One new species and three new records of Chrysis Linnaeus from China (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae)

Abstract Four Chinese Chrysis species-groups, the antennata, capitalis, elegans, and maculicornis species-groups, are discussed. Chrysis lapislazulina Rosa & Xu, sp. n. is described in the elegans species-group; and three species, C. brachyceras Bischoff, 1910, C. subdistincta Linsenmaier, 1968 and C. yoshikawai Tsuneki, 1961, are reported for the first time from China in other species-groups. A new synonymy is proposed for C. ignifascia Mocsáry, 1893 = C. taiwana Tsuneki, 1970, syn. n. A short historical review of the elegans species-group is provided. C. goetheana Semenov, 1967 is transferred from the elegans species-group to the maculicornis species-group. C. mesochlora Mocsáry, 1893 is considered a nomen dubium.


Introduction
provided keys and detailed diagnoses for the identification of Chrysis species-groups from all zoogeographical regions. Their classification and characterization of species-groups is adopted here with few exceptions (Rosa et al. 2014). However, some species-groups are currently under investigation; in particular, the antennata species-group which is more closely related to the genus Praestochrysis Linsenmaier, 1959 than to the genus Chrysis.
At present, there are 79 known species of Chinese Chrysis (Rosa et al. 2014(Rosa et al. , 2016a; but this genus needs to be more intensively investigated (Rosa et al. 2016a). Many Chinese chrysidid specimens have been collected over the last twenty years and some of the main findings have been published (Rosa et al. 2015a(Rosa et al. , 2015b(Rosa et al. , 2016a. In the present paper four Chrysis species-groups are discussed, namely the antennata, capitalis, elegans, and maculicornis species-groups. A new species is also described, C. lapislazulina sp. n. belonging to the elegans species-group, and three new records from China are reported: C. brachyceras Bischoff, 1910 in the antennata species-group, C. yoshikawai Tsuneki, 1961 in the capitalis species-group, and C. subdistincta Linsenmaier, 1968 in the maculicornis species-group.

Materials and methods
All specimens were examined using a Leica MZ125 stereomicroscope. Photographs of specimens from South China Agricultural University (SCAU) were taken by a digital camera (CoolSNAP) mounted to a Zeiss Stemi 2000-CS stereomicroscope. All images were processed using Image-Pro Plus software. Photographs of the holotype of C. taiwana were taken with a Keyence microscope. Photographs of types from other museums were taken by a Nikon D-80 mounted on a Togal SCZ stereomicroscope and stacked through the software Combine ZP.
Terminology mostly follows Kimsey and Bohart (1991). Abbreviations used in the descriptions are as follows:
Types and other specimens have been examined from the following institutions: HNHM Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary; Diagnosis. Chrysis brachyceras is a large species, with the following distinctive characteristics: flagellomeres broad and flat; metanotum with small and stout posteromedian tooth; T3 with four short apical teeth.
Male. Not available for this study. Distribution. China (new record). Malaysia and Laos (Bischoff 1913;Kimsey and Bohart 1991, not Indonesia).
Remarks. Kimsey and Bohart (1991) noticed some similarities between the species of the antennata species-group and those of the genus Praestochrysis Linsenmaier, 1959. The former ones are included in the genus Chrysis because of the four apical teeth on T3. Nevertheless, C. brachyceras shares with Praestochrysis the following characteristics: general habitus, shape of head distinctly broader than high, broadened flagellomeres, subantennal space 1.0 MOD and shorter than MS, TFC weakly indicated across strongly developed brow, scapal basin not microridged, pronotum with deep lateral depressions, metanotum with a short, stout tooth, scrobal and episternal sulci well developed and expanded ventrally, black spots on S2 small and almost fused along the midline. Several of above features (excluding broadened flagellomeres, weak TFC, metanotum with a small tooth) and pronotal sublateral carina distinct and complete are shared with the T. lusca species-group, which was considered belonging to the genus Praestochrysis by Kimsey and Bohart (1991) and Trichrysis by Linsenmaier (1994), Madl and Rosa (2012) and Rosa et al. (2014Rosa et al. ( , 2016b. Trichrysis lusca is considered as belonging to Trichrysis not only morphologically but also biologically. Praestochrysis are well known parasitoids of moth prepupae (Limacodidae) (Kimsey and Bohart 1991), whereas species in the T. lusca species-group are parasitoids of Sphecidae (Mocsáry 1889(Mocsáry , 1912bTsuneki 1955;Linsenmaier 1959) or Eumeninae (Vespidae) (Kimsey and Bohart 1991). Unfortunately, the biology of C. brachyceras is unknown; therefore, we consider C. brachyceras as a member of the genus Chrysis until new biological or molecular evidence is available.  Remarks. The colour dimorphism between male and female of C. ignifascia misled some authors including Mocsáry (1893), who described the female as C. ignifascia (Fig. 4) and the male as C. birmanica (Fig. 5). Tsuneki (1961Tsuneki ( , 1970 did not mention either C. ignifascia or C. birmanica in his publications and described the male as C. taiwana (Fig. 3), comparing its body colouration with that of C. yoshikawai Tsuneki, 1961. After types examination we propose the synonymy C. ignifascia Mocsáry, 1893= C. taiwana Tsuneki, 1970, syn. n.  Diagnosis. Chrysis yoshikawai is similar to C. ignifascia, but can be separated by: female body entirely green to blue, without reddish or golden colouration (with reddish golden stripe posteriorly on T2 in C. ignifascia), male S2 with sub-reniform and transverse black spots (     (Fig. 6D).

Chrysis elegans species-group
Chrysis (Chrysis) elegans species-group: Linsenmaier 1959: 93 (key), 136 (diagnosis). Chrysis elegans species-group: Kimsey and Bohart 1991: 325 (key) Diagnosis. The elegans species-group is characterised by having habitus cylindrical and elongate; TFC weak or indistinct; face slightly broadened below, with subparallel and short MS; head broadened behind compound eyes in dorsal view; apex of T3 without distinct teeth, at most undulate and laterally with blunt angles; posterior margin of T3 bending downwards in females; body pubescence short and whitish; forewing radial cell closed. Body length usually 7 to 11 mm; only the North-African C. albitarsis is smaller (5-6 mm). Most Palaearctic species have red to golden red metasoma; females and sometimes males have mesosoma partially red. Males of C. elegans from eastern Mediterranean countries and Middle East can be entirely emerald green to golden green. Description. F1 l/w = 1.5-2.5. Scapal basin medially polished, especially in females. TFC weak or faint, weakly M-shaped. MS = 0.5-1.0 MOD. Pronotum longer than or as long as mesoscutellum; mesopleuron with deep scrobal sulcus. T3 pit row with small, separated pits; T3 without apical teeth, at most undulate. Black spots on S2 usually large, sometimes antero-medially fused. Male genitalia with apex of gonocoxae and cuspis considerably hirsute (Arens 2015).
Discussion. The Chrysis elegans species-group is primarily a West-Palaearctic group (Kimsey and Bohart 1991;Linsenmaier 1999;Rosa et al. 2015c), distributed from the Mediterranean basin to Middle East and central Asia, plus a new species herewith described. Only two species, Chrysis dissimilis Dahlbom, 1854, and C. lapislazulina sp. n. are known in the Oriental Region so far.
The synonymy proposed by Trautmann (1926b), C. cupricollis Trautmann, 1921= C. rubricollis du Buysson, 1900 is to be verified. We propose to consider C. mesochlora Mocsáry a nomen dubium, since the holotype of C. mesochlora was destroyed in Hamburg during the World War II (Kimsey and Bohart 1991), and no specimen identified by Mocsáry can be traced in his collection in Budapest or in any other European collections. Moreover, this species has never been mentioned after Mocsáry's description, except in Kimsey and Bohart (1991). Diagnosis. Chrysis lapislazulina sp. n. is recognised by the following characteristics: body blue with golden reflection (Figs 8, 9A); pronotum, mesoscutum and mesoscutellum medially with polished intervals among punctures (Fig. 9C); metasoma with fine and even punctures (Fig. 9E); apex of T3 without undulation or teeth (Fig.  9E). It can be distinguished from another Oriental species of the species-group, C. dissimilis by: almost uniform body colouration (mesosoma green with red scutellum and golden-red metanotum, and metasoma green with blue stripes antero-laterally on T2 and T3 in C. dissimilis (Fig. 10A)); apex of T3 without tooth or undulation (medially sinuous and with blunt lateral teeth in C. dissimilis, Figs 10C, 10E); black spots on S2 sub-rectangular (Fig. 9F) (sub-oval in C. dissimilis, Fig. 10F). The female of C. lapislazulina sp. n. can be separated from females of other Palaearctic species by: metasoma entirely blue (red to golden-red in other species); metasoma with even and fine punctures (large punctures, with or without intervals and usually decreasing in diameter posteriorly in other species); black spots on S2 sub-rectangular, basally separated by more than two MOD (vs. large and sub-oval, basally fused or narrowly separated in other species).

Chrysis lapislazulina
Description. Holotype: Female. Body length 8.0 mm. Head. Scapal basin medially polished and laterally micropunctate (Fig. 9B). TFC M-shaped, with two weak branches extending to the level of mid ocellus. Anterior margin of clypeus medially not emarginate, laterally with thickened brownish rim. Vertex with coarse punctures. Genal carina weak, present from mid gena to mandible.  Mesosoma. Pronotum slightly longer than mesoscutellum (Fig. 9C); pronotal groove broad and almost reaching 2/3 of pronotum length; pronotal side with depression in dorsal view; punctuation coarse along anterior and lateral margins, with smaller punctures on pronotal groove and along posterior margin; pronotal dorsum with two darker areas with minute scattered punctures and impunctate intervals. Median lobe of mesoscutum in anterior half with broad, darker median area, with larger punctures and broader polished intervals; posterior half with even larger, contiguous, irregular punctures; lateral lobes of mesoscutum with more or less close, partly confluent punctuation; parapsidal furrow well incised. Mesoscutellum darker medially, with large punctures and broader intervals, smooth towards anterior edge; laterally with smaller, dense punctures and micropunctate intervals, punctuation reaching posterior edge. Metanotum slightly convex, with somewhat uneven punctures becoming denser postero-medially; anterior margin of metanotum with row of narrow, antero-posteriorly elongate foveae. Mesopleuron with small, shallow and round punctures, and shallow scrobal and episternal sulci (Fig. 9D).

Distribution. China (Yunnan).
Etymology. The specific epithet lapislazulina refers to the intense blue colouration with darkened areas and golden reflections; this peculiar colouration resembles the semi-precious stone lapis lazuli.

Diagnosis.
The maculicornis species-group is characterised by having males with shortened F1 and F2, F1 slightly longer than F2, but shorter than F3; females with F1 l/w ≈ 2.0; MS usually 0.2-1.3 MOD; face slightly wedge-shaped in frontal view.
Species included. Kimsey and Bohart (1991) in the species-group diagnosis included fifteen Palaearctic species, but in their checklist reported twenty-two Palaearctic species, one Oriental (C. perfecta Cameron, 1897) and one Afrotropical (C. rhinata Bohart, 1988). The list of Palaearctic species needs to be further verificated, because some species have been included in the cerastes species-group (e.g. C. subdistincta Linsenmaier).
Metasoma. Metasoma with deep, large round punctures (Fig. 11E). PD on T2 decreasing towards posterior margin. T2 and T3 with weak median ridge. T3 pit row slightly transversely bulging before pit row; pit row with large, laterally fused pits; apex of T3 with four pointed teeth, apically hyaline, with median pair of teeth longer than lateral pair (Fig. 11F).
Colouration. Head and mesosoma blue, with metallic green on TFC, vertex, pronotum and mesoscutum dorso-laterally, and mesoscutellum medially. Metasoma golden to metallic reddish, with metallic blue on T3 from pit row to apical teeth.
Male. Unknown. Distribution. China (new record). Turkmenistan (Linsenmaier 1968). Remarks. Kimsey and Bohart (1991) followed Linsenmaier (1968) and placed Chrysis subdistincta into the cerastes species-group. Nevertheless, this species is closely related to C. annulata du Buysson from which it is recognizable by the elongate teeth on T3. C. annulata and related species have been included in the maculicornis species-group by Kimsey and Bohart (1991). Therefore, we consequently include C. subdistincta in this species-group.