Addition of a new Quedius Steph. (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) species to the biodiversity of Albertan mixedwood forest, Canada

Abstract Quedius (Raphirus) spencei Jacobs and Bergeron, new species, (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), is described based on specimens from two localities (type locality: 35 km. E Dixonville, Alberta, Canada) in the Boreal Forest. Male genitalia are illustrated, compared with congeners (Q. rusticus Smetana and Q. simulator Smetana) in the Aenescens species group, and included in a slightly modified key to the species of Quedius.


Introduction
The genus Quedius Stephens currently contains 92 species in America north of Mexico (Newton et al. 2001;Smetana and Webster 2011). Taxonomy of this genus has been revised three times by Horn (1871), Casey (1915) and Smetana (1971aSmetana ( , 1971bSmetana ( , 1973Smetana ( , 1976Smetana ( , 1978Smetana ( , 1981. The Alberta fauna of the genus Quedius is particularly diverse with 29 species (Bousquet et al. 2013) and has been included in many biodiversity studies in boreal forest (Bergeron et al. 2013;Buddle et al. 2006;Gandhi et al. 2004;Gandhi et al. 2001;Hammond et al. 2001Hammond et al. , 2004Jacobs et al. 2007aJacobs et al. , 2007bPohl et al. 2008;Pohl et al. 2007). J. Jacobs detected a specimen of an undescribed species while identifying flight intercept trap samples from a central Albertan study on saproxylic beetles (Cobb et al. 2011). Further specimens (fifteen) of this same species were found from pitfall trap samples collected by C. Bergeron from a northwestern Albertan forest biodiversity study (Bergeron et al. 2011). In an effort to assess the impact of alternative forest management practices on the boreal mixedwood forest ecosystem, the Ecosystem Management Emulating Natural Disturbance (EMEND) research site is subject to long term intensive arthropod sampling. Therefore, this species has the potential to contribute important information about ecological processes and modern forest management techniques. Furthermore, the fact that this species was collected from two sites separated by c. 260 km suggests that it may be widely distributed at least in the boreal mixedwood forest of Alberta. Combined with the increasing popularity of ground dwelling and saproxylic beetles in ecological impact assessment , and the widespread use of pitfall and flight intercept traps in such studies, it is very likely that this species will be collected again. For these reasons, as well as taxonomical interest, we describe the new species in this paper.

Classification
In North America, the genus Quedius is divided into 6 subgenera. Quedius spencei is included in the subgenus Raphirus Stephens with 23 other species characterized by large eyes and a usually broad and narrowly bilobed labrum (Smetana 1971a). This new species belongs to the Aenescens group which is characterized by the two additional setiferous punctures between the anterior frontal punctures and the placement of the last puncture of sublateral row distinctly behind the level of the lateral puncture. The following description is based on the terms used by (Smetana 1971a) for the similar species Quedius rusticus Smetana and Quedius simulator Smetana.

Measurements and ratios
The width of the head was measured along the widest part including the eyes. The length was measured along the midline, from the base of the head to the apex of clypeus. These measurements were used to determine the width to length ratio (w:l) for the head. The length of the eyes (from anterior to posterior margin) and the length of the temples (from posterior margin of the eyes to the neck) were measured as viewed dorsally. These values were used to determine the temple to eye ratio (t:e). The width of the pronotum was measured along the widest segment separating the lateral margins of the pronotum and the length is measured along the midline from the anterior to the posterior margin. These measurements were used to calculate w:l ratio for the pronotum. The lateral length of the elytra was measured between the humeri and the posterior elytral angle. This measurement was used to define the elytra at sides to pronotum at midline ratio. Description. Habitus as in Fig. 1. Piceous to piceous black, elytra and abdominal tergites of some specimens brownish. Palpi, antennae and legs piceous to brownish with tibia distinctly darker than rest of leg. Head, pronotum and elytra with bronze luster. Head rounded, slightly transverse (1.07-1.09 w:l). Eyes large, considerably longer than the length of the temples in dorsal aspect (0.31-0.32 t:e). Two additional setiferous punctures between anterior frontal punctures, posterior frontal puncture situated somewhat closer to posterior margin of eye than posterior margin of head (similar to Q. rusticus). Surface of head with very fine and dense microsculpture consisting of transverse lines. Antennae with first 3 segments darker and elongate (longer than wide), third segment slightly shorter than second, segments 4-11 densely pubescent. Segments 4 and 5 are slightly longer than wide, sixth barely longer than wide, and segments 7-10 quadrate to slightly transverse. Pronotum as long as wide (1.00, w:l), broadly arcuate at base and moderately narrowed in front. Chaetotaxy of pronotum similar to other species in the Aenescens group with three punctures in each dorsal row, sublateral rows with last puncture situated distinctly behind level of large lateral puncture; microsculpture similar to head. Scutellum impunctate. Elytra at sides only barely longer than pronotum at midline (1.07-1.10). Punctation and pubescence of elytra fine and moderately dense (as in Q. rusticus), interspaces smooth without distinct microsculpture. Punctation of abdominal tergites finer than punctuation of elytra and usually a little denser on bases of first three or four visible abdominal tergites. Pubescence brownish with a single large piceous bristle originating from the lateral apex of first four visible abdominal tergites, usually with a second bristle on the second to fourth visible tergites (as in Q. rusticus and Q. simulator).

Quedius (Raphirus) spencei
Male. Sixth visible sternite with a moderately shallow, obtuse triangular emargination in the middle of apical margin, with a slightly impressed, smooth, narrow triangular area anteriad of the emargination, less than twice the depth of the emargination. Aedeagus with paramere extended to the tip of narrow, sharp median lobe. Paramere slightly narrowed posteriad of base, expanded to maximum width one-third from apex, at which point margins obtusely angle toward narrowed apex ( Fig. 2A; pm, a, b). Paramere with several short and two long apical bristles, with two additional long bristles on lateral margins near apex. Sensory peg setae on dorsal surface of paramere arranged  in a single row on lateral margins, terminated distinctly anteriad of apex, with one to three additional peg setae on each side of apex ( Fig. 2A; b, sp).
Length: 5.6-5.8mm. Type material. Type material is deposited in the Strickland Entomological Museum at the University of Alberta (UASM) and at the Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes in Ottawa (CNC). See supplementary table for more information on each specimen.
Collection notes. The specimens from Dixonville were collected in pitfall traps operating from the second week of May until the last week of June 2003 in old-growth spruce-fir forest. The Slave Lake specimens were collected from a flight intercept trap in May 2003 in a former conifer forest two years following harvesting; regenerating with aspen trees. Quedius spencei seems to live in conifer forest.
Comparison and diagnostic features. Quedius spencei is similar in general habitus to Quedius rusticus Smetana, but shares characteristics of the male genitalia with Quedius simulator Smetana: shape of the apex of the median lobe acute ( Fig. 2A, c), and paramere of the male genitalia does not exceed the apex of the median lobe. However, Q. spencei differs from Q. simulator in other characters of the aedeagus: paramere ( Fig.  2A; pm, a, b) with margins of apical half obtusely angulate, reaching maximum width one-third from apex; base of paramere deeply emarginate ( Fig. 2A, b); and sensory peg setae ( Fig. 2A, b, sp) on each lateral margin in a single row. Additionally, similar to Q. rusticus this species is lighter in coloration than Q. simulator, with elytra usually brownish, and apical margins of tergites and apex of abdomen paler. Also, similar to Q. rusticus, the posterior frontal puncture of head is removed from the hind margin of eyes.
Etymology. The specific epithet is an eponym, a singular Latin noun, genitive case, based on the surname of our mentor and friend, John R. Spence, who has dedicated his career to the study of arthropod biodiversity, particularly ecological and taxonomic aspects of gerrid bugs and carabid beetles, and to community aspect of forest invertebrates. He has mentored many students, putting emphasis on species level identifications, and has greatly influenced the field of entomology in Canada.

21(22)
Paramere with the apex considerably exceeding the apex of median lobe, which is broadly arcuate (Fig. 2B, c)  Paramere with the apex about even with the apex of median lobe, which is more or less acute (figs 136, 137, Smetana 1971a). 22a(22b) Paramere with margins of apical half obtusely angulate ( Fig. 2A, a,b). Coloration usually lighter, punctation of abdomen moderately dense. 22b(22a) Paramere with margins of apical half broadly rounded (Fig. 2C, a,b). Coloration usually darker, punctation of abdomen usually very dense. 23 (24) Paramere with the apical part long and spatulate, the narrow and more or less parallel-sided middle part short (Fig. 2C, a,b). Head and pronotum usually with darker metallic luster; punctation of abdomen usually finer and more dense.