Three new species and one new record of the genus Siphunculina from China (Diptera, Chloropidae)

Abstract Three new species of the genus Siphunculina Rondani from China, S. bulbifera sp. n., S. scalpriformis sp. n., and S. shangyongensis sp. n., are described and illustrated. One species, S. funicola (de Meijere), is reported from China for the first time. A key to the species of genus Siphunculina from China is given.


Introduction
The genus Siphunculina was erected by Rondani (1856). It belongs to the Aphanotrigonum genus group of the subfamily Oscinellinae (Andersson 1977). There are 34 species known from the world, of which 17 species are distributed in the Oriental Region, ten species in the Palaearctic Region, eleven species in the Afrotropical, three species in the Australian, only one species is known to occur in the Nearctic and Neotropical Regions (Cherian 1970(Cherian , 1977Sabrosky 1977Sabrosky , 1980Sabrosky , 1989Kanmiya 1982Kanmiya , 1989Kanmiya , 1994Nartshuk 1984Nartshuk , 2005Nartshuk , 2007Ismay and Nartshuk 2000;Merz 2008;Iwasa et al. 2013). Adults of some species are attracted to decaying meat, wounds, scratches, mucous membranes, eyes, lips, moist skin, in-between toes, sweat, and other secretions of the body and are suspected of mechanically transmitting pathogenic organisms to man and domestic animals (Graham-Smith 1930;Chansang et al. 2010). The larvae can be found in birds' nests, excrement, or dead animals, which are saprophilous or scatophagous (Kanmiya 1983;Ferrar 1987;Ismay and Nartshuk 2000).
To date, five species are known to occur in China, of which four are known from Taiwan and two species are distributed in mainland China. In this paper, three new species of the genus Siphunculina from China, S. bulbifera sp. n., S. scalpriformis sp. n. and S. shangyongensis sp. n., are described and illustrated. One species, S. funicola (de Meijere), is newly recorded from China. A key to the species of genus Siphunculina from China is given.

Materials and methods
Specimens were studied and illustrated with ZEISS Stemi 2000-c. Genitalic preparations were made by macerating the apical portion of abdomen in warm 10% NaOH for 17-20 min, after examination it was transferred to fresh glycerine and stored in a microvial pinned below the specimen. Specimens are deposited in the Entomological Museum of China Agricultural University (CAU), Beijing. The morphological nomenclature follows Cumming and Wood (2009

Diagnosis.
Head with vibrissal angle more or less distinctly produced beyond eye; face with deeply concave antennal foveae and a distinct median carina reaching epistoma; cephalic setae and setulae generally short; wing with veins R 1 and R 2+3 extremely closed on basal portion, vein R 2+3 very short, length of 2nd costal sector extremely shorter than the 3rd sector; femoral and tibial organs absent (Kanmiya 1983(Kanmiya , 1994. Distribution. Widespread world-wide distribution, see Nartshuk (2012). China: Beijing, Zhejiang, Hainan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Taiwan. Head black, 0.8 times as long as high in profile, as wide as thorax; face somewhat concave in lateral view, facial carina distinct, broad; frons as long as wide, projecting slightly in front of eye; gena broad, 0.5 times as wide as first flagellomere; parafacial linear; vibrissal angle distinctly produced beyond eye by subequal length to gena-width. Ocellar triangle smooth, shiny, reaching anterior margin of frons, with pointed apex; ocellar tubercle black. Cephalic setae and setulae black. Antenna yellow except for distodorsal 1/2 of first flagellomere brown, with thick grayish microtomentum; first flagellomere 0.6 times as long as wide; arista black except for basal segment yellow, with short pubescence. Proboscis brown to yellow with yellow setulae; palpus brown to yellow with yellow setulae.

Key to species of Siphunculina from China
Thorax black with gray microtomentum, evenly covered with short setulae. Scutum as long as wide. Thoracic pleuron shiny black. Scutellum 0.55 times as long as wide; two pairs of scutellar setae on small tubercles; apical scutellar seta short, 0.3 times as long as scutellum. Setae and setulae on thorax black; notopleurals 1+1, developed. Legs brown except for basal portion and distal 1/3 of fore tibia, both ends of mid and hind tibiae, fore and hind tarsomeres 1, mid tarsomeres 1-2 yellow. Setulae on legs brown. Wing 2.3 times as long as wide, hyaline; veins yellowish brown. Relative lengths of 2nd : 3rd : 4th costal sections = 5 : 10 : 3; cross-veins r-m and dm-cu not approximated, r-m at basal 0.65 of discal medial cell. Halter brown.
Abdomen shiny brown except for tergite 1 yellow with brown distally; venter yellow. Setulae on abdomen black.
Female Remarks. The new species is somewhat similar to S. nitidissima Kanmiya, but can be separated from the latter by the following features: ocellar triangle smooth without median groove, two pairs of scutellar setae on small tubercles, and gonite has narrow base, its distal 2/3 long and globose; in S. nitidissima, the ocellar triangle has a median groove, the scutellum has three pairs of scutellar setae on small tubercles, and the gonite is finger-like (Kanmiya 1982).
Etymology. The specific name is from the Latin bulbifera ("bulbiform"), referring to the shape of gonite. Diagnosis. Ocellar triangle black with gray microtomentum except for area in front of ocelli and on both sides of ocellar tubercle shiny, reaching anterior 0.6 of frons. Scutellum with three pairs of scutellar setae. Cephalic and thoracic setae and setulae yellow. Notopleurals 1+1. Gonite knife-like, incised on basal 1/3 of each inner margin.
Head black with gray microtomentum, 0.7 times as long as high in profile, as wide as thorax; face somewhat concave in lateral view, facial carina narrow; frons 0.9 times as long as wide, projecting slightly in front of eye; gena yellow except for ventral 1/3 black, broad, 0.5 times as wide as first flagellomere; parafacial linear; vibrissal angle weakly produced beyond eye. Ocellar triangle partly microtomentose, area in front of ocelli and on both sides of ocellar tubercle shiny, its apex reaching anterior 0.6 of frons, with slightly pointed apex; ocellar tubercle black. Cephalic setae and setulae yellow. Antenna yellow except for dorsal margin of first flagellomere brown, with thick grayish microtomentum; first flagellomere 0.75 times as long as wide; arista black except for basal segment brownish, with short pubescence. Proboscis black to yellowish brown with yellow setulae; palpus yellow with yellow setulae.
Thorax black with gray microtomentum, evenly covered with short setulae. Scutum as long as wide. Thoracic pleuron shiny black without microtomentum. Scutellum 0.6 times as long as wide; 3 pairs of scutellar setae on small tubercles; apical scutellar seta short, 0.5 times as long as scutellum. Setae and setulae on thorax yellow; notopleurals 1+1, developed. Legs with coxae black, femora black with distal tips yellow, fore tibia yellow with weakly infuscated medially, mid and hind tibiae black with both tips yel- low, tarsi yellow. Setulae on legs yellow. Wing 2.2 times as long as wide, hyaline; veins brownish. Relative lengths of 2nd : 3rd : 4th costal sections = 6 : 17 : 4; cross-veins r-m and dm-cu not approximated, r-m at basal 0.65 of discal medial cell. Halter brown.
Abdomen shiny brown; venter yellow. Setulae on abdomen black. Male genitalia : Epandrium blackish brown with long brown setulae; surstylus as long as epandrium in lateral view. Cercus short and broad, with moderately concave ventral margin in dorsal view. Pre-and postgonites fused, knife-like, incised on basal 1/3 of each inner margin; basiphallus longer than wide, cylindrical; distiphallus short, membranous; phallapodeme long, with basal stalk narrow in lateral view. Hypandrium broad, without two basal rounded projections, arms free and long, apex with internal projection long, external projection short.

Distribution. China (Guizhou).
Remarks. The new species is somewhat similar to S. minima (de Meijere), but can be separated from the latter by the following features: ocellar triangle reaching anterior 0.6 of frons, gena 0.5 times as wide as first flagellomere; in S. minima, the ocellar triangle reaches anterior 0.9 of frons, the gena is as wide as the first flagellomere (Kanmiya 1982).
Etymology. The specific name is from the Latin scalpriformis ("knife-like"), referring to the shape of gonite.
Head black with gray microtomentum, 0.75 times as long as high in profile, as wide as thorax; face somewhat concave in lateral view, facial carina distinct; frons brown, 0.9 times as long as wide, projecting only slightly in front of eye; gena broad, 0.5 times as wide as first flagellomere, yellowish brown except for ventral margin black; parafacial indistinct; vibrissal angle distinctly produced beyond eye by subequal length to gena-width. Ocellar triangle black, smooth, shiny, reaching anterior 0.9 of frons, with slightly pointed apex; ocellar tubercle brown. Cephalic setae and setulae black. Antenna yellow with thick grayish microtomentum except for distodorsal margin of first flagellomere black; first flagellomere as long as wide; arista black except for basal segment yellow, with short brown pubescence. Proboscis brown with brown setulae; palpus yellow with brown setulae.
Abdomen shiny brown except for tergite 1 yellow; venter yellow. Setulae on abdomen black.
Male genitalia : Epandrium blackish brown with long brown setulae; surstylus 0.6 times as long as epandrium in lateral view. Cercus short and broad, with a concavity on ventral margin. Gonite nearly rectangular, slightly narrowed basally; basiphallus slightly longer than wide, cylindrical; distiphallus short, membranous; phallapodeme long, distinctly projecting beyond hypandrium, with basal stalk narrow in lateral view. Hypandrium narrow, without two basal rounded projections, arms free and long, apex with internal projection long, external projection short.
Remarks. The new species is somewhat similar to S. bella Kanmiya, but can be separated from the latter by the following features: hind tibia yellow except for middle 1/3 brown, tarsi yellow except for hind tarsomeres 2-4 brown, surstylus 0.6 times as long as epandrium in lateral view; in S. bella, the hind tibia is yellow with largely infuscate maculae medially, the tarsi are entirely yellow, the surstylus is as long as epandrium in lateral view (Kanmiya 1989).
Etymology. The species is named after the type locality Shangyong. Remarks. This species has been called the Oriental eye-fly, predominantly inhabiting in the East and South Asian countries. The flies mass around men and cattle and cause considerable annoyance, and are responsible for spreading eye diseases. It is somewhat similar to S. ceylonica Kanmiya, but can be separated from the latter by the following features: ocellar triangle reaching anterior margin of frons, notopleurals 1+2, apical scutellar seta as long as scutellum, cercus twice as long as wide, deeply incised medially; in S. ceylonica, ocellar triangle reaching anterior 4/5 of frons, notopleurals 1+1, apical scutellar seta much shorter than scutellum, cercus short, widely incised medially (Kanmiya 1989).