufo-brunneous to dark brunneous; antennal scape paler than remaining antennomeres. Legs rufo-brunneous; ventral surface rufo-brunneous to rufo-piceous. Entire dorsal surface with metallic cupreous luster. Pronotum with posteriolateral angles more or less obtuse; densely and more or less uniformly punctate, some punctures near lateral and posterior margins each with a very short seta. Elytral intervals densely punctate with elongate punctures, some of which are confluent and chain-like; each puncture with a very short seta near edge; setae longer in outer intervals. Males with fore-and mid-tarsi with biseriate adhesive vestiture. Both males and females with two terminal setae near the posterior margin on sternum VII.
Male genitalia. Fig. 2A-C. Apical portion of phallic median lobe long, narrowly tapered, symmetrically rounded in dorsal/ventral aspect, with 2 small ventral hooks; endophallus with three fields of short fine spines, a longer and wider field in dorsal aspect, a shorter and narrow field in left lateral aspect, and a small field near the ostium; without lamina. Ventral surface of shaft with two rows of basad directed sharp saw-toothed ridges.
Geographical distribution. Fig. 4. This is an eastern South American species, known from Cayenne on the mainland, the islands of the Dutch Antilles, and the islands of St. Lucia, Mustique and Grenada in the Lesser Antilles.
Chorological affinities and relationships. The putative adelphotaxon of the eastern South American N. speciosus, this is the only species of Neoaulacoryssus currently recorded from the West Indies.
Material examined. We have seen a total of 17 specimens (6 males, 11 females). See Appendix for details.
Recognition. Size larger, elytral mesh pattern transverse, sculpticells distinctly wider than long and metepisterum short, with lateral margin and anterior margin nearly equal.
Included species. Paraulacoryssus includes only one species, P. puertoricensis. Geographical distribution. This genus is known only from Puerto Rico. Chorological affinities and relationships. Based on similarities in the remarkable female genitalia shared with Neoaulacoryssus, we postulate that that genus and Paraulacoryssus are adelphotaxa. In size and general appearance, members of this genus markedly resemble adults of the opalinus species group of Selenophorus. The marked morphological distinctness and single island distribution of this taxon suggests that it is a relict group in the West Indies. ( Blackwelder 1944: 50.-Erwin and Sims 1984: 440.-Ball 1992: 84, 85.-Lorenz 1998: 356.-Lorenz 2005 Type locality. Desengano, Lajas Municipality, Puerto Rico.

Paraulacoryssus puertoricensis
Diagnosis. This species is readily separated from all other West Indian selenophorine species by the reduced metepisternum, which has the anterior and lateral margins nearly equal in length.
Descriptive notes. Data for SBL in Table 1. Habitus as in Fig. 1B. Labrum with anterior margin shallowly convex and clypeus with anterior margin shallowly concave. Antennae and mouthparts rufo-testaceous to nearly brunneous, with antennomere 1 paler than remainder of antenna. Legs rufo-brunneous to dark brunneous. Dorsal and ventral surfaces rufo-brunneous to brunneo-piceous. Elytra and ventral surface with faint iridescence. Head, pronotum and elytra shiny, without microlines visible at 100×. Pronotum with posteriolateral angles rounded; posteriolateral impressions and laterally near the bead finely punctate. Elytral striae impunctate, except the standard setigerous punctures in striae 2, 5 and 7. Intervals with fine micro-punctures. Both males and females with two terminal setae near the posterior margin on sternum VII.
Male genitalia. Fig. 2D-F. Apical portion of phallic median lobe triangular, symmetrically rounded in dorsal/ventral aspect; endophallus with three fields of short spines, best seen in left lateral aspect; well sclerotized, sharply pointed lamina present, short, triangular in form, rounded on right, concave on the left.
Chorological affinities and relationships. See above for treatment of the genus Paraulacoryssus.
Material examined. In addition to type material, we have seen a total of 8 specimens (2 males, 6 females). See Appendix for details.

Athrostictus paganus
Diagnosis. The long setae on the elytra readily separate this species from other West Indian selenophorine species.
Descriptive notes. Data for SBL in Table 1. Habitus as in Fig. 1C. Clypeus and labrum each with anterior margin shallowly concave. Antennae, mouthparts and legs testaceous to rufo-testaceous; antennomere 1 paler than remaining antennomeres. Dorsal and ventral surfaces rufo-piceous to piceous; lateral margins of pronotum paler. Elytra and ventral surface with metallic blue iridescence. Basal third of pronotum markedly punctate, each puncture with a seta. Elytra with all intervals markedly punctate, each puncture with a seta about half the length of the serial setae in striae 2, 5 and 7. Males with fore and mid-tarsi with biseriate adhesive vestiture. Males with two terminal setae and females with four terminal setae near the posterior margin on sternum VII.
Male genitalia. Fig. 2G-I. Apical portion of phallic median lobe moderately long, parallel-sided, symmetrically rounded in dorsal/ventral aspect, small median ventral hook; endophallus with numerous spine fields, spines of varying base size and length; without lamina.
Ovipositor and female reproductive tract. Fig. 3C. Gonocoxite 2 falcate, with moderately wide base. Bursa copulatrix moderately long; small kidney-shaped spermatheca (sp) with proximal half attached to common oviduct, spermathecal duct originating well above base of common oviduct. Spermathecal gland duct (sgd) long, originating about mid-length of bursa copulatrix, gland long, thin, sausage-like (spg), with large bulbous swelling of duct basad gland. This unusual configuration of the spermathecal gland duct appended to the bursa was also observed in Bolivian specimens of Athrostictus chlaenioides Dejean. Habitat. Under the name Selenophorus puberulus Putzeys (not Dejean), M. J. Purves (1874: 12) noted this species (and S. propinquus Putzeys) as occurring in sugar cane fields in the Lesser Antillean island of Antigua.
Geographical distribution. Fig. 4. The known range of this species in the West Indies extends from the Greater Antillean island of St. Croix through the Lesser Antilles to Grenada and south to Tobago.
Chorological affinities and relationships. This is the only species of Athrostictus currently recorded from the West Indies. Its relationships are undetermined.

cephalotes species group
Recognition. This species group is readily recognized by the large size of its adults: SBL more than 7.4 mm.
Included species. The cephalotes species group includes in the West Indies only one species: A. cephalotes Dejean.  Fig. 5A. Both males and females with four terminal setae near the posterior margin on sternum VII.

Amblygnathus cephalotes Dejean
Male genitalia. Fig. 6A-C. Apical portion of phallic median lobe moderately long, broadly rounded in dorsal aspect, with prominent dorsal flange; endophallus without darkened microtrichial fields; lamina present, long and narrow, tapered but rounded at apex.
Geographical distribution. Fig. 8. The range of this species extends from Bolivia and central Brazil northeast to Surinam, and north to the island of Guadeloupe in the Lesser Antilles.
Chorological affinities and relationships. Within Amblygnathus, the West Indian range of this species is overlapped only by the range of A. g. gilvipes. The putative adelphotaxon of A. cephalotes is the Brazilian A. gigas Ball and Maddison (1987: 265, Fig. 70D).
Material examined. We have not seen any additional specimens other than those reported by Ball and Maddison (1987: 247).

iripennis species group
Recognition. This species group is readily recognized by the small size of its adults with SBL 4.45-5.64 mm, and the distinctly rounded posteriolateral angles of the pronotum.
Type area. "Santo Domingo" = Greater Antillean island of Hispaniola. Diagnosis. This species is readily separated from the other two West Indian Amblygnathus species on the basis of small size and its range restricted to the Greater Antilles.
Descriptive notes. Data for SBL in Table 1. Habitus as in Fig. 5B. Males with two terminal setae and females with four terminal setae near the posterior margin on sternum VII.
Male genitalia. Figs 6D-F. Apical portion of phallic median lobe moderate in length, trapezoidal and broadly rounded in dorsal aspect, with very narrow dorsal flange visible only laterally on both sides; endophallus with two moderately long spines and two darkened microtrichial fields; lamina present, short, broad at base, tapered sharply at apex. A single male from San Vicente in Cuba has the apical portion of the phallic median lobe with a fully developed dorsal flange and the spines and michrotrichial fields of the endophallus are a bit differently oriented. At this time, we prefer to consider this a variant rather than a different species.
Ovipositor and female reproductive tract. Fig. 7B. Gonocoxite 2 falcate with moderately wide base. Bursa copulatrix moderately long; spermatheca (sp) long, loosely coiled, broadly attached near the base of the common oviduct. Spermathecal gland duct originating above the base of the spermatheca, spermathecal gland (spg) small, sausage-like, long double swelling of duct basad gland.
Geographical distribution. Fig. 8. This species is known only from the Greater Antillean islands of Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica and Puerto Rico.
Chorological affinities and relationships. The range of this species is not overlapped by the other West Indian species of Amblygnathus. Its putative adelphotaxon is the Middle American A. woodruffi Ball and Maddison. (See Ball and Maddison 1987: 261, Fig. 70B).
Material examined. In addition to type material, we have seen a total of 19 specimens (12 males, 7 females). See Appendix for details. Recognition. This species group is readily recognized by the small size of its adults with SBL 5.38-6.20 mm, and the more prominent posteriolateral angles of the pronotum.
Included species. The iripennis species group, in the West Indies, includes only one taxon: A. gilvipes gilvipes Ball and Maddison.  Diagnosis. This species is readily separated from the other two West Indian Amblygnathus species on the basis of small size and its range restricted to the Lesser Antilles.

Amblygnathus gilvipes gilvipes Ball & Maddison
Descriptive notes. Data for SBL in Table 1. Habitus as in Fig. 5C. Males with two terminal setae and females with four terminal setae near the posterior margin on sternum VII.
Male genitalia. Fig. 6G-I. Apical portion of phallic median lobe shorter than in A. puncticollis, broadly rounded in dorsal aspect, with well developed but narrow dorsal flange; endophallus with one moderate sized spine and an extensive darkened microtrichial field nearly as long as the shaft. Ball and Maddison (1987: 230) reported, evidently incorrectly, that a long slender lamina was present. The male genitalia of three previously dissected specimens were checked for the lamina, but it did not appear to be present.
Geographical distribution. Fig. 8. The known range of this subspecies extends from Rio de Janeiro in southern Brazil north to Manaus in western Brazil, to Venezuela, Surinam and French Guiana, and to the islands of St. Vincent and Guadeloupe in the Lesser Antilles.
Chorological affinities and relationships. The West Indian range of this subspecies is overlapped by only the range of A. cephalotes. This subspecies is the putative adelphotaxon of the Peruvian A. gilvipes peruanus Ball and Maddison. Material examined. In addition to type material, we have seen a total of 4 specimens (3 males, 1 female). See Appendix for details.
Type area. The Dominican Republic, the Spanish part of the Greater Antillean island of Hispaniola. Diagnosis. This species is readily separated from N. davidsoni by a combination of: labrum with anterior margin shallowly concave, not notched, and elytral intervals 3-5 flat at the apex of the elytra.
Descriptive notes. Data for SBL in Table 1. Habitus as in Fig. 9A. Clypeus and labrum with anterior margin of each shallowly concave. Antennae, mouthparts and legs rufo-testaceous to rufo-brunneous; legs bicolored, with femora darker than remainder of leg. Dorsal and ventral surfaces rufo-brunneous to dark brunneous; dorsal surface with greenish blue metallic luster. Head, pronotum and elytra shiny, microlines not visible at 100×. Labrum with mesh pattern slightly transverse, sculpticells about 1.5-2× wide as long. Pronotum with posteriolateral angles rounded; posteriolateral impression impunctate. Elytral striae impunctate, except the standard setigerous punctures in striae 2, 5 and 7. Elytral interval 2 slightly convex at elytral apex; intervals 3-5 flat at elytral apex (Fig. 10A). The membranous hind wings are folded, not reduced in length. Males with two terminal setae and females with four terminal setae near the posterior margin on sternum VII.
Male genitalia. Fig. 11A-C. Apical portion of phallic median lobe markedly reduced, tip obliquely truncate in ventro/dorsal aspects; endophallus with one small darkened microtrichial field, right lateral ventral aspect; without lamina.
Geographical distribution. Fig. 13. This species is known only from the Greater Antillean island of Hispaniola.
Chorological affinities and relationships. Both this species and its putative adelphotaxon, N. davidsoni, new species, are recorded from Hispaniola, but their known ranges do not overlap.
Material examined. In addition to type material, we have seen a total of 8 specimens (6 males, 2 females). See Appendix for details.   Specific epithet. A Latinized eponym, genitive case, based on the surname of Robert L. Davidson, Section of Invertebrate Zoology, Carnegie Museum who recognized the single specimen to represent a new species and provided the specimen to the authors so that it could be included in this paper.
Diagnosis. This species is readily separated from N. cariniger, the only other species of Neodiachipteryx, by a combination of: labrum with anterior margin deeply notched medially and elytral intervals 3-5 moderately convex at the apex of the elytra.
Male genitalia. Unknown, the abdomen is missing from the holotype. Ovipositor and female reproductive tract. Female unknown. Geographical distribution. Fig. 13. This species is known only from the Greater Antillean island of Hispaniola. Chorological affinities and relationships. Both this species and N. cariniger are recorded from Hispaniola, but their known ranges do not overlap.
Material examined. Only the male holotype; for details, see above. Recognition. This genus is markedly divergent in its external features, includes a large number of species, and therefore, it is not possible to give an easy means of recognition. Identification of its members is best accomplished by use of the keys provided here, above. Included taxa. The 30 taxa of Selenophorus (sensu lato) recorded in the West Indies plus one doubtful species are arranged in two subgenera, and 10 species groups, with number of species in each group in parentheses: subgenus Celiamorphus--discopunctatus species group (2), latior species group (3) and seriatoporus species group (1); subgenus Selenophorus (sensu stricto)--hylacis species group (5), mundus species group (3), nonseriatus species group (3), opalinus species group (7), palliatus species group (4), parumpunctatus species group (2) and striatopunctatus species group (1).

Subgenus Celiamorphus Casey
Synonymy. See synonymy for genus Selenophorus. Recognition. Members of this subgenus have the hind tarsus nearly as long as the hind tibia. Additionally, males of all species in this subgenus have a lamina present near the base of the endophallus of the phallic median lobe. Identification of members is best done by using keys.
Description. Basal lamina present on the endophallus at the apical opening of the phallic median lobe.
Included taxa. Six species of subgenus Celiamorphus, arranged in three species groups, inhabit the West Indies.
Luster. Shiny without metallic reflection. Dorsal microsculpture. Mesh pattern isodiametric to slightly transverse, microsculpture visible or not at 100× in males; microlines more impressed in females, visible at 100×.
Male genitalia. Apical portion of phallic median lobe with long taper, apex with prominent dorsal hook, or without hook. Preapical orifice anopic, moderately long; endophallus without macro spines, lamina present.
Included species. The discopunctatus species group includes two species in the West Indies: S. discopunctatus Dejean and S. yucatanus Putzeys. Geographical distribution. In the West Indies, the range of this species group is virtually co-extensive with the islands themselves. ). This specimen was found among the members of S. discopunctatus, as recorded above, suggesting that it was regarded as conspecific with that species. However, Putzeys did not record the name in the synonymy of S. discopunctatus, nor did he include the name in the text of his treatment of Selenophorus.

Selenophorus discopunctatus Dejean
We treat it here as the name of a species incertae sedis. Selenophorus chokoloskei Leng, 1915: 596. Synonymy established by Darlington 1935a 161. According to Bousquet (2012Bousquet ( : 1138 location of the syntypes is unknown.
Diagnosis. This species is readily separated from the other member of the discopunctatus species group by the posteriolateral impressions of pronotum, which are moderately to densely punctate, but smooth, not rugose. Additionally, apical portion of male genitalia with a prominent dorsal hook (Fig. 15A, C; cf. Fig. 15D, F).
Descriptive notes. Data for SBL in Table 1. Habitus as in Fig. 14A. Labrum with anterior margin shallowly concave; clypeus with anterior margin moderately concave. Antennae and legs testaceous to slightly darker; palpi infuscated, tip testaceous, base slightly to much darker, maxillary palpomere 3 same color as base of maxillary palpomere 4. Dorsal and ventral surfaces brunneous to dark brunneous, not quite piceous; elytral epipleuron paler than disc. Frons and disc of pronotum shiny, with isodiametric microsculpture visible at 100×, microlines more impressed in females; posteriolateral impressions of pronotum with mesh pattern isodiametric; elytra granular, with mesh pattern isodiametric. Elytral striae impunctate, except the standard setigerous punctures in striae 2, 5 and 7. Punctures of striae 2, 5 and 7 foveate. Males with two terminal setae and females with four terminal setae near the posterior margin on sternum VII.
Male genitalia. Fig. 15A-C. Apical portion of phallic median lobe with long taper, symmetrically rounded in dorsal/ventral aspect, with prominent dorsal hook; endophallus with four long spines, approximately medial in position; lamina present, more or less banana shaped, pointed at apex.
Ovipositor and female reproductive tract. Very similar to that of S. yucatanus, Fig. 16. For details, see this topic for S. yucatanus, below.
Geographical distribution. Fig. 17. This wide-ranging species is found on most of the island groups in the West Indies, with the exception of the Greater Antillean Caymans.
Chorological affinities and relationships. The West Indian range of this widely distributed species overlaps the range of S. yucatanus in the Lesser Antillean Grenadines. Its relationships are not postulated beyond species group membership.
Material examined. In addition to type material, we have seen a total of 1,435 specimens (714 males, 720 females, 1 unknown). See Appendix for details.  Notes. According to the original description (Putzeys 1878a: 24), this species description is based on a single specimen, sex not specified (see details above). In spite of the statement in the original description, in the Chaudoir-Oberthür Collection are two males and a female, in front of the following box label: "Yucat". Each of the specimens is labelled "Type". Under the circumstances, it seems best to treat one of the specimens as a lectotype, rather than as a holotype. Type area. Yucatan Peninsula, México. Diagnosis. This species is readily separated from the other West Indian member of the discopunctatus species group by the posteriolateral impressions of pronotum, which are densely punctate and rugose. Additionally, the apical portion of the phallic median lobe lacks a hook.

Selenophorus yucatanus Putzeys
Descriptive notes. Data for SBL in Table 1. Habitus as in Fig. 14B. Clypeus with anterior margin moderately concave. Labrum with anterior margin shallowly concave. Antennae and legs testaceous to slightly darker; palpi infuscated, tip testaceous, base slightly to much darker, maxillary palpomere 3 same color as base of maxillary palpomere 4. Dorsal and ventral surfaces brunneous to dark brunneous, not quite piceous; elytral epipleuron paler than disc. Frons shiny in males and females, with mesh pattern isodiametric; disc of pronotum shiny in males and females, males without microlines visible at 100×, females with microlines visible at 100×, sculpticells about 2× wide as long; posteriolateral surface of pronotum in males and females with mesh pattern isodiametric. Elytra with mesh pattern slightly transverse, sculpticells about 1.5-2× wide as long. Elytral striae impunctate, except the standard setigerous punctures in striae 2, 5 and 7. Punctures of striae 2, 5 and 7 foveate. Males with two terminal setae and females with four terminal setae near the posterior margin on sternum VII. Male genitalia. Fig. 15D-F. Apical portion of phallic median lobe with long taper, symmetrically rounded in dorsal/ventral aspect, with two small dorsal projections; endophallus without spines or dark microtrichial fields; lamina present, long, more or less ovoid, with tip curved to left, pointed at apex. Ventral surface of shaft with two rows of finely saw-toothed ridges.
Geographical distribution. Fig. 17. This species is only recorded from the Lesser Antillean islands of Grenada, Mustique and Union in the West Indies. On the mainland it is known from the Middle American Yucatan Peninsula.
Chorological affinities and relationships. The known West Indian range of this species is overlapped by that of the closely related S. discopunctatus. Its relationships are not postulated beyond species group membership.
Material examined. In addition to type material, we have seen a total of 53 specimens (30 males, 23 females). See Appendix for details.

Selenophorus latior species group
Recognition. Combination of the following characters: smaller size (SBL 4.88-5.84 mm); elytra with mesh pattern slight transverse to very transverse or absent; and pronotum with posteriomedial area of disc impunctate, or with reduced punctation.
Luster. Shiny, elytra with faint blue-green metallic reflection or subiridescent. Dorsal microsculpture. Dorsal surface with no microlines or just a few visible at 100×, or head with mesh pattern isodiametric, pronotum and elytra with mesh pattern transverse, sculpticells 1.5-4× wide as long.
Male genitalia. Apical portion of phallic median lobe with long to very long taper, apex with small dorsal hook, blunted, or curved dorsally. Preapical orifice anopic, moderately long to very long; endophallus with or without macro spines, lamina present.
Included species. The latior species group includes three species: S. barbadensis Ball & Shpeley, S. latior Darlington, and S. solitarius Darlington. Geographical distribution. The range of this species group extends in the Greater Antilles from Cuba to Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and through the Lesser Antilles to Grenada.   Diagnosis. This species is readily separated from the other species in the latior species group by a combination of: dorsal surface without visible microlines and pronotum with posteriolateral impressions finely punctate.

Selenophorus barbadensis Ball & Shpeley
Descriptive notes. Data for SBL in Table 1. Habitus as in Fig. 18A. Clypeus and labrum with anterior margin of each shallowly concave. Antennae, mouthparts and legs testaceous. Dorsal surface rufo-brunneous to brunneous; elytral disc with darker central cloud in intervals 1-6. Ventral surface rufous to rufo-brunneous; elytral epipleuron paler. Elytra and ventral surface with faint bluish iridescence. Head, pronotum and elytra shiny, microlines not visible at 100×. Pronotum with posteriolateral impressions finely punctate; posteriolateral angles rounded. Interruptions in the elytral striae give the appearance of punctures; standard setigerous punctures in striae 2, 5 and 7. Elytral intervals finely punctate. Males with two terminal setae and females with four terminal setae near the posterior margin on sternum VII.
Male genitalia. Fig. 19A-C. Apical portion of phallic median lobe long, narrowly tapered, symmetrically rounded in dorsal/ventral aspect, tip finely capped, bulb-like, dorsal flange turned up, hook-like; endophallus with one dark microtrichial field near basal bulb; lamina present, widened distally, rounded at apex. Ventral surface of shaft with two short rows of basad directed finely saw-toothed ridges.
Ovipositor and female reproductive tract. Not studied. Geographical distribution. Fig. 21. This species is known only from the Lesser Antillean islands of Barbados and St. Vincent.
Chorological affinities and relationships. This species is the only member of the latior species group recorded from Barbados. Its relationships are not postulated beyond species group membership.
Material examined. In addition to type material, we have seen a total of 12 specimens (5 males, 7 females). See Appendix for details. Diagnosis. This species is readily separated from the other species in the latior species group by a combination of: elytra with slightly transverse microsculpture, sculpticells about 2-4× wide as long and pronotum with posteriolateral impressions impunctate.

Selenophorus latior Darlington
Descriptive notes. Data for SBL in Table 1. Habitus as in Fig. 18B. Clypeus and labrum with anterior margin of each shallowly concave. Antennae with one or two basal antennomeres testaceous, remaining antennomeres darker; palpi infuscated, rufous to rufo-brunneous, tips testaceous; femora bicolored, rufous to brunneous, base paler; tibae paler than femora, testaceous to rufo-testaceous. Dorsal and ventral surfaces brunneous to brunneo-piceous; elytral epipleuron paler than disc. Head with mesh pattern isodiametric; pronotum with mesh pattern slightly transverse, sculpticells about 1.5× wide as long; elytra subiridescent, with mesh pattern transverse, sculpticells about 2-4× wide as long. Pronotum with posteriolateral impressions impunctate; posteriolateral angles rounded. Elytral striae impunctate, except the standard setigerous punctures in striae 2, 5 and 7. Males with a brush of about 24 long setae and females with only about 7 long setae on anterioventral margin of fore-femur. Males with two terminal setae and females with four terminal setae near the posterior margin on sternum VII.
Male genitalia. Fig. 19D-F. Apical portion of phallic median lobe markedly long, narrowly tapered, tip capped, bulb-like, with sharp edges in right and left lateral aspects; endophallus with two rows of long spines, the left row longer than the right row; lamina with tip rounded, hook on left side. Ventral surface of shaft with two rows of basally directed saw-toothed ridges.
Geographical distribution. Fig. 21. The known range of this species extends in the Greater Antilles from eastern Hispaniola, east to Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, and then southward through the Lesser Antilles to Grenada.
Chorological affinities and relationships. The range of this species overlaps only that of S. barbadensis on the Lesser Antillean island of St. Vincent. Its relationships are not postulated beyond species group membership.
Material examined. In addition to type material, we have seen a total of 131 specimens (58 males, 73 females). See Appendix for details. Diagnosis. This species is readily separated from the other species in the latior species group by a combination of: elytra with mesh pattern slightly transverse, sculpticells about 1.5-2× wide as long, pronotum with posteriolateral angles rounded and pronotum with posteriolateral impressions coarsely punctate.
Male genitalia. Figs 19G-I. Apical portion of phallic median lobe long, narrowly tapered, tip curved up dorsally, hook-like; endophallus without spines or dark microtrichial fields; lamina widened distally, tip pointed. Ventral surface of shaft smooth.
Ovipositor and female reproductive tract. Not studied. Geographical distribution. Fig. 21. This species is known only from the Greater Antillean island of Cuba.
Chorological affinities and relationships. The range of this species is allopatric in relation to the other members of the latior species group. Its relationships are not specified beyond group membership.
Material examined. In addition to the holotype, we have seen one female paratype. See Appendix for details.

Selenophorus seriatoporus species group
Recognition. Combination of the following characters: larger size (SBL 7.88 mm); elytra with mesh pattern isodiametric; and pronotum with posteriomedial area of disc impunctate.
Luster. Dull with faint metallic green reflection. Dorsal microsculpture. Head, pronotum and elytra with mesh pattern coarse isodiametric.
Male genitalia. Apical portion of phallic median lobe with long taper, apex without hook. Preapical orifice anopic, moderately long; endophallus with macro spines, lamina present.
Ovipositor and female reproductive tract. Not studied. Included species. The seriatoporus species group includes only one species in the West Indies: S. spinosus sp. n.
Geographical distribution. In the West Indies, this species group is known only from the Lesser Antillean island of Grenada. On the mainland, the species is known from Brazil. Diagnosis. This species, the only member of the seriatoporus species group in the West Indies, is readily recognized by a combination of large size, faint metallic green luster, broad pronotum with rounded posteriolateral angles and posteriolateral impressions smooth, or with only a few punctures. Additionally, endophallus with 13 long spines.

Selenophorus spinosus
Descriptive notes. Data for SBL in Table 1. Habitus as in Fig. 22. Labrum with anterior margin shallowly concave; clypeus with anterior margin moderately concave. Antennae and legs rufo-testaceous to slightly darker; palpi infuscated, tip testaceous, base darker, maxillary palpomere 3 same color as base of maxillary palpomere 4. Dorsal and ventral surface dark brunneous, with faint metallic green luster; elytral epipleuron diffusely paler than disc. Head, pronotum and elytra dull, with mesh pattern coarse isodiametric. Elytral striae impunctate, except the standard setigerous punctures in striae 2, 5 and 7. Punctures of striae 2, 5 and 7 foveate. Males with two terminal setae and females with four terminal setae near the posterior margin on sternum VII.
Ovipositor and female reproductive tract. Not studied. Geographical distribution. Fig. 24. This species is recorded only from the Lesser Antillean island of Grenada in the West Indies and from Brazil.   Chorological affinities and relationships. The West Indian range of this species is overlapped by the ranges of its putative close relatives, S. discopunctatus and S. yucatanus.
Material examined. In addition to the type material noted above, we have seen a single male specimen. See Appendix for details.
Recognition. Members of this subgenus have the hind tarsus distinctly shorter than the hind tibia. Additionally, males of all species in this subgenus do not have a lamina present near the base of the endophallus of the phallic median lobe. Identification of members is best done by using keys based on external structural features.
Included taxa. Twenty-two species of subgenus Selenophorus, arranged in seven species groups, inhabit the West Indies.

Selenophorus hylacis species group
Recognition. Dorsal surface of tarsi with short setae; ventral surface of basitarsus of hind tarsus with inner row of spines touching each other, outer rows of spines more widely spaced. Species formerly placed in the genus Gynandropus, here treated as a species group of subgenus Selenophorus.
Male genitalia. Apical portion of phallic median lobe moderately long and wide. Preapical orifice anopic, moderately long; endophallus variously armored with spines and/or darkened microtrichial fields, or without spines or darkened microtrichial fields, without lamina.
Ovipositor and female reproductive tract. Only S. dessalinesi and S. parvus were examined. Bursa copulatrix moderately short; spermatheca moderately long to long, with apical portion coiled, originating near base of common oviduct; moderately long to markedly long spermathecal gland duct originating well above base of spermatheca. Spermathecal gland small, bulbous, without swelling of duct basad gland.
Geographical distribution. The range of this species group extends in the Greater Antilles from Cuba to the Virgin Islands and through the Lesser Antilles to Grenada. Type material. Complete label data for type material (holotype (MCZC) and allotype (WIBF)) are provided in the original description. Type locality. Source of the Matelas (River), near Ennery, Artibonite Department, Haiti, Hispaniola.

Selenophorus clypealis Ball & Shpeley
Diagnosis. This species is readily separated from the other four members of the hylacis species group on a combination of: clypeus with anterior margin markedly concave, small size and pronotum with hind angles rounded.
Male genitalia. Fig. 27A-C. Apical portion of phallic median lobe moderately long, trapezoidal, symmetrically broadly rounded in dorsal/ventral aspect, with narrow dorsal flange; endophallus medially with three patches of short, thin spines, one darkened microtrichial field near basal bulb in left lateral aspect; without lamina; ostium anopic. Ventral surface of shaft smooth.
Ovipositor and female reproductive tract. Very similar to S. dessalinesi, Fig. 29A. For details, see this topic for S. dessalinesi, below.
Geographical distribution. Fig. 30. This species is known only from the Greater Antillean island of Hispaniola and the island of Little St. James in the Virgin Islands.
Chorological affinities and relationships. Within the West Indian hylacis species group, the range of S. clypealis is overlapped by the ranges of S. subquadratus and S. dessalinesi. Relationships of S. clypealis are not postulated beyond species group membership. Material examined. In addition to type material, we have seen a total of 6 specimens (1 male, 5 females). See Appendix for details. Diagnosis. This species is readily separated from the other three West Indian members of the hylacis species group on a combination of: larger size and subcordate pronotum with nearly rectangular posteriolateral angles.
Male genitalia. Fig. 27D-F. Apical portion of phallic median lobe moderately long, narrowly tapered, symmetrically rounded in dorsal/ventral aspect, with dorsal flange; endophallus, apicad of medial, with two rows of short, stout spines, three spines on the left and four spines on the right, without darkened microtrichial fields; without lamina; ostium anopic. Ventral surface of shaft with two rows of basad directed fine saw-toothed ridges.
Geographical distribution. Fig. 30. This species is known only from the type locality in Haiti and Monte Cristi in the northwest corner of the Dominican Republic.
Chorological affinities and relationships. Within the hylacis species group, the range of S. dessalinesi is overlapped only by the range of S. clypealis. Relationships of S. dessalinesi are not postulated beyond species group membership.
Material examined. In addition to type material, we have seen a total of 9 specimens (8 males, 1 female). See Appendix for details. Note regarding type locality. Putzeys (1878a) in his original description stated that the specimen was from "Espagne meridionale" (southernmost Spain). In his next sentence, Putzeys stated that he believed that this specimen was "Antillean" (West Indies). Csiki (1932) listed this species from "? Antillean",  followed with "doubtfully Antillean" and both Blackwelder (1944) and Erwin and Sims (1984) simply listed it as "West Indies". Until another specimen is found, neither a type locality nor a type area can be designated. We have seen two undetermined Selenophorus (hylacis species group) specimens, both different species, collected in Brazil, one from São Paulo and the other from the Federal District, that are quite similar in habitus and coloration to the holotype of S. dubius. Even though the holotype of S. dubius is missing the hind tarsi, we believe that this species is a member of the hylacis species group.
Male genitalia. Not known.
Ovipositor and female reproductive tract. Not studied. Geographical distribution. The locality of this species is unknown, and this species may not even be in the West Indies (see note about type locality above).
Chorological affinities and relationships. We are unable to comment on these topics due to the unknown locality of this species.
Material examined. Holotype only. Diagnosis. This species is readily separated from the other members of the hylacis species group by a combination of: small size and pronotum with obtuse hind angles.
Geographical distribution. Fig. 30. The range of this species includes the Greater Antillean island of Puerto Rico, and the Lesser Antillean islands of Barbuda, Martinique, St. Lucia, Barbados, Bequia, Mustique, Canouan and Grenada.
Chorological affinities and relationships. Within the species of the hylacis species group, the range of S. parvus is overlapped by the range of S. subquadratus. However, with the exception of Puerto Rico, the two species have not been recorded from the same island within their respective ranges. Relationships of S. parvus are not postulated beyond species group membership.
Material examined. In addition to type material, we have seen a total of 5,451 specimens (2,412 males, 3,040 females). See Appendix for details.  Note. Noted above is the name "Gynandropus obscuricornis (Chd)". It is a junior secondary homonym of Selenophorus obscuricornis Waterhouse, and was re-named Selenophorus neobscuricornis by Noonan (1985a: 40).
Type locality. "Tablasco" in the Greater Antillean island of Hispaniola.
Diagnosis. This species is readily separated from the other three West Indian members of the hylacis species group on a combination of: intermediate size, pronotum with obtuse posteriolateral angles and pronotum with posteriolateral impressions punctate.
Male genitalia. Fig. 28D-F. Apical portion of phallic median lobe short, broad, symmetrically rounded in dorsal/ventral aspect; endophallus without spines or darkened microtrichial fields; without lamina; ostium anopic. Ventral surface of shaft with two rows of basally directed saw-toothed ridges.
Ovipositor and female reproductive tract. Very similar to S. dessalinesi, Fig. 29A. For details, see this topic for S. dessalinesi, above.
Geographical distribution. Fig. 30. The known range of this species extends eastward from Greater Antillean Cuba to Puerto Rico, and then in the Lesser Antilles southward from St. Barthélemy and Saba to Martinique.
Chorological affinities and relationships. The range of this species overlaps the ranges of the other three West Indian members of the hylacis species group. Relationships of S. subquadratus are not postulated beyond species group membership.
Material examined. In addition to type material, we have seen a total of 65 specimens (41 males, 24 females). See Appendix for details.

Selenophorus mundus species group
Recognition. Small species, shiny, with faint to moderate metallic luster, posteriolateral angles of pronotum moderately coarsely punctate or impunctate.
Luster. Pronotum with bluish metallic luster or without metallic luster. Elytra with greenish iridescence or with very faint to moderate cupreous metallic luster.
Male genitalia. Apical portion of phallic median lobe moderately long, broadly triangular, symmetrically rounded in dorsal/ventral aspect, tip curved up dorsally; endophallus without spines or dark microtrichial fields; without lamina. Ventral surface of shaft smooth.
Ovipositor and female reproductive tract. Gonocoxite 2 moderately thick, somewhat falcate. Bursa copulatrix short; spermatheca sausage-like, originating near base of common oviduct; moderately long to long spermathecal gland duct originating near or below mid-length of spermatheca. Spermathecal gland small, bulbous, with swelling of duct, larger than gland, basad gland.
Geographical distribution. Fig. 34. This species is restricted to the Greater Antillean island of Hispaniola.
Chorological affinities and relationships. The range of this species is overlapped by the range of S. pseudomundus. Relationships of S. mundus are not postulated beyond species group membership.
Material examined. In addition to type material, we have seen a total of 57 specimens (28 males, 29 females). See Appendix for details.
Diagnosis. This species is readily separated from other members of the mundus species group by a combination of: dorsal surface without visible microlines and pronotum with posteriolateral impressions impunctate.

Male genitalia. Male unknown.
Ovipositor and Female Reproductive Tract: Very similar to that of S. pseudomundus below, except the spermathecal gland duct is shorter, such that the distal tip of the spermathecal gland is just past the distal tip of the spermatheca.
Geographical distribution. Fig. 34. This species is known only from Jamaica. Chorological affinities and relationships. The range of this species is allopatric relative to the other species in the mundus species group. The form of the female reproductive tract suggests that this species belongs in the mundus species group. If a male of the species is collected, the form of the male genitalia will either confirm or refute this placement. Relationships of S. paramundus are not postulated beyond species group membership.
Material examined. Only the female holotype. Diagnosis. This species is readily separated from the other species in the mundus species group by a combination of: elytra with slightly transverse microsculpture, sculpticells about 2-4× wide as long and head and pronotum shiny, without visible microlines.

Selenophorus pseudomundus Ball & Shpeley
Descriptive notes. Data for SBL in Table 1. Habitus as in Fig. 31C. Clypeus and labrum with anterior margin of each shallowly concave. Antennae and mouthparts testaceous to rufo-testaceous; legs testaceous. Dorsal and ventral surfaces brunneous to dark brunneous; elytral epipleuron paler than disc. Elytra with cupreous metallic luster. Head and pronotum shiny, microlines not visible at 100×; elytra with mesh pattern transverse, sculpticells about 2-4× wide as long. Pronotum with posteriolateral impressions moderately coarsely punctate; posteriolateral angles rounded. Elytral striae impunctate, except the standard setigerous punctures in striae 2, 5 and 7. Males with two terminal setae and females with four terminal setae near the posterior margin on sternum VII.
Male genitalia. Fig. 32D-F. Apical portion of phallic median lobe moderately long, broadly triangular, symmetrically rounded in dorsal/ventral aspect, tip curved up dorsally; endophallus without spines or dark microtrichial fields; without lamina. Ventral surface of shaft smooth.
Ovipositor and female reproductive tract. Fig. 33B. Gonocoxite 2 moderately thick, somewhat falcate. Bursa copulatrix short; spermatheca (sp) sausage-like, originating near base of common oviduct; long spermathecal gland duct originating about mid-length of spermatheca. Spermathecal gland (spg) small, bulbous, with swelling of duct, larger than gland, basad gland. Geographical distribution. Fig. 34. This species is known only from the Greater Antillean Island of Hispaniola, specifically the southwestern regions of the Dominican Republic.
Chorological affinities and relationships. The range of this species is overlapped by the range of S. mundus. Relationships of S. pseudomundus are not postulated beyond species group membership.
Material examined. In addition to type material, we have seen a total of 40 specimens (19 males, 21 females). See Appendix for details.
Luster. Shiny, with faint to moderate iridescence. Dorsal microsculpture. Microlines not visible at 100× on head, prontum and elytra. Male genitalia. Males of S. irec are not known. Apical portion of phallic median lobe symmetrically rounded in dorsal/ventral aspect; preapical orifice anopic, moderately long; endophallus with two dark, dense microtrichial fields nearly the length of the phallic median lobe, left dorsal markedly long, medial ventral slightly shorter; without lamina.
Ovipositor and female reproductive tract. Gonocoxite 2 somewhat falcate, moderately wide base. Bursa copulatrix short to markedly long; moderately to markedly long spermatheca, originating near base of common oviduct; melanized spermathecal basal sclerite present, rather short to nearly half as long as spermatheca; moderately to markedly long spermathecal gland duct originating near mid-length of spermatheca apicad to spermathecal basal sclerite. Spermathecal gland bulbous to sausage-like.
Included species. In the West Indies, the nonseriatus species group includes three species: S. irec sp. n., S. iviei sp. n., and S. nonseriatus Darlington. Geographical distribution. In the West Indies, the range of this species group extends from the Greater Antillean islands of Cuba, Jamaica and Hispaniola to the Lesser Antillean islands of Montserrat to Grenada. Specific epithet. Based on the coden "IREC" for the Institut de Recherches Entomologique de la Caribe, from which the type specimens were borrowed for this project. Type material. HOLOTYPE female, labelled: "GUADELOUPE/ Vernou/ 10.8.71 CHALUMEAU" [IREC]. PARATYPE female, labelled: "GUADELOUPE/ Vernou/ 14.9.73 CHALUMEAU" [IREC].
Diagnosis. This species is readily separated from the other two species in the nonseriatus species group by a combination of: broad pronotum with rectangular posteriolateral angles and elytral intervals distinctly convex.
Descriptive notes. Data for SBL in Table 1. Habitus as in Fig. 35A. Antennae, mouthparts and legs testaceous. Dorsal and ventral surfaces rufo-brunneous; elytral epipleuron paler. Elytra and ventral surface with faint bluish iridescence. Head, pronotum and elytra shiny, microlines not visible at 100×. Pronotum with posteriolateral impressions with only a few fine punctures next to shallow longitudinal fovea; posteriolateral angles rectangular. Elytral intervals distinctly convex. Elytral striae impunctate, except the standard setigerous punctures in striae 2, 5 and 7. Female with four terminal setae near the posterior margin on sternum VII.
Male genitalia. Not known.
Geographical distribution. Fig. 38. This species is known only from the island of Guadeloupe in the Lesser Antilles.
Chorological affinities and relationships. The range of this species overlaps the ranges of the other two species in the nonseriatus species group, though neither of the two has been collected on the island of Guadeloupe. Relationships of S. irec are not postulated beyond species group membership.
Material examined. Type material only; for details, see above.   Diagnosis. This species is most like S. nonseriatus, from which it can be readily separated by a combination of: elytral striae same width from base to apex and pronotum bicolored, with paler lateral margin.

Selenophorus iviei
Descriptive notes. Data for SBL in Table 1. Habitus as in Fig. 35B. Antennae and mouthparts rufo-testaceous to slightly darker. Legs with femora and tibiae testaceous to slightly darker, tarsus darker than femora and tibiae. Dorsal surface rufo-piceous to piceous, lateral bead of pronotum paler. Ventral surface rufo-brunneous to rufopiceous, elytral epipleuron paler. Elytra moderately iridescent, ventral surface with less iridescence. Head, pronotum and elytra shiny, without microlines visible at 100×. Pronotum with posteriolateral impressions impunctate; without basal bead; posteriolateral angles obtuse, nearly rectangular. Elytral intervals distinctly convex, not flat. Elytral striae with interruptions, appearing punctate, in addition to the standard setigerous punctures in striae 2, 5 and 7. Males with two terminal setae and females with four terminal setae near the posterior margin on sternum VII. Male genitalia. Fig. 36A-C. Very similar to those of S. nonseriatus, apical portion of phallic median lobe symmetrically rounded in dorsal/ventral aspect; endophallus with two dark, dense microtrichial fields nearly the length of the phallic median lobe, left dorsal markedly long, medial ventral slightly shorter; without lamina.
Geographical distribution. Fig. 38. This species is known only from the Lesser Antillean islands of Montserrat, Martinique, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and Grenada.
Chorological affinities and relationships. The range of this species overlaps the ranges of the other two species in the nonseriatus species group. Relationships of S. iviei are not postulated beyond species group membership.
Material examined. Type material only; for details see above. Diagnosis. This species is most like S. iviei, from which it can be readily separated by a combination of: elytral striae wider preapically than on elytral disc and pronotum unicolorous, without paler lateral margins.
Geographical distribution. Fig. 38. This species is known from the Greater Antillean islands of Cuba, Hispaniola and Jamaica and the Lesser Antillean islands of Dominica, St. Vincent and Grenada.
Chorological affinities and relationships. The range of this species overlaps the ranges of the other two species in the nonseriatus species group. Relationships of S. nonseriatus are not postulated beyond species group membership.
Material examined. In addition to type material, we have seen a total of 180 specimens (99 males, 76 females, 5 unknown). See Appendix for details.

Selenophorus opalinus species group
Recognition. Larger species, elytral mesh pattern transverse, sculpticells distinctly wider than long, with microlines visible only in S. flavilabris and metepisterum elongate, lateral margin much longer than anterior margin.
Luster. Shiny, with faint to brilliant iridescence, or with metallic blue and green reflections.
Male genitalia. Apical portion of phallic median lobe short to long, narrowly tapered to broadly rounded, apex with extreme apex curved ventrad, with short ventrad projection or unmodified. Endophallus without spines, with or without dark microtrichial fields, without lamina, ostium anopic to somewhat anopic-left pleuropic. Ventral surface of shaft smooth or with two ridges.
Ovipositor and female reproductive tract. Gonocoxite 2 moderately thick to thicker, moderately falcate. Bursa copulatrix moderately long; moderately long spermatheca, originating near base of common oviduct, with proximal swelling well above base or with basal swelling. Spermathecal gland duct moderately long to long, originating about mid-length of the distal swelling of spermatheca or originating just above basal swelling of spermatheca. Spermathecal gland bulbous or sausage-like, with swelling of duct basad gland. Specific epithet. A Latinized eponym, genitive case, based on the surname of Johann Christian Fabricius, who described Carabus integer, the species with which this one has been confused.
Descriptive notes. Data for SBL in Table 1. Habitus as in Fig. 39A. Clypeus and labrum with anterior margin of each shallowly concave. Antennae and mouthparts testaceous to rufo-testaceous. Legs rufo-testaceous to dark brunneous, femur slightly darker than remainder of leg. Dorsal and ventral surfaces rufo-brunneous to nearly piceous. Elytra with moderate to brilliant iridescence, varying with angles to light source. Ventral surface with faint to moderate iridescence. Head, pronotum and elytra shiny, without microlines visible at 100×. Pronotum with posteriolateral angles rounded; posteriolateral impressions and laterally near the bead finely punctate, each puncture bearing a short, fine seta. Base of elytra, intervals 8 and 9 and apical portion of elytra with short, fine setae. Elytral striae impunctate, except the standard setigerous punctures in striae 2, 5 and 7. Elytral striae widened preapically, about as wide as adjacent interval, markedly wider than on elytral disc (Fig. 41A). Intervals with fine micropunctures. Males with two terminal setae and females with four terminal setae near the posterior margin on sternum VII.
Ovipositor and female reproductive tract. Very similar to those of S. opalinus, Fig. 44B. For details, see this topic for S. opalinus, below.
Geographical distribution. Fig. 45. The known range of this species extends from Puerto Rico westward to Hispaniola, and then south-westward to Jamaica, the Caymans, the Swan Islands, and north-westward from Hispaniola to the Bahamas and the Key Islands off the coast of Florida.
Chorological affinities and relationships. Within the opalinus species group, the range of this species is overlapped by the ranges of S. flavilabris (sensu lato), S. integer, S. opalinus, and S. propinquus. Relationships of S. fabricii are not postulated beyond species group membership.
Material examined. In addition to type material, we have seen a total of 1,633 specimens (843 males, 790 females). See Appendix for details.

Selenophorus flavilabris Dejean
Remarks. This polytypic species is most conveniently treated by way of its subspecies. These are arranged below in alphabetical sequence by subspecific name.

Selenophorus flavilabris cubanus Darlington Figs 39B, 46
Selenophorus flavilabris cubanus Darlington, 1935b: 203 Diagnosis. This subspecies is readily separated from other species of the opalinus species group on a combination of: small size, entire dorsal surface with faint to moderate metallic reflection and legs unicolorous.
Descriptive notes. Data for SBL in Table 1. Habitus as in Fig. 39B. Clypeus and labrum with anterior margin of each shallowly concave. Antennae, mouthparts and legs testaceous to rufo-testaceous. Dorsal and ventral surfaces rufo-brunneous to dark brunneous, not quite rufo-piceous. Dorsally with metallic blue and green reflections, not as bright as in S. f. ubancus, elytra additionally with faint iridescence; ventrally with very faint iridescence. Head, pronotum and elytra shiny, without microlines visible at 100×. Pronotum with posteriolateral angles rounded; posteriolateral impressions impunctate. Elytral striae impunctate, except the standard setigerous punctures in striae 2, 5 and 7. Intervals with fine micro-punctures. Males with two terminal setae and females with four terminal setae near the posterior margin on sternum VII.
Male genitalia. Very similar to S. flavilabris ubancus, Figs 42D-F. For details, see this topic for S. flavilabris ubancus, below.
Ovipositor and female reproductive tract. Very similar to S. flavilabris ubancus, Fig. 44A. For details, see this topic for S. flavilabris ubancus, below.
Geographical distribution. Fig. 46. This subspecies is known only from Greater Antillean Cuba and Andros Island in the Bahamas.
Chorological affinities and relationships. The three subspecies of S. flavilabris are allopatric in distribution. The range of this subspecies is overlapped in the opalinus species group by the range of S. fabricii. Additionally, both this subspecies and S. propinquus are recorded from Andros Island in the Bahamas. Relationships of S. flavilabris cubanus are not postulated beyond species group membership.
Material examined. In addition to type material, we have seen a total of 71 specimens (41 males, 30 females). See Appendix for details. Diagnosis. This subspecies is readily separated from other subspecies and species of the opalinus species group by the visible microlines on the dorsal surface.

Selenophorus flavilabris flavilabris Dejean
Descriptive notes. Data for SBL in Table 1. Habitus as in Fig. 39C. Clypeus and labrum with anterior margin of each shallowly concave. Antennae and mouthparts testaceous to rufo-testaceous. Legs bicolored, tibiae and tarsi testaceous to rufotestaceous, femora rufo-brunneous to rufo-piceous. Dorsal and ventral surfaces rufobrunneous to dark brunneous, not quite rufo-piceous, faintly iridescent. Head with mesh pattern isodiametric; pronotum with mesh pattern slightly transverse, sculpticells about 1.5-2× wide as long; elytra with mesh pattern transverse, sculpticells about 2-4× wide as long. Pronotum with posteriolateral angles rounded; posteriolateral impressions impunctate. Elytral striae impunctate, except the standard setigerous punctures in striae 2, 5 and 7. Intervals without fine micro-punctures. Males with two terminal setae and females with four terminal setae near the posterior margin on sternum VII. Material examined. In addition to type material, we have seen a total of 74 specimens (25 males, 49 females). See Appendix for details. Diagnosis. This subspecies is readily separated from other taxa of the opalinus species group on a combination of: small size, entire dorsal surface with bright metallic reflection and legs bicolored, femora darker than tibiae and tarsi.
Geographical distribution. Fig. 46. The range of this subspecies extends westward in the Greater Antilles from Hispaniola to Jamaica, and north-westward to North Caicos in the Turks and Caicos, and to Mayaguana Island and Rum Cay in the Bahamas.
Chorological affinities and relationships. The three subspecies of S. flavilabris are allopatric in distribution. The range of this subspecies is overlapped by the ranges of S. fabricii and S. propinquus. Additionally, both this subspecies and S. integer are recorded from the eastern tip of Hispaniola. Relationships of S. f. ubancus are not postulated beyond species group membership.
Material examined. In addition to type material, we have seen a total of 569 specimens (305 males, 264 females). See Appendix for details. Figs 40A,41B,47 Carabus integer Fabricius, 1801: 196. TYPE MATERIAL: One syntype in ZMUC (Zimsen 1964: 57;Bousquet 2012Bousquet : 1143 Notes. Bennett and Alam (1985: 20) and Peck (2009: 12) included Selenophorus affinis in their list of the Barbados beetle fauna. However, Peck (2009: 12) also noted that this probably was a misidentification. Selenophorus affinis, a member of the subgenus Hemisopalus, is known to occur in Panama, Colombia and French Guiana. We believe that the correct species name is Selenophorus integer, as it is the only member of the opalinus species group currently known from the Barbados.

Selenophorus integer Fabricius
Diagnosis. This species is readily separated from the other sympatric species in the opalinus species group by dorsal microsculpture, elytral stria width and leg color. Specimens of Selenophorus f. flavilabris have visible microlines on the dorsal surface; specimens of S. fabricii have the elytral striae much wider preapically relative to on the disc; and specimens of S. propinquus have the tibiae darkened apically. Specimens of S. integer have no visible microlines on the dorsal surface, elytral striae the same width preapically as on the disc and the tibiae are unicolorous, not darkened apically.
Descriptive notes. Data for SBL in Table 1. Habitus as in Fig. 40A. Clypeus and labrum with anterior margin of each shallowly concave. Antennae and mouthparts testaceous to rufo-testaceous. Legs rufo-testaceous to rufous, femur slightly darker than remainder of leg. Dorsal and ventral surfaces rufo-brunneous to rufo-piceous. Elytra with faint to moderate iridescence, varying with angles to light source. Ventral surface with very faint iridescence. Head, pronotum and elytra shiny, without microlines visible at 100×. Pronotum with posteriolateral angles rounded; posteriolateral impressions and laterally near the bead finely punctate, each puncture bearing a short, fine seta. Base of elytra, intervals 8 and 9 and apical portion of elytra with short, fine pubescence. Elytral striae impunctate, except the standard setigerous punctures in striae 2, 5 and 7. Elytral striae very narrow from base to apex, not widened preapically (Fig. 41B). Intervals with fine micro-punctures. Males with two terminal setae and females with four terminal setae near the posterior margin on sternum VII.
Male genitalia. Fig. 43A-C. Apical portion of phallic median lobe short, broad, symmetrical, with short medial projection curved ventrad; endophallus with one darkened microtrichial field, about medial, in dorsal aspect; without lamina; ostium anopic-right pleuropic. Ventral surface of distal 1/3 of shaft with two sharp ridges to apex.   Ovipositor and female reproductive tract. Very similar to that of S. opalinus, Fig. 44B, but enlarged portion of spermatheca longer, and narrow portion shorter than in S. opalinus. For details, see this topic for S. opalinus, below.
Geographical distribution. Fig. 47. The known range of this species extends from Greater Antillean eastern Hispaniola eastward to the Virgin Islands, and then southward through the Lesser Antilles as far south as Grenada.
Chorological affinities and relationships. The range of this species is overlapped by the ranges of the following members of the opalinus species group: S. fabricii, S. f. flavilabris, S. f. ubancus and S. propinquus Relationships of S. integer are not postulated beyond species group membership.
Material examined. In addition to type material, we have seen a total of 1,625 specimens (632 males, 992 females, 1 unknown). See Appendix for details. Type area. Original citation "Carolina" and New York. Restricted to "Carolina" by Lindroth (1968: 824). Diagnosis. This species is readily separated from the only two members of the opalinus species group with which it may be sympatric. Specimens of S. fabricii have the elytral striae widened preapically, and specimens of S. propinquus have the tibiae darkened preapically. Specimens of S. opalinus have the striae the same width from the base of the elytron to the apex and the tibiae are unicolorous, not darkened apically.

Selenophorus opalinus LeConte
Descriptive notes. Data for SBL in Table 1. Habitus as in Fig. 40B. Clypeus and labrum with anterior margin of each shallowly concave. Antennae, mouthparts and legs testaceous to rufo-testaceous. Dorsal and ventral surfaces rufo-brunneous to piceous. Elytra with moderate to brilliant iridescence, varying with angles to light source. Ventral surface with moderate iridescence. Head, pronotum and elytra shiny, without microlines visible at 100×. Pronotum with posteriolateral angles rounded; posteriolateral impressions and laterally near the bead finely punctate, each puncture bearing a short, fine seta. Base of elytra, intervals 8 and 9 and apical portion of elytra with short, fine pubescence. Elytral striae impunctate, except the standard setigerous punctures in striae 2, 5 and 7. Intervals with fine micro-punctures. Males with   Male genitalia. Fig. 43D-F. Apical portion of phallic median lobe symmetrically broadly rounded in dorsal/ventral aspect, extreme apex curved ventrad; endophallus without spines or darkened microtrichial fields; without lamina; ostium anopic. Ventral surface of distal 1/3 of shaft with two sharp ridges to apex.
Geographical distribution. Fig. 48. This mainland species is recorded in the West Indies only from South Bimini Island of the Bahamas.
Chorological affinities and relationships. The range of this species is overlapped only by the range of S. fabricii within the opalinus species group. Relationships of S. opalinus are not postulated beyond species group membership.
Material examined. In addition to type material, we have seen a total of 23 specimens (8 males, 15 females). See Appendix for details.
Type locality. The Lesser Antillean island of Antigua.
Diagnosis. This species is readily separated from other members of the opalinus species group by the color of the tibiae, which are darkened apically.
Descriptive notes. Data for SBL in Table 1. Habitus as in Fig. 40C. Clypeus and labrum with anterior margin of each shallowly concave. Antennae and mouthparts testaceous to rufo-testaceous. Legs dark testaceous to nearly brunneous, tibiae gradually darkened apically, to nearly piceous. Dorsal and ventral surfaces rufo-brunneous to piceous. Elytra with moderate to brilliant iridescence, varying with angles to light source. Ventral surface with moderate iridescence. Head, pronotum and elytra shiny, without microlines visible at 100×. Pronotum with posteriolateral angles rounded; posteriolateral impressions and laterally near the bead finely punctate, each puncture bearing a short, fine seta. Base of elytra, intervals 8 and 9 and apical portion of elytra with short, fine pubescence. Elytral striae impunctate, except the standard setigerous punctures in striae 2, 5 and 7. Intervals with coarser micro-punctures. Males with two terminal setae and females with four terminal setae near the posterior margin on sternum VII.
Male genitalia. Fig. 43G-I. Apical portion of phallic median lobe moderately long, narrowly tapered, symmetrically broadly rounded in dorsal/ventral aspect, extreme apex curved ventrad; shaft sinuous in lateral aspects rather than evenly curved; endophallus without spines or darkened microtrichial fields; without lamina; ostium somewhat anopic-left pleuropic. Ventral surface of distal 1/3 of shaft with two sharp ridges to apex.
Ovipositor and female reproductive tract. Very similar to that of S. opalinus, Fig. 44B. For details, see this topic for S. opalinus, above.
Geographical distribution. Fig. 48. This species is recorded from Andros Island in the Bahamas, Greater Antillean Jamaica, to the Virgin Islands and St. Croix, and from Anguilla, Antigua, southward through the Lesser Antilles to Martinique.
Chorological affinities and relationships. The range of this species is overlapped by the ranges of the following members of the opalinus species group: S. fabricii, S. flavilabris (sensu lato) and S. integer. Relationships of S. propinquus are not postulated beyond species group membership.
Material examined. In addition to type material, we have seen a total of 693 specimens (339 males, 354 females). See Appendix for details.

Selenophorus palliatus species group
Recognition. Combination of the following characters: head, pronotum and elytra with mesh pattern isodiametric; serial punctures of striae 2, 5 and 7 foveate; and hind tarsus about 2/3 length of hind tibia.
Color. Antennae testaceous to rufo-testaceous, same color as legs or darker. Mouthparts and legs testaceous to rufo-testaceous. Dorsal and ventral surface rufo-brunneous to nearly piceous. Elytra distinctly bicolored or with apical margin diffusely paler or unicolorous. Elytral epipleuron pale, same color as the legs.
Luster. Dorsal surface with faint greenish to cupreous metallic luster Dorsal microsculpture. Head, pronotum and elytra with mesh pattern isodiametric. Male genitalia. Apical portion of phallic median lobe short to moderately long, triangular, symmetrically rounded in dorsal/ventral aspect; endophallus with 4 microtrichial spine fields, spines thin and short or without spines or darkened microtrichial spine fields; without lamina.
Ovipositor and female reproductive tract. Gonocoxite 2 moderately long to long, thick, slightly falcate. Bursa copulatrix short to moderately long; large somewhat bulbous to sausage-like spermatheca originating near base of common oviduct; moderately long to long spermathecal gland duct originating near middle of bulb of spermatheca. Spermathecal gland small, bulbous, with or without small swelling of duct basad gland.

Selenophorus alternans Dejean
Descriptive notes. Data for SBL in Table 1. Habitus as in Fig. 49A. Clypeus and labrum with anterior margin of each shallowly concave. Head, pronotum and elytra with mesh pattern isodiametric. Mouthparts and legs testaceous to slightly darker; antennae darker than legs. Dorsal and ventral surface rufo-brunneous to dark brunneous; dorsal surface with faint aeneous metallic luster. Elytron bicolored, with apical fascia testaceous to slightly darker, length of pale marking nearly the same in intervals 2-9, forming a diagonal pale fascia; pale marking of interval 1longer than that of interval 2; intervals 3-5 may be darker just in front of pale apical fascia. Elytral epipleuron pale, same color as the legs. Elytral striae impunctate, except the standard setigerous punctures in striae 2, 5 and 7. Punctures of striae 2, 5 and 7 markedly foveate. Elytron with intervals impunctate basally near basal ridge. Both males and females with four terminal setae near the posterior margin on sternum VII.
Male genitalia. Fig. 50A-C. Very similar to that of S. pyritosus. For details, see this topic for S. pyritosus, below.
Ovipositor and female reproductive tract. Very similar to that of S. pyritosus, Fig. 52A. For details, see this topic for S. pyritosus, below.
Geographical distribution. Fig. 53. The known range of this species extends through the Lesser Antilles north-westward to the Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, Hispaniola and to the islands of Andros, Mayaguana and New Providence in the Bahamas.
Chorological affinities and relationships. The West Indian range of this species is overlapped by the ranges of S. palliatus, S. pyritosus and S. woodruffi, all members of the palliatus species group. Relationships of S. alternans are not postulated beyond species group membership.

Selenophorus palliatus Fabricius
Descriptive notes. Data for SBL in Table 1. Habitus as in Fig. 49B. Clypeus and labrum with anterior margin of each shallowly concave. Head, pronotum and elytra with mesh pattern isodiametric. Mouthparts and legs testaceous to slightly darker; antennae darker than legs. Dorsal and ventral surface rufo-brunneous to brunneous; dorsal surface with faint cupeous metallic luster. Elytron bicolored, with apical fascia testaceous to slightly darker, length of pale marking nearly the same in intervals 2-9, forming a diagonal pale fascia; pale marking of interval 1 longer than that of interval 2. Elytral epipleuron pale, same color as the legs. Elytral striae impunctate, except the standard setigerous punctures in striae 2, 5 and 7. Punctures of striae 2, 5 and 7 foveate. Elytron with intervals impunctate basally near basal ridge. Males with two terminal setae and females with four terminal setae near the posterior margin on sternum VII.
Male genitalia. Fig. 50D-F. Very similar to those of S. pyritosus. For details, see this topic for S. pyritosus, below.
Ovipositor and female reproductive tract. Very similar to that of S. pyritosus, Fig. 52A. For details, see this topic for S. pyritosus, below.
Geographical distribution. Fig. 53. This species is recorded only from Man-O-War Cay and North and South Bimini in the Bahamas in the West Indies.
Chorological affinities and relationships. The West Indian range of this species is overlapped by the ranges of S. alternans and S. pyritosus, members of the palliatus species group. Relationships of S. palliatus are not postulated beyond species group membership.
Material examined. In addition to type material, we have seen a total of 67 specimens (32 males, 35 females). See Appendix for details.  Darlington, 1953a: 9. Notes about synonymy. Darlington 1953a: 9 proposed that S. pyritosus Dejean was a subspecies of S. alternans Dejean. However, we believe that S. pyritosus is a valid species.

Selenophorus pyritosus Dejean
Type area. Cuba. Diagnosis. This species is readily separated from the other members of the palliatus species group by a combination of: posteriolateral angles of pronotum nearly rectangular and elytra without pale apical fascia, or with only narrow diffusely pale margin.
Descriptive notes. Data for SBL in Table 1. Habitus as in Fig. 49C. Clypeus and labrum with anterior margin of each shallowly concave. Head, pronotum and elytra with mesh pattern isodiametric. Antennae, mouthparts and legs testaceous to rufo-testaceous. Dorsal and ventral surface rufo-brunneous to nearly piceous; dorsal surface with faint cupreous metallic luster. Elytra with apical margin diffusely paler or not. Elytral epipleuron pale, same color as the legs. Elytral striae impunctate, except the standard setigerous punctures in striae 2, 5 and 7. Punctures of striae 2, 5 and 7 foveate. Elytron with intervals impunctate basally near basal ridge. Males with two terminal setae and females with four terminal setae near the posterior margin on sternum VII.
Geographical distribution. Fig. 53. This species is known only from the Bahamas, Caymans and Greater Antillean islands of Cuba, Hispaniola and Jamaica.
Chorological affinities and relationships. The West Indian range of this species is overlapped by the ranges of S. alternans and S. palliatus. Relationships of S. pyritosus are not postulated beyond species group membership.
Material examined. In addition to type material, we have seen a total of 1,203 specimens (522 males, 681 females). See Appendix for details.   Figs 49D, 51A-C, 52B, 53
Descriptive notes. Data for SBL in Table 1. Habitus as in Fig. 49D. Clypeus and labrum with anterior margin of each shallowly concave. Head, pronotum and elytra with mesh pattern isodiametric Antennae, mouthparts and legs testaceous to slightly darker. Dorsal and ventral surface rufo-brunneous to nearly piceous; dorsal surface with faint aeneous/cupreous metallic luster. Elytron bicolored, with apical fascia testaceous to slightly darker, pale marking of 2 nd -5 th intervals short, pale marking of 1 st and 6 th -9 th intervals longer; intervals 6-7 or 6-8 may be diffusely paler than elytral disc but darker than apical fascia. Elytral epipleuron pale, same color as the legs. Elytral striae impunctate, except the standard setigerous punctures in striae 2, 5 and 7. Punctures of striae 2, 5 and 7 foveate. Elytron with intervals finely punctate basally near basal ridge. Males with two terminal setae and females with four terminal setae near the posterior margin on sternum VII.
Geographical distribution. Fig. 53. This species is known only from the Lesser Antillean islands of Grenada and Mayreau in the West Indies.
Chorological affinities and relationships. The range of this species is overlapped by the range of S. alternans. Relationships of S. woodruffi are not postulated beyond species group membership.
Material examined. In addition to type material, we have seen a total of 70 specimens (49 males, 21 females). See Appendix for details.

Selenophorus parumpunctatus species group
Recognition. Externally, two species with elytron with pre apical notch on lateral margin. Internally, the endophallus of males with numerous short spines.
Luster. Dorsal surface dull to shiny, with or without very faint brassy luster, ventral surface dull.
Male genitalia. Apical portion of phallic median lobe moderately long to long, narrowly tapered to triangular, symmetrical in dorsal/ventral aspect. Preapical orifice anopic; endophallus with 4-8 short spines with large bases; without lamina.
Ovipositor and female reproductive tract. Female of S. obtusoides is not known. Bursa copulatrix moderately long, recurved; long spermatheca originating near base of common oviduct, without distinctive narrowing basally; markedly long spermathecal gland duct originating above base of spermatheca. Spermathecal gland very small, bulbous, with moderately large swelling of duct basad gland.
Included species. The parumpunctatus species group includes two species: S. obtusoides sp. n. and S. parumpunctatus Dejean.
Geographical distribution. In the West Indies, the range of this species group is virtually co-extensive with the islands themselves.
Type locality. Near Soroa, Pinar del Rio province, Cuba. Diagnosis. Readily distinguished from S. parumpunctatus by a combination of: smaller size, the obtuse posteriolateral angles of the pronotum and setigerous punctures of striae 2, 5 and 7 more foveate.
Male Genitalia Fig. 55A-C. Apical portion of phallic median lobe long, narrowly tapered, symmetrically rounded in dorsal/ventral aspect; endophallus with a row of six spines with large bases, medial in dorsal aspect; without lamina; ostium anopic.
Ovipositor and female reproductive tract. Female unknown. Geographical distribution. Fig. 57. This species is known only from the type locality of Lomas de Soroa in Pinar del Rio Province, Cuba.
Chorological affinities and relationships. The range of this species is broadly overlapped by the range of S. parumpunctatus, the only other known member of the parumpunctatus species in the West Indies. Relationships of S. obtusoides are not postulated beyond species group membership.
Material examined. Only the male holotype known; for details, see above. Type area. Dejean was uncertain if his specimens of S. parumpunctatus were American or West Indian. The type area is restricted here to the island of Hispaniola. Diagnosis. Readily distinguished from S. obtusoides by a combination of: slightly larger size, the rounded posteriolateral angles of the pronotum and setigerous punctures of striae 2, 5 and 7 less foveate.
Male genitalia. Fig. 55D-F. Apical portion of phallic median lobe moderately long, triangular, symmetrically rounded in dorsal/ventral aspect, with medial longitudinal bulge dorsally, slightly so ventrally; endophallus with four to eight spines with large bases; without lamina; ostium anopic.
Geographical distribution. Fig. 57. This wide-ranging species is found on most of the island groups in the West Indies.
Chorological affinities and relationships. The West Indian range of this widely distributed species overlaps the range of S. obtusoides. Relationships of S. parumpunctatus are not postulated beyond species group membership.
Material examined. In addition to type material, we have seen a total of 9,864 specimens (4,637 males, 5,222 females, 5 unknown). See Appendix for details.
Luster. Pronotum with faint bluish metallic luster; elytra with faint to moderate iridescence; ventral surface faintly iridescent.
Male genitalia. Apical portion of phallic median lobe short, broad, apex symmetrically rounded in dorsal/ventral aspects; endophallus with 17 spines with large bases scattered throughout entire length; without lamina. Ventral surface of shaft smooth.
Included species. The striatopunctatus species group includes only one species in the West Indies: S. striatopunctatus Putzeys.

Selenophorus striatopunctatus Putzeys
Male genitalia. Fig. 59A-C. Apical portion of phallic median lobe short, broad, apex symmetrically rounded in dorsal and ventral aspects; endophallus with 17 spines with large bases scattered throughout entire length; without lamina. Ventral surface of shaft smooth.
Geographical distribution. Fig. 61. This wide-ranging species is found on most of the island groups in the West Indies, with the exception of the islands located between the Greater Antillean Puerto Rico and Lesser Antillean Guadeloupe.
Chorological affinities and relationships. The range of this species overlaps the ranges of most Selenophorus species. Relationships of S. striatopunctatus are not postulated beyond species group membership.
Material examined. In addition to type material, we have seen a total of 803 specimens (398 males, 405 females). See Appendix for details.
Recognition. The very long, narrow, cylindrical body, and elongated pronotum, distinctly longer than wide (Pl/PW = 1.07-1.45) and serial punctures only in striae 2 and 5, readily distinguish members of this genus from other selenophorine genera. Males with biseriate adhesive vestiture only on fore-tarsi. Additionally, females have gonocoxite 2 bifurcate apically, and the basitarsus of the fore-tarsi expanded, about twice the width of tarsomere 2.
Included species. Only two taxa of Stenomorphus are recorded from the West Indies: S. californicus manni Darlington and S. cubanus Darlington. Chorological affinities and relationships. See Ball et al. (1991: 981-982) for a discussion of these topics. The two Greater Antillean taxa of Stenomorphus being closely allopatric (S. cubanus, confined to Cuba, and S. californicus manni, confined to Hispaniola) would seem to suggest that they are adelphotaxa, but their relationships indicate a more complex situation, with each island being occupied independently and at a markedly different time.
Geographical distribution. In the West Indies, this species group is recorded only from the Greater Antillean islands of Cuba and Hispaniola.

Stenomorphus californicus Ménétriés
Remarks. This species is wide-ranging in the Middle American and North American lowlands, where it is represented by three subspecies. Additionally, it is represented in the Greater Antilles by S. c. manni Darlington, that is treated below.
Descriptive notes. Data for SBL in Table 1. Habitus as in Fig. 62. The membranous hind wings are folded, not reduced in length. Both males and females with four terminal setae near the posterior margin on sternum VII.
Geographical distribution. Fig. 65. This species is known only from Haiti, at Manneville and Port au Prince and vicinity, and western Dominican Republic, at Los Pinos.

Stenomorphus cubanus Darlington
Descriptive notes. Data for SBL in Table 1. Habitus similar to that of S. californicus manni (Fig. 62). In the original description, Darlington stated that the membranous hind wings were vestigial, reaching slightly past the middle of the elytra. Both males and females with four terminal setae near the posterior margin on sternum VII.
Male genitalia. Phallic median lobe similar to that of S. californicus manni, Fig. 63A-C; differences expected in everted endophallus.
Ovipositor and female reproductive tract. Not Studied. Geographical distribution. Fig. 65. This species is known only from the type series collected in southeastern Cuba.
Chorological affinities and relationships. See this topic under genus Stenomorphus. Material examined. We have not seen any material other than the specimens reported in Ball et al. (1991: 952).

Discoderus beauvoisii (Dejean)
Type area. Dejean incorrectly recorded that S. beauvoisii is from North America, and compared it to S. aeneocupreus, which he stated as being from Jamaica. LeConte (1870: 403) asserted that S. beauvoisii was not known from North America, but was common in the West Indies. In view of the above considerations, the type area of D. beauvoisii is here restricted to Jamaica, the locality specified for the lectotype of S. aeneocupreus, that name a junior synonym of S. beauvoisii. Diagnosis. The smaller size, greenish to bluish metallic luster of the dorsum and pale legs readily separates this species from the three other West Indian Discoderus species.
Descriptive notes. Data for SBL in Table 1. Habitus as in Fig. 66A. Clypeus and labrum each with anterior margin moderately concave. Antennae, mouthparts and legs testaceous to slightly darker. Ventral surface rufous to dark rufo-brunneous. Pronotum and elytra with greenish to bluish metallic luster; head with less metallic luster. Antennae and mouthparts rufo-testaceous to dark rufous. Ventral surface and legs piceous. Pronotum and elytra violaceous to bluish, with hints of green; head with less metallic reflection. Head, posteriolateral surface of pronotum and elytra with mesh pattern isodiametric; pronotal disc with mesh pattern slightly transverse, sculpticells about 2× wide as long. Elytral striae impunctate, except the standard setigerous punctures in striae 2,  (Putzeys). Scale bars 1 mm. 5 and 7. Both males and females with four terminal setae near the posterior margin on sternum VII.
Geographical distribution. Fig. 70. This species ranges throughout the Greater Antilles islands (Cuba to the Virgin Islands) and on Mayaguana Island of the Bahamas Chorological affinities and relationships. The range of this species overlaps the ranges of the three other West Indian Discoderus species. The bright metallic luster of the dorsal surface of the body shared by members of D. beauvoisii and D. cyaneopacus may indicate close relationship between these two species.
Material examined. In addition to type material, we have seen a total of 1,875 specimens (877 males, 998 females). See Appendix for details.
Diagnosis. More robust habitus and matte surfaces of head and pronotum with easily visible microsculpture readily separates D. cinctus from the similarly colored, but paler, and allopatric D. thoracicus ( Fig. 66B; cf. Fig. 66D). The posteriolateral angles of the pronotum are more broadly rounded than those of D. thoracicus. Although range of SBL overlaps broadly for these two species, there is a distinct average size difference as well, with members of D. cinctus the larger (SBL, Table 1). The pale, non-metallic dorsal color pattern distinguishes this species pair from the other two West Indian species of Discoderus.
Descriptive notes. Data for SBL in Table 1. Habitus as in Fig. 66B. Labrum with anterior margin moderately concave; clypeus with anterior margin shallowly concave.
Antennae, mouthparts and legs testaceous to slightly darker. Head, pronotum and ventral surface rufo-testaceus to rufo-brunneous. Elytra rufo-testaceus to rufo-brunneous, with darker median cloud in intervals 2-6; cloud with faint greenish to bluish metallic luster. Head and posteriolateral surface of pronotum with mesh pattern isodiametric; pronotal disc with mesh pattern slightly transverse, sculpticells about 2× wide as long; elytra with mesh pattern slightly transverse, sculpticells about 1.5× wide as long. Elytral striae impunctate, except the standard setigerous punctures in striae 2, 5 and 7. Males with two terminal setae and females with four terminal setae near the posterior margin on sternum VII.
Male genitalia. Fig. 67D-F. Apical portion of phallic median lobe moderately long, narrowly triangular, symmetrically rounded in ventral/dorsal aspects; endophallus with darkened microtrichial field visible in right lateral aspect; without lamina.
Ovipositor and female reproductive tract. Fig. 69B. Very similar to that of D. beauvoisii. For details, see this topic for D. beauvoisii, above.
Geographical distribution. Fig. 71. This species is known only from the southeastern tip of Greater Antillean Cuba.
Chorological affinities and relationships. The range of this species is overlapped by the range of D. beauvoisii, but is geographically isolated from what would seem to be its closest relative, the Hispaniolan D. thoracicus.
Material examined. In addition to type material, we have seen a total of 82 specimens (30 males, 52 females). See Appendix for details. ( Fig. 66C. Clypeus with anterior margin markedly concave, basal membrane of labrum visible in most specimens. Anterior margin of labrum with markedly deep V-shaped notch. Antennae and mouthparts rufo-testaceous to dark rufous. Ventral surface and legs piceous. Pronotum and elytra violaceous to bluish, with hints of green; head with less metallic reflection. Head, posterio-  (Putzeys). Scale bars 1 mm. lateral surface of pronotum and elytra with mesh pattern isodiametric; pronotal disc with mesh pattern slightly transverse, sculpticells about 2× wide as long. Elytral striae impunctate, except the standard setigerous punctures in striae 2, 5 and 7. Males with two terminal setae and females with four terminal setae near the posterior margin on sternum VII.
Ovipositor and female reproductive tract. Fig. 69C. Very similar to that of D. beauvoisii. For details, see this topic for D. beauvoisii, above.
Geographical distribution. Fig. 71. This species is only known from the Greater Antillean island of Hispaniola.
Chorological affinities and relationships. The range of this species is overlapped by the ranges of D. beauvoisii and D. thoracicus. The bright metallic luster of the dorsal  (Putzeys). Legend: bc bursa copulatrix co common oviduct gc1 gonocoxite 1 gc2 gonocoxite 2 sp spermatheca spg spermathecal gland spgd spermathecal gland duct v valvifer. Scale bars 1 mm.
surface of the body shared by members of D. cyaneopacus and D. beauvoisii may indicate close relationship between these two species.
Material examined. In addition to type material, we have seen a total of 14 specimens (3 males, 11 females). See Appendix for details.  Figs 66D Note about synonymy. Darlington (1934: 105) established the name S. excisus Putzeys, 1878a, as a junior synonym of S. thoracicus Putzeys, 1878a. Type area. Hispaniola, Dominican Republic, as recorded by Putzeys in the original description.

Diagnosis.
More slender habitus and shiny head and pronotum with few microlines visible readily separates this species from the similarly colored, but darker, D. cinctus. Males have the posteriolateral angles of the pronotum emarginate basally, such that the posteriolateral angle appears obtuse, whereas the females lack the basal emargination and the posteriolateral angles are rounded.
Descriptive notes. Data for SBL in Table 1. Habitus as in Fig. 66D. Clypeus and labrum each with anterior margin moderately concave. Antennae, mouthparts and legs testaceous to slightly darker. Head, pronotum and ventral surface testaceous to rufo-testaceus. Elytra testaceous to rufo-testaceus, with darker median cloud in intervals 2-6. Head and disc of pronotum shiny, at 100× no visible microlines in males, only few microlines visible in females; posteriolateral surface of pronotum with mesh pattern isodiametric; elytral surface with mesh pattern slightly transverse, sculpticells about 1.5× wide as long. Elytral striae impunctate, except the standard setigerous punctures in striae 2, 5 and 7. Males with two terminal setae and females with four terminal setae near the posterior margin on sternum VII.
Ovipositor and female reproductive tract. Fig. 69D. Very similar to that of D. beauvoisii. For details, see this topic for D. beauvoisii, above. Geographical distribution. Fig. 71. This species appears to be confined to the Gearter Antillean island of Hispaniola, other than the single specimen labelled simply "Cuba", to which Philip Darlington attached a label that reads "loc. doubtful". We believe that this species does not occur on Cuba.
Chorological affinities and relationships. The range of this species is overlapped by the ranges of D. beauvoisii and D. cyaneopacus. It is geographically isolated from what would seem to be its closest relative, the Cuban D. cinctus.
Material examined. In addition to type material, we have seen a total of 222 specimens (113 males, 109 females). See Appendix for details.

Island distribution of Selenophorine species in the West Indies
The West Indies comprises thousands of islands, many of which are very small and not inhabited by humans. A total of forty-four species and subspecies of Selenophori are recorded from 76 islands in this paper. The equilibrium theory of island biogeography proposed by MacArthur and Wilson (1967) states that as the island size increases, the number of species living on those islands will increase as well. To apply this theory, we calculated species-area relationships using the least-squares linear regression method. Data for land area were available from published sources for most islands; when not available, the land area was estimated by laying a virtual grid over the image of an island in Google Earth maps. Number of species for each island was determined from the study material on hand.
Data analysis of log of species number against log of island area (Table 4 run using Excel (Microsoft Office 2010) with the Data Analysis package, produced a leastsquares linear regression line with equation y = 0.1589x + 0.278 and R 2 = 0.36894 (Fig. 72). The p value is <0.00001, indicating a highly significant relationship between island size and the number of selenophorine species collected on those islands. However, the R 2 value of 0.36894 is low indicating that more than half of the plots, some of which can be regarded as outliers, are removed some distance from the regression line. Rather than exclude outlier data as had previously been done by Browne et al (1993), we included all data in our analysis.
Outlier data can be the result of at least two factors. First, islands can be over-or under-collected. When working with museum specimens, one can say with reasonable certainty that the collection effort for each island would not have been the same. For example, eight selenophorine species were recorded on Andros Island with a land area of 5,957 km 2 ; eight selenophorine species were also recorded from Mustique with a land area of only 6 km 2 . The largest island with a single recorded selenophorine species is Great Inagua, with a land area of 1,544 km 2 . The smallest island with a single recorded selenophorine species is Marina Cay, with a land area of 0.032 km 2 .
Second, is distance from a source area. Nearly all of the West Indian selenophorine species have functional flight wings, resulting in specimens flying distances Table 4. Data for island area and number of Selenophori species collected on each of those islands (76 in total), plus log of land area and log of number of species which were used to generate Figure 72.

Island
Area (

Taxonomic aspects of West Indian biogeography
Over a time span of some 33 million years, the West Indies were invaded and occupied by members of eight selenophorine genera and 10 species groups of Selenophorus Dejean ( Table 5). Most of these assemblages are believed to represent a single occupation, but some species groups are represented by two or three invaders from the mainland. In Table 6 the species are classified as "Immigrant", meaning representation both in the islands and on the mainland, or "precinctive", meaning that they originated in the islands, where they are living now, with the implication that they are descended from an immigrant ancestor. See Ball and Shpeley (2009: 180-182) for a brief account of the geological events relevant to the populating of the West Indies.
To analyze the geographical distributions of the selenophorine taxa, we plot them on the following units: Bahamas, Greater Antilles and Lesser Antilles. To generalize further, we indicate occurrences on major portions of the mainland: "Middle America and Florida"; and "South America". Species are indicated by the generic name with letter "X" and a number 1 to 7. See Tables 7 and 8.  The genera are distributed as in Table 7. Three genera are known only from the Greater Antilles, two from the Lesser Antilles, one is shared between the Bahamas and Greater Antilles and two are shared between the Greater and Lesser Antilles. Six of these genera are immigrant. We postulate that the two precinctive genera (Paraulacoryssus and Neodiachipteryx) are very early invaders, their ancestors having reached the proto-Antilles by way of the relatively short-lived Greater Antilles-Aves Ridge (GAARlandia) Iturralde-Vinent and MacPhee (1999). Heinicke, Duellman and Hedges (2007) postulated that the proto-Antilles was not connected with a land bridge to South America.
The remaining West Indian genera (Stenomorphus, Discoderus, and Amblygnathus) and species groups of Selenophorus reached the islands by waif dispersal (Lazell 2005: 116) or by way of the Nicaraguan Rise (Graham 2010: 74), an island or island chain, now totally submerged, that extended between the mainland and northern Hispaniola (during Neogene time?). We postulate that the 11 immigrant taxa are relatively young in the islands, no older than the Pleistocene, and the 33 precinctive taxa are older, their origins extending at various times through the Neogene Period. This extended interval gives the time that may be required for the differentiation that occurred among the West Indian genera and species groups of Selenophorus (Table 7).  In their treatment of the species of Stenomorphus, Ball, Shpeley and Currie (1991: 982) noted the geographical proximity of the two Antillean taxa of Stenomorphus (S. cubanus in eastern Cuba and S. californicus manni in western Hispaniola), suggesting an adelphotaxon relationship, but their structural characters suggest that they are more distantly related and the authors postulated that S. cubanus was an earlier arrival in the Antilles (early Tertiary?) and possibly by way of Cuba.
All four species of Discoderus occupy Hispaniola, to which D. cyaneopacus is confined. Discoderus beauvoisii ranges from westernmost Cuba throughout the Greater Antilles, and one Bahaman island. Discoderus cinctus and D. thoracicus are markedly similar to one another and are allopatric in distribution, with D. cinctus on easternmost Cuba and D. thoracicus along the northern and southern coasts of Hispaniola. This pair of species is adelphotaxic. Ball and Maddison (1987: 173, Fig . 70B) recognized that Amblygnathus puncticollis was a Greater Antillean precinctive member of the puncticollis subgroup that included five mainland species, collectively ranging from Panama northward to California and Arizona in the USA. The West Indian species groups of Selenophorus (sensu lato), 10 in number, exhibit a pattern as in Table 8. The island/island assemblages contain each between five and 10 species groups. Five species groups are represented throughout the West Indies as well as on the American mainland. Two groups (latior and nonseriatus) are represented throughout except for the island of Jamaica. One group (seriatoporus) is known only by one species in the Lesser Antilles. One group (mundus) is known only from two islands (Hispaniola, two species, and Jamaica, single species) in the Greater Antilles.
In more detail, the discopunctatus, parumpunctatus and striatopunctatus species groups are represented each by a single widespread immigrant species that ranges throughout the Antilles. The latior, hylacis and nonseriatus species groups are each represented by different species in the Greater and Lesser Antilles.
Compared to the Antilles, the Bahamas house relatively few taxa (Table 9), with most of them being shared with Cuba, etc. Two immigrant occupants are S. palliatus and S. opalinus, both only from a single Bahaman island. This indicates markedly recent arrival in the islands. The Greater Antilles have a few more taxa than the Lesser Antilles.
In summary, both the selenophorine genera and species groups of Selenophorus show a similar pattern in the Greater Antilles: decrease in number of taxa from Hispaniola eastward to the Puerto Rico Bank, and to Cuba and the Bahamas. In terms of numbers and kinds, the residents of the Greater and Lesser Antilles are nearly equal. Both are markedly more numerous than those of the Bahamas. Table 9. Distribution of the species and subspecies of Selenophori group in the West Indies.

West Indies South America
No. Isl.

Appendix (label data)
This section contains label data for specimens other than type material that were examined for this study. All abbreviations of collectors' proper names are followed by a period whether or not the period(s) were present on the locality label. The island of St. Croix is included in the Greater Antilles island grouping (Peck et al. 2014).