﻿Four new erythroneurine leafhopper species from karst areas in Southwestern China (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Typhlocybinae, Erythroneurini)

﻿Abstract Four new erythroneurine leafhopper species, Empoascanaraaparaoides Wang & Song, sp. nov., Motagamengyangensis Wang & Song, sp. nov., Motagaacicularis Wang & Song, sp. nov., and Tautoneuraqingxiuensis Wang & Song, sp. nov. from karst areas in Southwestern China, are described and illustrated.


Introduction
Erythroneurini is the largest tribe of Typhlocybinae (Yuan et al. 2014).Erythroneurine leafhoppers are rich in diversity and have a body length of less than 5 mm.There are approximately 2,000 species worldwide, which are difficult to identify (Song and Li 2014).They feed on the leaf parenchyma cell contents and can cause harm to agricultural crops and forest trees of economic importance (Lu et al. 2021).
The genus Empoascanara was established by Distant (1918) with Empoascanara prima Distant, 1918 as its type species.Subsequently, other researchers have described many new species.There are currently 92 Empoascanara species known, most of which are found in the Australian, Afrotropical, and Oriental regions.The genus Motaga was established by Dworakowska (1979) with Motaga rokfa Dworakowska, 1979 as its type species.Only five species are known, and the genus is currently known only from the Oriental region.The genus Tautoneura was established by Anufriev (1969) with Tautoneura tricolor Anufriev, 1969 as its type species.It contains 64 species, of which 22 were previously known from China until now.
As part of this work, some interesting erythroneurine leafhopper materials from karst areas of Southwestern China were collected.Following examination and comparison of these materials, four new species, Empoascanara aparaoides Wang & Song, sp. nov., Motaga mengyangensis Wang & Song, sp. nov., Motaga acicularis Wang & Song, sp. nov., and Tautoneura qingxiuensis Wang & Song, sp. nov., were discovered, and these are described and illustrated in this paper.

Materials and methods
Specimens were collected by sweeping-net method.Male genitalia and abdominal apodemes were dissected and cleared in a 10% NaOH solution.Morphological terminology used in this study follows Dietrich (2005) and Song and Li (2013).The specimens were observed and drawn under Olympus SZX16 and Olympus BX53 microscopes, respectively.A Keyence VHX-5000 digital microscope was used for photography.The length of erythroneurine leafhoppers was measured from the apex of the head to the tip of the folded forewing.All specimens examined are deposited in the collection of the School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, China (GZNU).
Measurements.Male length 2.3-2.4 mm, female length 2.4-2.5 mm.Remarks.This species is similar to Empoascanara apara Dworakowska, 1979, but can be distinguished by its differently shaped pygofer dorsal process and an aedeagal shaft with one pair of long and one pair of short apical processes compared to only one pair of long processes in E. apara; also, the aedeagal shaft in E. aparaoides is without the medial hook-like process of E. apara.
Etymology.The new species is named from the similar species, E. apara, the Greek suffix -oides denotes the similarity of the new species species to E. apara.
Male genitalia.Pygofer lobe broad, with numerous microtrichia scattered along caudal edge and dorsal margin (Fig. 21).Dorsal pygofer appendage with wide base and sharp apex (Fig. 22).Subgenital plate with a row of four macrosetae in middle and with marginal peg-like setae from subbase to apex forming continuous row (Fig. 20).Style long and slender (Fig. 17).Connective with lateral arms strong, central lobe broad and stem well developed (Fig. 23).Aedeagal shaft long, straight in ventral view, curved dorsad in lateral view, bifurcated at apex; crab claw-like and with pair of basal long processes; gonopore located at 1/2 height of aedeagal shaft, ventrad (Figs 18,19).
Remarks.This species is very similar to Motaga fara Dworakowska, 1980, but it differs from M. fara in having the dorsal pygofer process with a stouter base, the length of the aedeagal shaft proportionally longer compared to the basal processes, and the gonopore located at about halfway along the length of the aedeagal shaft.
Etymology.The new species is named after its type locality, Mengyang Town.Diagnosis.The new species can be distinguished from other Motaga species by its extremely long and slender in lateral view aedeagal shaft, which has a pair of short basal processes that are not bifurcated at apex; the pygofer dorsal appendage, which tapers to the apex and is bent ventrad and hook-like apically; the connective with two long arms; the subgenital plate with four macrosetae; and the very small male abdominal apodemes.Description.Vertex light brown (Figs 25,27).Crown fore margin strongly produced, median length of crown slightly less than width between eyes (Figs 25,27).Crown nearly equal to width of pronotum.Pronotum and mesonotum  Eyes black (Fig. 26).Forewings without spots, semitransparent (Figs 25,26).
Remarks.This species is very similar to Motaga rokfa Dworakowska, 1979 but can be distinguished by having the aedeagal shaft without a bifurcated apex, the preatrium expanded but short, and the paired basal processes approximately 1/3 length of aedeagal shaft.
Etymology.The species epithet is the Latin word acicularis, which means slender, as a needle and refers to the needle-like aedeagal shaft.

Description.
Body white to yellow.Crown fore margin strongly produced medially, and slightly narrower or slightly wider than pronotum.Pronotum broad, with or without irregular spots.Mesonotum white to yellow, with basal triangles dark or indistinct.Forewing transparent, usually with single or multiple patches.Male genitalia.Pygofer lobe rounded, usually with several macrosetae at basal ventral angle and few peg-like setae at distal part on inner surface.Pygofer dorsal appendage slender and apically tapering, ventral appendage absent or present.Subgenital plate lateral margin distinctly widened subbasally, with 2-4 basal macrosetae.Style preapical lobe prominent, apex slender or truncate and expanded or with three points.Connective M-or Y-shaped, with slender median anterior lobe.Aedeagus dorsal apodeme usually expanded in lateral view; aedeagal shaft usually with single or paired processes apically and of variable length.Distribution.Palaearctic and Oriental regions.Tautoneura qingxiuensisWang & Song, sp.nov.https://zoobank.org/F0B7D9BC-841C-4816-A9A2-0BD3B59BC2A7Figs 37-48 Diagnosis.The new species can be distinguished from other Tautoneura species by subapically broadened the aedeagal shaft in ventral view, with one pair of processes at apex; the extremely short preatrium; the apical gonopore; the dorsal pygofer appendage with base expanded; and the Y-shaped connective, with long, slim stem.Description.Body milky-yellow (Figs 37,

not or slightly expanded in lateral view. Aedeagal shaft usually symmetrical, slender in lateral view. Aedeagus with or without apical, subapical, or basal processes, and with or without preatrial ventral process or processes. Connective with median anterior lobe and arms short. Distribution. Oriental, Afrotropical, and Australian regions. Empoascanara (Empoascanara) aparaoides Wang & Song, sp. nov.
original designation.Description.Dorsum yellow, white, pale red or brown.Crown broadly rounded medially.Vertex unicolorous, with a single dark median apical spot or a pair of spots.Crown nearly equal, slightly wider or narrower than widest part of pronotum.Pronotum pale, with darker posterior margin.Forewings with or without markings.Body small, ochraceous with brown markings.Vertex ochre-yellow; with one large, irregular, brown spot in middle of anterior margin (Figs 1, 3).Crown nearly equal to widest part of pronotum.Pronotum with anterior part Description.Body gray to brown, without or with markings.Eyes gray to black.Crown fore margin weakly produced, broadly rounded apically.Pronotum usually without conspicuous pits.Mesonotum grayish brown.Forewing transparent or semitransparent.Peripheral vein at costal margin of hind wing absent.Male genitalia.Pygofer lobe broad, sparse setae on outer surface.Pygofer dorsal appendage curved ventrally in lateral view.Pygofer ventral appendage absent.Subgenital plate with 2-4 basal macrosetae; numerous short and stout setae forming continuous row from subbase to apex; several microsetae scattered on apical disc.Style apex truncated or expanded, foot-like.Connective with central lobe large.Aedeagus with dorsal apodeme expanded in lateral view; aedeagal shaft slender, curved dorsad in lateral view, with paired processes arising from base and shorter than shaft.Distribution.Oriental region.
Diagnosis.The new species can be distinguished from other species by the aedeagal shaft bifurcated at apex, crab claw-like, with one pair ½ length of aedeagal shaft basal processes; pygofer dorsal appendage expanded at base and tapering towards apex; subgenital plate with row of four macrosetae medially on outer surface; connective with central lobe broad and stem well developed.Description.Body brown (Figs 13,