The cockroach genus Sorineuchora Caudell, 1927 from China (Blattodea, Ectobiidae, Pseudophyllodromiinae)

Abstract In this paper, three new species (S. bimaculata sp. n., S. viridis sp. n., and S. hispida sp. n.) and five known species, S. formosana (Matsumura, 1913), S. nigra (Shiraki, 1908), S. shanensis (Princis, 1950), S. bivitta (Bey-Bienko, 1969), and S. undulata (Bey-Bienko, 1958), are described and illustrated. Sorineuchora undulata was previously synonymized with S. nigra, and is now reinstated as a valid species. A key to the males of Sorineuchora from China is provided.


Introduction
The cockroach genus Sorineuchora was established by Caudell (1927), and synonymized with Chorisoneura Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1865 by Hebard (1929). However, comparing Sorineuchora with Chorisoneura, Brujning (1948) pointed out there are obvious differences in the hind-wing venation and apical triangle. Subsequently, Asahina (1978) discussed the interspecific relationships of Sorineuchora and considered S. formosana (Matsumura, 1913) and S. setshuana (Bey-Bienko, 1958) to be closely related to S. lativitrea (Walker, 1868) and S. nigra (Shiraki, 1908), respectively. At the same time, the seven other known species were not treated. Later, Roth (1998) revised Sorineuchora and recorded eleven species worldwide, of which nine species were from China including the four species mentioned above in Asahina (1978). Liu and Zhu (2001), who recorded Sorineuchora species under Chorisoneura, synonymized S. setshuana and S. undulata with S. nigra without giving any details. Recently, Che et al. (2017) showed that the subfamily Pseudophyllodromiinae was a polyphyletic group, and S. nigra and S. bivitta (Bey-Bienko, 1969) formed monophyletic groups.  indicated that Balta and Sorineuchora are more closely related to each other than either is to Allacta, Shelfordina, or Latiblattella.
Recently, specimens deposited in Southwest University and Hebei University were examined, and eight species of Sorineuchora identified from China including five known and three new species. Because of the lack of specimens and male description of S. punctipennis (Princis, 1950), the species is not included in the key, only recorded as information under the remarks of S. undulata. These cockroaches were mostly attracted by light at night (Fig. 10A-B), but were also found on vegetation such as leaves ( Fig. 10C) and flowers (Fig. 10D).

Materials and methods
Male genital segments were macerated in 10% NaOH for one hour, and rinsed with distilled water, then stored in glycerine for dissection and observation. Line drawings were made with a Motic K400 stereomicroscope. Habitus photos were taken with a Canon 50D plus a Canon EF100mm f/2.8L Macro IS USM lens, and stacked with Helicon Focus software. The map was made with Natural Earth (http://www.naturalearthdata.com). All photos and images were edited with Adobe Photoshop CS6.
COI sequence (KY349518 and KY349519) of S. nigra was downloaded from Gen-Bank to compare with COI sequence of the exceptional female specimen (Fig. 10C) (Accession number: MF612149).
Morphological terminology mainly follows Roth (2003), and wing venation and genitalia terms are according to Li and Wang (2015) and McKittrick (1964), respectively. The vein abbreviations in this article are listed as below following Li and Wang (2015):  -Bienko (1969). Sorineuchora pallens is not described in the current paper because no specimens were examined.  Diagnosis. CuA with one complete branch, between CuA and its branch existing two or three cross veins (Fig. 2D); L2vm rod-like, bifurcate; R3 shaped like a slender curved filament, lying under the L2vm; a setose membrane on the right side (Fig. 2H). Using these traits, S. formosana can be distinguished from its congeneric species.
Male. Body small, yellowish brown. Vertex slightly brown, frons yellowish white. Ocellar area yellowish white. Maxillary palpi yellowish white. Tegmina yellowish brown, veins and radial field yellowish white. Abdomen and legs yellow. Interocular space slightly narrower than distance between antennal sockets. Pronotum subelliptical, anterior and posterior margins nearly truncate.
Distribution. China (Taiwan, Hainan, Yunnan). Remarks. Based on the illustrations of wings and subgenital plate in Asahina (1978, Figs 8, 16, 17) and the subgenital plate and genitalia in Roth (1998, Fig. 40), we identified our materials as S. formosana. Asahina (1978) noted that S. formosana allied to S. lativitrea from Southeast Asia. However, the differences between S. formosana  Diagnosis. Body is black or blackish brown without evident stripes ( Fig. 11F-G); L2vm pre-apex with a curved spine-like process, the process apex with several small spines or without ( Fig. 3G-H) and ventrally with R3 whose sclerite becomes filamentous and curves to the left (Fig. 3G). Using these traits, S. nigra can be distinguished from its congeneric species.
Male. Body small, black, some individuals blackish brown. Vertex black with a rudimentary dark stripe or without stripes; frons black, or vertex and upper half of frons yellowish brown, lower half brown. Pronotal disk dark brown or black, lateral and hind margins hyaline. Interocular space slightly narrower than the distance between antennal sockets. Pronotum subelliptical, anterior and posterior margins nearly truncate. Subgenital plate with a pair of stout styli, the apex slightly pointing outward. L1 consisting of several irregular seta-free sclerites (Fig. 3F); L2vm pre-apex with a curved spine-like process, the process apex with several small spines or without (Fig. 3G-H). Female. Some individuals are similar to the male in color and habitus, but supraanal plate symmetrical with hind margin rounded and subgenital symmetrical with hind margin rounded and slightly concave medially. Some individuals do vary distinctly in body color (Fig. 10C) (body brownish red). Head brownish yellow, vertex with a yellowish brown stripe. Clypeus yellowish brown. Wing veins white, legs brown, trochanter yellowish brown, abdominal brown, posterior and lateral margins milk white. We analyzed COI gene sequences of the exceptional female specimen (MF612149), and female specimen (KY349518), which is similar to male in color and male specimen (KY349519) using MEGA7 (Kumar et al. 2016), the similarity was 98.5% (MF612149 and KY349518), 99.4% (MF612149 and KY349519) and 99.1% (KY349518 and KY349519), respectively.
Remarks. Roth (1998) noted that S. nigra and S. setshuana might prove to be synonyms by comparing Figs 10 and 18 in Asahina (1978). Liu and Zhu (2001) synonymized S. setshuana and S. undulata with S. nigra without giving any details. Based on examining specimens kept in IESWU and the descriptions of S. undulata by Bey-Bienko (1958), there are many differences between S. nigra and S. undulata in coloration, the details of tegmina and male subgenital plate (Figs 3E, 5G, 11F-G, 11J-K). Therefore, S. undulata is not a synonym of S. nigra.
Remarks. According to the stripes on the vertex (Fig. 11I), the markings on the pronotal disk (Figs 4B, 11H) and the color of vein of the tegmen (Figs 10D, 11H), this species is easily recognized. Diagnosis. On the frons between the ocelli with the V shaped blotch (Fig. 5A); tegmina yellowish brown with four dark spots on the radius and many black dots on veins (Fig. 5D); L1 with setae on the right apex; L2vm with its middle inflated, the apex with two branches, L2d setose, R3 right pre-apex lying under the L2vm (Fig. 5I). Using these traits, S. undulata can be distinguished from its congeneric species.
Male. Tegmina yellowish brown with four dark spots on the radius and many black dots on veins (Figs 5D, 11J). Interocular space slightly narrower than the distance between antennal sockets. Paraprocts sheet-like and the left with a branch (Fig. 5F). L1 consisting of several irregular sclerites, the right apex with setae (Fig. 5H); L2vm with its middle inflated, the apex with two branches, L2d setose, R3 right pre-apex lying under the L2vm (Fig. 5I); hooked phallomere (R2) on the right side, with a preapical incision.

Distribution. China (Yunnan).
Remarks. The dots on tegmina of S. undulata resemble that of S. punctipennis, it differs in having longer body, shorter tegmina, and a strong wavy and bent CuA of the hind wing (Fig. 5E). Diagnosis. Vertex with two black stripes, the regions between them yellow (Figs 6B, 12B); L2vm with inflated apex and the left with filamentous sclerite whose apex inflated (Fig. 6J). Using these traits, S. bivitta can be distinguished from its congeneric species.
Male. In some individuals, the coloration of the pronotal disk is blackish brown without stripes (Fig. 6D), and in other individuals, the pronotal disk has a circular  dark brownish spot and dense markings consisting of black spots and longitudinal and oblique stripes (Fig. 6C). Abdomen dark red-brown. Legs black-brown. Cerci apex yellowish brown. Interocular space as wide as or narrower than the distance between antennal sockets. Fifth segment of maxillary palpus longer than the fourth. Pronotum subelliptical, anterior and posterior margins nearly truncate. Tegmina and wings fully developed extending beyond end of abdomen, the former with oblique CuA. Hindwing radial field narrow, R with oblique branches of which some apical ones bifurcated, M bent, without branches or with a small branch at the apex, CuA with three complete branches. Front femur Type C 2 , pulvilli on four proximal tarsomeres, tarsal claws asymmetrical, arolia present. Abdominal terga unspecialized. L1 consisting of several irregular seta-free sclerites (Fig. 6I); L2vm with inflated apex and the left with filamentous sclerite whose apex inflated (Fig. 6J); hooked phallomere (R2) on the right side with a preapical incision.
Distribution. China (Yunnan, Guizhou, Fujian, Guangxi, Hainan, Guangdong). Remarks. The color of S. bivitta resembles that of S. bimaculata sp. n. (Fig. 12A-D), but the former is easily distinguished from the latter by the markings on the vertex (Figs 6B, 7C) and the shape of styli (Figs 6H, 7H). Diagnosis. Upper half of vertex brown, with two round yellowish brown spots in the middle (Fig. 7C); a pair of styli have three to six small spines at the apex and inner margins; L2vm the middle inflated, pre-apex curved and apex acute, R3 arched and filament, the apex inflated (Fig. 7J). Using these traits, the new species can be distinguished from its congeneric species.
Male. Body small, dark brown. Upper half of vertex brown, with two round yellowish brown spots in the middle (Fig. 7C), lower half reddish brown, with a black transverse stripe. Frons brown to yellowish brown and without a stripe (Fig. 7A), or with a bent light brown stripe (Fig. 7B). Pronotum yellowish brown without stripes, or brown with a longitudinal light brown stripe, lateral margins hyaline. Tegmen reddish brown. Abdomen brown, lateral and hind margins light. Legs yellowish brown, the coxa brown.
Interocular space as wide as, or wider than, the distance between ocelli, and narrower than the distance between antennal sockets. Fifth segment of maxillary palpus longer than the fourth. Pronotum subelliptical, posterior margin truncate. Tegmina and wings fully developed extending beyond end of abdomen, the former with oblique CuA. Hind-wing R with oblique branches, M without branch, CuA with one branch, apical triangle evident. Front femur Type C 2 , pulvilli on four proximal tarsomeres, tarsal claws asymmetrical, arolia present. Abdominal terga unspecialized.
Supra-anal plate short and symmetrical, paraprocts similar and sheet-like (Fig. 7G). Subgenital plate with subsymmetrical hind margin, a pair of styli which have three to six small spines at the apex and inner margins, situated almost in the middle of hind margin, the interstylar margin slightly concave (Fig. 7H). L1 consisting of several irregular seta-free sclerites (Fig. 7I); middle of L2vm inflated, pre-apex curved and apex acute; R3 arched and filament, the apex inflated (Fig. 7J); hooked phallomere (R2) on the right side, with a preapical incision.
Female Diagnosis. The color of the insects is green when they are alive (Fig. 10A), but it will become pale green or pale yellow when dried or kept in alcohol (Fig. 12E-F); vertex with three dark spots and a dark transverse stripe (Fig. 8A); Tegmina with white dots on the veins (Figs 10A, 12E); appendicular field almost disappearing (Fig. 8D); L1 with black setae on the right apex (Fig. 8F); L2vm rod-like, connected with R3 by sclerite (Fig. 8G). Using these traits, the new species can be distinguished from its congeneric species.
Male. Body small, light green when alive (Fig. 10A), but it will turn pale yellow or pale green when dried or kept in alcohol (Fig. 12E-F). The morphological description here is with the specimen dried.
Vertex with three dark spots, on the frons between the ocelli with a narrow dark transverse tripe (Fig. 8A). Maxillary palpi yellowish white, antennae yellow. Pronotum hyaline. Tegmina and wings hyaline. The former's veins light with scattered white dots ( Fig. 12E-F). Abdomen and legs yellowish white.
Interocular space as wide as or slightly narrower than the space between antennal sockets. Fifth segment of maxillary palpus longer than the fourth. Pronotum subelliptical, anterior and posterior margins nearly truncate. Tegmina and wings fully developed extending beyond end of abdomen, the former with oblique CuA. Hind-wing R with oblique branches, M without branches, CuA with three branches, appendicular field almost disappearing. Front femur Type C 2 , pulvilli on four proximal tarsomeres, tarsal claws asymmetrical, arolia present. Abdominal terga unspecialized.
Supra-anal plate with hind margin rounded, paraprocts simple. Subgenital plate with subsymmetrical hind margin, a pair of styli with small setae, hind margin medially deflexed forming a short, longitudinal keel-like ridge, interstylar margin almost straight when flattened (Fig. 8E). L1 consisting of several irregular sclerites, the right apex with black setae (Fig. 8F); L2vm rod-like, connected with R3 whose apex has many setae by a sclerite (Fig. 8G); hooked phallomere (R2) on the right side, with a preapical incision.
Female. Unknown Distribution. China (Hainan). Etymology. Latin word viridis, meaning green, refers to the color of this species when alive.
Male. Body small, brown. Lower half vertex yellowish brown, with one white transverse stripe (Fig. 9A). Antennae with first three basal antennomeres light yellow, the rest brown. Pronotal disk brown, with a yellowish brown, longitudinal stripe (Figs 9B, 12G), lateral margins hyaline. Hind-wing radial field brown. Legs brownish yellow. Abdomen black brown, the hind margins light.
Interocular space as wide as the distance between antennal sockets. Fifth segment of maxillary palpus longer than the fourth. Pronotum subelliptical, posterior margin truncate. Tegmina and wings fully developed, extending beyond end of abdomen. Hind-wing RA and RP parallel and inflated, M without branches, CuA with two branches, apical triangle evident. Front femur Type C 2 , pulvilli on four proximal tarsomeres, tarsal claws asymmetrical, arolia present. Abdominal terga unspecialized.
Supra-anal plate with hind margin rounded and weakly concave medially, lateral margins oblique, paraprocts similar, sheet-like, with a branch respectively (Fig. 9D). Subgenital plate with subsymmetrical hind margin, a pair of styli similar, both apexes with several asymmetrically distributed spines (Fig. 9E). L1 consisting of several irregular seta-free sclerites (Fig. 9F); L2vm with the middle inflated, apex thin and acute, the left apex of R3 with many seta (Fig. 9G); hooked phallomere (R2) on the right side, with a preapical incision.
Female. Similar to the male, but the pronotum with longitudinal and oblique markings, and subgenital plate with hind margin truncate.