First checklist of the fruit flies of Morocco, including new records (Diptera, Tephritidae)

Abstract The first checklist of the Tephritidae of Morocco, containing 59 species, is presented here. Out of 38 species collected during the present project, three (Campiglossa martii (Becker, 1908), Tephritis divisa (Rondani, 1871), and Terellia sp. near longicauda) present new records for North Africa, and ten (Carpomya incompleta (Becker, 1903), Chaetorellia conjuncta (Becker, 1913), Chetostoma curvinerve Rondani, 1856, Dacus frontalis (Becker, 1922), D. longistylus (Wiedemann, 1830), Dioxyna sororcula (Wiedemann, 1830), Ensina sonchi (Linnaeus, 1767), Myopites inulaedyssentericae Blot, 1827, M. stylatus Fabricius, 1794, and Tephritis vespertina (Loew, 1844)) are new for Morocco.


Introduction
Tephritidae is one of the largest families of the acalyptrate Diptera, and more than 4300 valid species are known in the world (Norrbom 2004). Prior to this study, the Tephritid fauna of Morocco has not been the subject of focused research. Only few studies from North Africa were devoted to the fruit flies (e.g., Tunisia, Arambourg and Soria 1961;Algeria, Hering 1937;Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia, Heřman and Dirlbek 2006). Some new species were described from Algeria (Dirlbek and Dirlbekova 1976;Hendel 1927;Hering 1938;Séguy 1934a) and Morocco (Becker and Stein 1913;Séguy 1930Séguy , 1941. The Tephritidae of Morocco have been also published upon among some Diptera studies (Wiedemann 1824;Becker and Stein 1913;Séguy (1930Séguy ( , 1934bSéguy ( , 1941Séguy ( , 1949Séguy ( , 1953. Faunal records from all relevant publications have been registered in the Catalogue of the Tephritidae of the World (Norrhbom et al. 1999). A total of 46 species have been previously recorded from Morocco. New findings increase the number of fruit flies known from Morocco to 59.
The material reported in the present article was mostly collected in Morocco between 2013-2016 in 99 field expeditions over mountainous areas (Rif, Beni Snassen (eastern Morocco), Middle Atlas, Anti Atlas) and the arid area of Morocco (Sahara). Thirty-eight species of Tephritidae were identified from this material, of which ten species are new to Morocco, and three species are new to North Africa. One of the main achievements of this project is the first checklist of Tephritidae from Morocco, containing 59 species, which is presented here.

Collecting methods
A total of 924 specimens of Tephritidae were collected by sweeping nets and malaise traps, or reared from flower heads or fruits of plants, examined, and preserved in 70% ethanol. When terminalia were necessary to confirm species identity, they were prepared by boiling the abdomen in 10% KOH for 20 minutes at 95°C and preserved in glycerine. Species were recognised according to the identification keys of Hendel (1927), Freidberg and Kugler (1989), White and Elson-Harris (1992), Merz (1994), White (1992, 2000). The systematic classification is based on White and Elson-Harris (1992), Norrbom et al. (1999), White et al. (2000) and White and Goodger (2009).
A list of 99 sampling sites, with coordinates and altitudes, is given in Table 2, and the locations of the sites are shown in Map 1, elaborated using the logiciel GisArc (Geographic Information System, version 9.3). All the specimens are deposited in the collection of Diptera of the Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Abdelmalek Essaâdi, Tétouan.
The following checklist summarizes the species inventory presently known from Morocco, and their worldwide distribution. Table 1. Species (in alphabetical order) of Tephritidae known from North Africa. X****: new species for North Africa; X***: new species for Morocco; X**: new species for one or more of the geographic regions of Morocco; X*: species known from Morocco and collected by the authors; ?: species considered, in the literature, present in North Africa without specifying country.
World distribution. Comments. The species was described from Morocco and never recorded since; we did not examine the type material.
Comments. The presence of Urophora congrua Loew, 1862 in Morocco is obviously a misidentification of another Urophora (Personal communication with Valery Korneyev). The literature records and the world distribution given above are those of U. congrua and therefore do not necessarily represent the true information for the species that occurs in Morocco Urophora mauritanica (Macquart, 1851) Literature records. Morocco, High Atlas: Imi N'Takandout, Dar Kaid M'tougui (Séguy 1930), Ito (White and Korneyev 1989). First record for the Anti Atlas.   (White and Korneyev 1989, Korneyev and White 1996, 1999, Norrbom et al. 1999, Gharali et al. 2005.
World distribution. North Africa, Spain and southern France to southern Ukraine, Canary Islands, Esrael, Syria (Korneyev and Dirlbek 2000).
Comments. This is an undescribed, cryptic species of the Terellia serratulae L. complex known to infest Cynara cardunculus L. in Spain and the Canary Islands. The serratula group contains cryptic species, a situation that needs to be resolved, and for which a molecular approach should be adopted (Valery Korneyev, pers. comm.).
Host plants. Flower heads of Centaurea calcitrapa L. from which the specimens were reared.