A taxonomic revision of Liogenys occurring in Brazil with an interactive key and remarks on New World Diplotaxini (Coleoptera, Melolonthidae)

Abstract Liogenys Guérin-Méneville, 1831 is the major genus of Neotropical Diplotaxini, with 78 species distributed from Panama to southern Argentina and Chile, except for Ecuador. Due to the large numbers of both described and undescribed species, as well as its agricultural importance, mainly of those in Brazil, Liogenys was redefined and redescribed. Nine new species are described: L. cavifrons Cherman, sp. n., L. femella Cherman, sp. n., L. piauiensis Cherman, sp. n., L. rotundicollis Cherman, sp. n., L. pseudosanctaecrucis Cherman, sp. n., L. grossii Cherman, sp. n., L. pseudospiniventris Cherman, sp. n., L. sulcoventris Cherman, sp. n., and L. freyi Cherman, sp. n. All the new species are Brazilian, except for the last one, which is Argentinian. Twenty-three Brazilian species are redescribed and illustrated. Five new synonyms are proposed, and 19 lectotypes are designated. New geographical distribution records for 19 species are presented, as well as a key to New World Diplotaxini and Brazilian species of Liogenys.

Liogenys fusca Blanchard, Liogenys suturalis (Blanchard) and Liogenys bidenticeps Moser are the most common species, occurring mainly in the "Cerrado", a savannah of central Brazil, but they are also present in southern Brazil (Cherman et al. 2011). The two former species are important pests of grain crops due to their rhizophagous habits (Santos et al. 2008, Costa et al. 2009, Santos and Ávila 2009. Less is known about the biology of all other Liogenys species, although some adults were found feeding on shrubs causing injury to some fruit trees, and they are attracted by lights at night (Gutiérrez 1951, Silva et al. 1968, Frey 1969. In the Planalto Region of Rio Grande do Sul state, Liogenys is the most diverse Melolonthidae genus associated with grain crops (Cherman et al. 2011(Cherman et al. , 2013(Cherman et al. , 2014. According to the latest review (Frey 1969), Liogenys is distinguished by its concave clypeus emarginate anteriorly, forming two or four teeth and with lateral margins sinuous; maxillae with four or five teeth and maxillary palpi with a rounded or elongated sensorial fovea on the distal palpomere; mandibles with a bifid tooth apically; labium trapezoidal with a sinuous apical margin, postmentum and mentum fused; pronotum trapezoidal, wider than long; the scutellum with ogival apex; elytra glabrous or setose, with five ribs including the sutural one; metasternum generally setose; protibiae tridentate in almost all of the species; abdomen scaly or bristled laterally; pygidium sub-angled, wider than long, punctured. In males, the metatibia is slender, elongate, with an inconspicuous transverse carina posteriorly, which may be absent; pro-and mesotarsi with the first three tarsomeres flattened, widened and densely setose ventrally; tarsi in females are cylindrical.
Liogenys was originally included in Macrodactylini (Dalla Torre 1913, Blackwelder 1944. Then, based on analyses of larvae that suggested similarity with Diplotaxis Kirby, Evans (2003) transferred the genus to Diplotaxini together with Pachrodema Blanchard. Recently, cladistic analyses of Cherman et al. (2016) based on morphology recovered the monophyly of Liogenys within Diplotaxini by including Hilarianus anguliceps Blanchard and Homoliogenys tarsalis (Moser) as well as placing Liogenys ferrugata (Mannerheim) in Phyllophaga Harris and Liogenys micropyga Blanchard in Diplotaxis. In the last revision of Liogenys (Frey 1969), many taxonomic errors were found, plus the identification keys (Gutiérrez 1951, Frey 1969) are outdated ( Table 1). The taxonomic stability of numerous species must be determined in order to check synonymies, assess availability of type

Morphological study
Mouthparts and male genitalia, when available, were dissected and examined for all species. For describing species and identification keys, the taxonomic characters and terms used are those proposed by Moser (1918), Frey (1969), Cherman (2015), and Cherman et al. (2016). The standards used for characters followed Cherman and Almeida (2015), plus other features: Shape of outer sides of anterior clypeal teeth: When the anterior teeth of the clypeus follow the lateral margin of the clypeus, it means that the outer sides of the anterior teeth and the lateral clypeal margin are continuous. The outer sides of anterior teeth being parallel or sub-parallel means that there is a clear difference in the direction of this margin compared with the lateral margin of the clypeus. In this case, a more or less pronounced angle appears between them (Fig. 1).

Figures 1-3. Main characters of Liogenys
Clypeal lateral margin, shape: As in Cherman and Almeida (2015). The lateral margin may be straight, concave, or convex. Occasionally, the convex lateral margin may show a projection more or less pronounced (Fig. 1).
Mesotibia, position and extension of carinae: The apical carinae and, when present, also the basal one, are located on the posterior or postero-external surface. If the apical carina is extended across the entire width of the tibia, it is considered complete.
Propygidium, setae: The propygidium in Liogenys is partially visible, but in a few cases, it may not be visible. When it is visible, the surface may be described as glabrous or setose (scaly or bristled).
Basal region of parameres: The same structure as in Cherman and Almeida (2015), although in that work, there was a mistake in the abbreviation and the correct form is BR instead of RB.
Parameral split, position: The split point is where the parameres begin to be separated and corresponds to the end of the basal region. This point might be at different levels depending on the species. Taking into account the portion extended from the base up to the transverse midline of the parameres (Cherman et al. 2016), the split point might be placed at the third portion (near the midline), at 2/3 or at 1/3 (near the base of the parameres) (Figs 48,49,and 50,respectively).
Parameres, shape in lateral view: The parameres show different shapes beyond the split point. They may be convex, concave, or straight. When straight, the parameres and the basal region may be coplanar or not coplanar, that is, not on the same plane (Figs 54,55).
In the species' descriptions and redescriptions, each species name is followed by author(s), publication year and figure(s) number. In cataloging lists, the following abbreviations are used: systematics.
Labels of the type material are arranged in sequence from top to bottom, where the data for each label are within double quotes (" "), a slash (/) separates the rows and "," separates labels. Information between brackets ([ ]) provides additional details written on the labels. Biological notes are based on specimen labels or extracted from the literature.
The geographical distribution is based on previously published records and specimens examined. The abbreviations used in this work for states/departments from each country are as follows: ARGENTINA New geographical distribution records are in bold type. Species descriptions and redescriptions are presented following Ratcliffe's, (2013) recommendations. The author of all the new species contained in this manuscript is the first author of this work, Mariana Cherman, who was responsible for coining the name and for satisfying all other availability criteria.
Shapefiles from the Biogeographical regionalization of the Neotropical region (Morrone 2014) by Löwenberg-Neto (2014) were used to perform the distributional maps. As the geographical records known for L. rufocastanea Moser are only the ones of the type series (Paraguay, Brazil), not referring to locality/localities in those countries, we decided to not include this species in a map. In the case of L. hirtipennis Frey, L. pilosipennis Moser and L. moroni Cherman, which are included in the key, distributional maps are in Cherman and Almeida (2015).
An online interactive key was produced using the software LUCID 3.3, and the characters codified in the Lucid matrix were based on adult morphology. Interactive keys have some advantages in comparison with dichotomous keys, most notably being easier to update, as they are available online (Penev et al. 2009). Lucid Player has a layout with four windows. The upper-left window shows the characters that may be selected by the user during the identification process. The bottom-left window shows selected characters/states. The upper-right window shows the remaining taxa, while the bottom-right shows the discarded taxa. Therefore, when the user selects character states, the taxa that do not possess it are discarded until the identification is reached.
The database built in this work is available in the supplementary material of this article to enable anyone to use those data for further studies. For more information concerning Lucid keys, visit <http://www.lucidcentral.org>.

Results
An interactive key to New World Diplotaxini is provided at: <http://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/diplotaxini/> including the following genera: Diplotaxis, Pachrodema, Homalochilus Blanchard, Pacuvia Curtis and Liogenys. For the latter genus, it includes, until now, all Brazilian species and the new species described in this work. This key will be updated continuously with known and new species of the entire genus.

Diagnosis.
Liogenys is distinguished from all other Diplotaxini genera by the following combination of features: frons and clypeus concave in dorsal and lateral view; basal protarsomere (I) shorter than tarsomere II; mesotibial transverse carina/ae provided with spines shorter or equal to those forming the apical crown; metacoxae with bristles or scales, never both at the same time, and pygidium with umbilicate punctures. Redescription. Length 6.5-16.3 mm; width: 3.5-8.3 mm. Body sub-parallel, sometimes wider in the posterior half; elytra and body may be unicolored or with different colors, which vary from yellowish, brownish, reddish-brown, purplish-red to black. Head: distance between eyes commonly twice the width of one eye, but occasionally three to five times; frons and clypeus forming together a concavity (Fig. 5); fronto-clypeal suture absent or barely distinguishable (as in L. tarsalis and L. forcipata Frey); fronto-clypeal impressions evident in frontal view (Fig. 4); clypeus anteriorly bent forward and emarginate (Fig. 1), clypeal emargination may be angled, sub-angled or rounded, wide or narrow, mostly forming two tooth-like projections ; the lateral margin of the clypeus may form a projection, rounded or sharp, in this case it resembles a tooth (Figs 6,18,21); clypeus S-shaped in lateral view (Fig. 7); outer margin of the maxillae straight (see Cherman et al. 2016), with four or five teeth at the apex (Figs 25,27); distal palpomere up to two-fold wider than its apex, sensorial surface generally forming a fovea (except in L. sinuaticeps Moser and L. unicolor Evans) deep or shallow and with variable length (Figs 26,28); labium trapezoidal with maximum width at the apex (except in L. sinuaticeps); ligula emarginate anteriorly; mentum excavated on the disc (except in L sinuaticeps, Fig. 24); ligula length shorter than the excavation (Fig. 23); labrum in frontal view convex on upper margin and shorter than the ventral portion of clypeus (Fig. 8); antenna 9-or 10-articulated. Prothorax: pronotum wider medially, forming a lateral convexity more or less pronounced (Figs 1-3); anterior margin of pronotum may be straight or slightly produced medially (Figs 2, 3); sometimes flanged anteriorly (as in L. corumbana Moser and L. fusca ; Fig. 61D, 64D); pronotal posterior corners right or obtuse-angled, rounded or obsolete (corners not distinguishable) (Figs 1-3); prothorax setose posteriorly, covered with short or long bristles ; proepisternum setose, scaly or bristled, with short and/or long bristles. Pterothorax: Scutellum triangular, ogival, or rounded; normally with punctures grouped at the base and/or at the sides, or sometimes without any pattern ; metasternum more or less setose laterally; distance between meso-and metacoxae up to twice the length of the metacoxa (except in L. concolor). Elytra: glabrous or setose; densely and coarsely punctured; elytral suture with non-uniform width; elevated or not, unicolored with the elytron or darker; three or four elytral ridges more or less noticeable, separated from each other by gaps that are twice as wide as one ridge, the first gap equal to or narrower than the second one; subapical callus of elytron closer to the elytral suture than to the external margin (feature of all Neotropical Diplotaxini; see Cherman et al. 2016). Legs: procoxae setose, bristled and/or scaly ( Fig. 9), protibial inner margin concave and the outer one with three teeth perpendicular to the tibial axis (see Cherman et al. 2016), the basal tooth is always the smallest, in males the basal tooth is more reduced and may be absent depending on the species; the two other protibial teeth may be equal in size or not, when different, the apical one is commonly the longest, but in some cases the middle is the longest; protibial disc with two medial longitudinal carinae; protarsi longer than the head; protibial apical spur on inner margin commonly present; protarsal tarsomere I shorter than tarsomere II; basal apophysis of metacoxae produced beyond the outer margin of trochanter ( Fig. 32) (except for L. tarsalis,L. sinuaticeps and L. unicolor,Fig. 33); mesotibiae with one or two transverse carinae bearing spines, mesotibial spines equally as long as the spines of the apical crown , the apical carina may be complete or incomplete (as described above, in "standards" of morphological study); pair of apical spurs on apex of meso-and metatibia equal to or different in size, in male metatibia the shorter spur varies in shape among the species , the gap between spurs is narrower or equal to the base of one spur; tarsi covered ventrally with setose pads; length of basal metatarsomere varies from equal up to one-half the length of the second; all claws bifid and generally symmetrical, they vary in the size of the upper tooth and in the distance between teeth . Abdomen: propygidium visible, slightly visible or hidden by the elytra; glabrous or setose, with scales and/or bristles; pygidium convex or flat , disc glabrous or setose, throughout the surface or only at apex; punctures, if present, umbilicate (Fig. 31); shape sub-quadrate or sub-trapezoidal , twice the length of ventrite V or more; depending on the species, the maximum width either exceeds or does not exceed the width between the propygidial spiracles (Figs 13-14).
Dimorphism. Female. Length: 6.7-16.3 mm; width: 3.7-8.3 mm. Size and bodyshape: wider than males, mainly at the posterior third. Head: clypeus wider; distance between eyes slightly wider; punctures in head and pronotum with different distribution and deepness; lamellae equal to or shorter than flagellum. Legs: protibiae shorter and wider, teeth of outer margin wider; mesotibiae wider at the apex, mesotibial apical transverse carina at the postero-external surface commonly complete and prominent; metatibiae wider, mainly on the apex; not carinated on inner margin; tarsi cylindrical and equally wide in all legs. Abdomen: the pygidium may differ from the male in the shape and roundness, and this difference varies among the species. Male. Length: 6.5-14.7 mm; width: 3.5-7.2 mm. Head: Lamellae generally longer or equal to flagellum, in a few cases shorter; clypeal lateral projection, when present, may be more pronounced than in the female of certain species. Legs: protibiae with two or three teeth; posterior margin of metafemur generally straight but may be produced medially in some species (Fig. 10), metatibiae widened towards apex; carinated along the inner margin entirely or excepting the apex; the inner margin commonly straight towards apex, in some cases is produced abruptly from the sub-basal or medial portion (Fig. 10); metatibial inner margin not carinated in a few cases; apex setose throughout the inner surface but in a few cases glabrous; on posterior surface, one or two transverse carinae and discontinu-ous longitudinal carina may be present or absent , pair of apical spurs equal to or different in size from each other, the shorter one may be fusiform or truncated ; pro-and mesotarsi enlarged (in L. tarsalis also the metatarsi), protarsi commonly wider than mesotarsi and two-fold wider than metatarsi (except for L. unicolor and L. macropelma Bates); tarsi shiny or opaque. Abdomen: ventrites III, IV and/or V ornate in some species, with different-sized protuberances or sulcated (as in L. testaceipennis Moser, L. spiniventris Moser, L. pseudospiniventris Cherman, sp. n., L. grossii Cherman, sp. n. and L. sulcoventris Cherman, sp. n.); pygidium more or less angled than that of the female. Parameres: basal region (BR) grooved at its longitudinal midline; the groove width varies depending on the species; parameral split at three different levels: apical third, medially (2/3) or basally (1/3) (Figs 48,49,50); outer margin of parameres sometimes furnished with medial ( Fig. 49) and/or apical projections (Fig. 48); may be apically narrowed (Fig. 51) or not; inner margins of parameres straight, divergent, or convergent; apex of parameres indistinct or with several distinctive shapes: harpoonlike; spatula-like, fusiform, etc.; in harpoon-like parameres, apical length varies in relation to the total length of the parameres; in lateral view parameres convex, concave, or straight from the parameral split ; when straight, the parameres and the basal region may be coplanar or not coplanar.
Etymology. The name Liogenys is composed of the Greek words λείος (leios: smooth) and γένυς (genys: mentum) referring to smooth or glabrous mentum (Guérin-Méneville 1838; Harold 1869a). The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999), Article 31.2, says that "A species-group name, if it is or ends in a Latin or Latinized adjective […], must agree in gender with the generic name with which it is at any time combined". Also, Article 30.1.2 says that: "A genus-group name that is or ends in a Greek word transliterated into Latin without other changes takes the gender given for that word in standard Greek dictionaries". Liogenys is feminine based on the Greek "génys, géneion" (Smith and Ruiz-Manzanos 2010). Historically, Liogenys was incorrectly treated as masculine by some authors (Guérin-Méneville 1831, Blanchard 1851, Harold 1869b, Moser 1918, Moser 1919, Moser 1921a, b, Moser 1924, Gutiérrez 1951, Frey 1965, Frey 1969, Frey 1970, Frey 1973. However, Burmeister (1855), Blackwelder (1944), Evans (2003) and Keith (2004) correctly considered the name to be feminine. According to this, all species names must be made feminine, and in this work we have changed them as required.
Distribution and habitats. Liogenys is a South American genus with 69 species. Only one species has been collected in Sicily: Liogenys excisa (Reitter, 1918). However, according to Baraud (1977Baraud ( , 1992 this species must have been occasionally introduced from South America, as it has never been seen after that. Keith and Lacroix (2003) compared Peritryssus excisus Reitter with L. palpalis (Eschscholtz, 1822) and synonymized these genera. They mentioned that the description of L. obesula Gutiérrez matches that of L. excisa, but they did not synonymize these species as they had not examined the type of L. obesula.
Liogenys occurs from Panama, northern Colombia and northwestern Venezuela (10°N) through southern South America, including Chile (39°S) and Argentina (46°S). The species occur in almost all biogeographical environments and at altitudes up to 4,100 m in Bolivia (16°S) and 4,000 m in Chiriqui, Panama (9°N). The species richness is concentrated mainly in Brazil, with 34 species already recorded plus 13 for which descriptions are being prepared, and in Argentina, with 33 species in addition to 23 awaiting description. Bolivia holds ten species (plus three still undescribed); Para-guay, eleven species; Chile, seven species (plus one undescribed); Colombia, Panama and Venezuela, three species: L. gebieni Moser; L. quadridens Fabricius and L. macropelma) (plus three new species for which descriptions are being prepared); Peru, L. leechi Frey; and Uruguay L. pallens Blanchard. There are no records of Liogenys from Ecuador (Fig. 88).
Discussion. The Neotropical Diplotaxini included in the interactive key form a well-established clade and the features shared among them are discussed in Cherman et al. (2016). Some of those features have exceptions, as follows: elytral suture generally narrowed at post-scutellar level (except in Homalochilus punctatostriatus Blanchard) and protibiae with an apical spur (except in Liogenys tarsalis). Furthermore, a common feature in Neotropical Diplotaxini, the enlarged tarsi in males, covered ventrally by pads of abundant bristles, is also seen in non Neotropical Diplotaxini as in Apogonia Kirby, Ceratogonia Kolbe, Dichecephala Brenske and in a few Diplotaxis.
Liogenys and related genera. The genera most closely related to Liogenys are Pacuvia, Pachrodema, and Homalochilus (Cherman et al. 2016). Like species of Pacuvia, Liogenys has the anterior margin of the clypeus emarginate; metasternum with sparse scales laterally (as in L. obscura Blanchard, L. densicollis Moser; L. pallens and L. forcipata) and the outer margin of metacoxae parallel to the elytral margin. Liogenys is distinguished from Pacuvia in that the latter shows a coplanar shape of the frons and clypeus in dorsal view; the maxillae with less than four teeth (except in P. philippiana Gutiérrez); the labium longer than wide (in common with L. sinuaticeps), distal labial palpomere more globose than the preceding, the ligula straight anteriorly, surface of mentum smooth (without any excavation); pronotal length equal to the length of tarsomeres I, II and III together (in common with L. unicolor and L. macropelma); pronotum narrower than the base of elytra; prothorax bristled and/or scaly abundantly posteriorly; innermost gap between elytral ridges wider than the adjacent; distance between meso-and metacoxae more than two-fold the metacoxa length (in common with L. kuntzeni Moser); protibial apical tooth parallel to longitudinal axis while basal and/or medial tooth oblique to longitudinal axis, only one longitudinal carina on protibia; basal apophysis of metacoxae not produced posteriorly (beyond the margin of trochanter); basal metatarsomere less than one-half the size of tarsomere II; propygidium completely hidden by the elytra; pygidium twice as wider as it is long. In males, metatibiae narrowed subapically and inner margin not produced (in common with L. sinuaticeps, L. tarsalis and L. forcipata). With Pachrodema, Liogenys shares the trapezoidal shape of the labium and its distal palpomere not globose; ligula emarginate anteriorly, mentum surface excavated, ligula shorter than the mentum excavation; pronotum longer than the length of tarsomeres I, II and III together; pronotum anteriorly slightly narrowed forming a depressed ring (in common with L. kuntzeni, L. flavida Moser, L. calcarata Frey, L. kadleci Frey; L.palpalis, L. hirta Gutiérrez and L. wagenknechti Gutiérrez); the inner gap between elytral ridges narrower or equal in width as the adjacent; inner margin of protibiae concave, protibial basal and middle teeth perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, two longitudinal carinae. Liogenys is distinguished from Pachrodema in that the latter shows clypeus rounded or sub-emarginate, never forming ante- rior tooth-like projections; sensorial area of the maxillary distal palpomere grooved and in a dorso-lateral position (except P. lucida Blanchard); constriction between pro-and pterothorax prominent; distance between meso-and metacoxae equal to metacoxae length (in common with L. concolor (Blanchard)); apical tooth of protibiae oblique to the longitudinal axis; inner margin of mesotibiae concave; lateral margin of metacoxae oblique towards pygidium; metatibial inner margin bent and produced apically; apex surface convex at the insertion point of the tarsomere, gap between apical spurs wider than the base of a single spur. Homalochilus shares the same features with Liogenys as well as Pachrodema. Additionally, the lateral margin of metacoxae is parallel to the elytral margin. Males of H. niger Blanchard show metatibiae straight and produced apically. Liogenys is distinguished from Homalochilus in that the latter shows a shorter body, up to three times longer than the pronotum (in common with L. concolor); labrum longer than ventral face of clypeus; pronotum forming a visibly depressed ring anteriorly, pronotal anterior angles slightly (H. niger) or noticeably (H. punctatostriatus) produced; punctures of pronotum not umbilicate, pronotum wider than the base of elytra; distance between meso-and metacoxae equal to metacoxal length (in common with L. concolor); pygidium glabrous (in common with L. sinuaticeps and L. unicolor), but punctures not umbilicate. In males, basal region of parameres longer than the parameres length beyond the split point. The frons of H. punctatostriatus is longer than the clypeus, clypeus sublobed anteriorly (not emarginate) and ventrite V is longer than ventrite IV (an exception among the Diplotaxini, with all ventrites equally long).
Of the 34 species of Liogenys now known in Brazil, only five are associated with crops. In Rio Grande do Sul, Cherman et al. (2011) recorded four species: Liogenys concolor Blanchard (= L. obesa Burmeister, syn. n.) and L. fusca Blanchard in oat crops; L. bidenticeps Moser and L. sinuaticeps in ryegrass crops. According to Cherman et al. (2014), the abundance of L. sinuaticeps is higher in non-cultivated than in cultivated fields, unlike L. bidenticeps and L. concolor. In Mato Grosso do Sul state, adults of L. bidenticeps have been collected in light traps localized between cultivated and non-cultivated fields (Rodrigues et al. 2014), while larvae are associated with corn and soybean  (Rodrigues et al. 2011). Only L. fusca and L. suturalis (Blanchard) have been recorded as agricultural pests, mainly in the "Cerrado", a Brazilian savannah biome. Liogenys fusca was found damaging corn and soybean in Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, and Goiás States (Rodrigues et al. 2008, Santos et al. 2008, Costa et al. 2009, Ávila et al. 2014. Liogenys suturalis damages corn, wheat, and oats in Mato Grosso do Sul (Santos and Avila 2009). Rodrigues et al. (2016) recorded adults of L. fusca feeding and mating in Anacardiaceae, suggesting that these plants have an important role in the reproduction of this species. These authors cited that the native plants Urundeuva, Myracrodruon urundeuva (Allemão) Engl.; Aroeira-vermelha, Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi and Gonçalo-alves, Astronium fraxinifolium Schott represent an important natural source of food and reproduction, whereas the Cajueiro plant, Anacardium occidentale Linnaeus, represents an alternative food source as it is introduced. Although Liogenys richness is huge in Argentina, research concerning species occurrence is scarce, including that related to crop pests (Mojica 2014). This might be because the first record of Liogenys damaging soybean plants was recent, in 2006 in Cordoba Province (Fava et al. 2008). However, there is a record from 1940 of L. cribricollis Moser adults feeding on leaves of Aguaribay, Schinus molle Linnaeus (Anacardiaceae) in Villa Maria, Córdoba (Cordo et al. 2004). Some labels on the specimens studied during this work provided information about the collection method and/or collection environment (Table 2). Diagnosis. Body yellowish brown; elongate; elytra testaceous, lighter in color than pronotum; clypeal emargination wide and rounded; outer sides of anterior teeth parallel; lateral margin convex and slightly produced; distance between clypeal lateral projection and anterior tooth equal to basal width of anterior tooth, distance between clypeal lateral projection and anterior margin of eye shorter than one eye, obtuse angle between outer side of anterior teeth and clypeal lateral projection; mesotibia quadrate in cross section; pygidium convex, bristled throughout, reticulated punctures; in males, inner margins of parameres convergent; subapical projections on outer margins; parameres strongly narrowed between subapical projections and apex; apex spatula-like, sharp edges, curved outwards, not reaching the level of the parameres outer margin (Fig. 56F).

Liogenys acutidens
Redescription. Length: 8.0-9.0 mm; width 3.7-4.2 mm. Yellowish to testaceous. Head: distance between eyes nearly twice the width of one eye; frons equal in length to clypeus; clypeus bristled anteriorly, emargination shallow, wide and rounded; outer sides of anterior teeth parallel; outer margin of anterior teeth shorter than the eye; lateral margin convex and slightly produced; distance between clypeal lateral projection and anterior tooth equal to the basal width of anterior tooth, distance between clypeal lateral projection and anterior margin of eye shorter than one eye, obtuse angle between outer side of anterior teeth and clypeal lateral projection; canthus not exceeding the outer margin of the eye; distal maxillary palpomere, maximum width less than twice width of apex; fovea deep, extending up to the transverse midline of the palpomere; labium transversely carinated, as wide as it is long; antenna 10-articulated, lamellae lighter in color than flagellum, and equal in length. Thorax: anterior margin of pronotum straight; maximum length of pronotum exceeding the length of tarsomeres I, II and III together; disc glabrous, punctures sparse and fine; pronotal posterior corners sub-angled, obtuse; proepisternum with short bristles; mesepisternum scaly, as are the sides of metasternum, also with few long bristles on the anterior margin; distance between meso-and metacoxae up to twice the metacoxa length; scutellum triangular, smooth or basally punctured at the sides. Elytra: shiny, glabrous, uniform yellowish to testaceous, barely lighter in color than the pronotum; elytra more than three times longer than the pronotum; elytral suture slightly darker than elytron and not elevated; all four elytral ridges barely noticeable. Legs: procoxa, sparse scales on infra-carinal surface, punctures visible at 12× magnification; three protibial teeth, middle and apical equal in size, distance between basal and middle teeth slightly longer than between middle and apical; protibial inner apical spur present; mesofemural disc setose, mesotibia quadrate in cross section, disc finely sculptured, two mesotibial transverse carinae, the apical one incomplete; basal apophysis of metacoxa produced beyond the outer margin of trochanter; inner margin of metatibia carinated towards apex, apical inner surface setose; metatibial disc finely sculptured; a metatibial transverse carina present posteriorly and posterior discontinuous longitudinal carina; basal metatarsomere and tarsomere II equal in size, protarsomere II short and wide; pro-and mesotarsomeres I to IV enlarged, protarsomeres slightly wider than the mesotarsomeres, less than twice as wide as the metatarsi; claw bifid, symmetrical, superior tooth narrower than the inferior and equal in length; distance between teeth shorter than the inferior tooth. Abdomen: ventrites bristled and on sides also scaly; propygidium visible, bristled and scaly; pygidium convex, sub-trapezoidal, wide; pygidial width not exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; pygidial disc bristled throughout, reticulated punctures; pygidial apex sub-quadrate. Parameres: width of basal region equal to the parameres together at its maximum width; parameral split at 2/3; inner margins of parameres convergent; outer margins with subapical projections; strongly narrowed between subapical projections and apex; apex spatula-like, edges sharp, curved outwards, not reaching the level of the parameral outer margin (Fig. 56F). In lateral view parameres concave; apex slightly curved downwards (Fig. 56G).
Type-locality. BRAZIL, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso. Geographical distribution. BRAZIL (MT, MG). Remarks. Liogenys acutidens resembles L. bidenticeps (Fig. 58) in size and color, however, L. acutidens elytra are somewhat lighter in color; the clypeus is bristled anteriorly; the clypeal teeth are sharper and slightly longer-, the lateral margin of clypeus is slightly projected; the meso-and metatibia are quadrate in cross section with discs both finely sculptured; the mesotibial apical carina is incomplete; the pygidium is convex with reticulated punctures on disc alike L. santaecrucis (Fig. 71) and protarsomeres wider. Female of L. acutidens remains unknown.  Diagnosis. Body, pronotum and elytra purplish brown to dark brown, elongate; distance between eyes more than twice the width of one eye; clypeal emargination rounded or sub-angled, shallow and wide; lateral margin convex, slightly produced; pronotal posterior corners sharp, obtuse or almost right-angled; prothorax scaly posteriorly; pro-, meso-and metasternum, pro-and metacoxae with white scales; mesotibia cylindrical in cross section; protarsal claws symmetrical; metatarsomere I nearly onehalf the size of tarsomere II, equal in width or slightly wider; pygidium flat, sometimes slightly convex; pygidial width exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; male genitalia, total length of parameres more than five times the length of their apex; inner margins convergent; apex harpoon-like with lateral angle projecting straight downward (Fig. 57F).

Liogenys bidentata
Redescription. Length: 12.0-13.0 mm; width: 5.7-6.2. Purplish brown. Head: distance between eyes more than twice the width of one eye; frons equal in length to clypeus; clypeal emargination sub-angled, shallow and wide; outer sides of anterior teeth sub-parallel; outer margin of anterior teeth shorter than the eye; lateral margin convex with a barely noticeable rounded projection; canthus not exceeding the outer margin of the eye (Fig. 57D); distal maxillary palpomere, maximum width more than twice width of apex; fovea deep and oval, extending past the transverse midline of the palpomere; labium transversely carinated, as wide as it is long; antenna 10-articulated, lamellae lighter in color than flagellum and in males lamellae and flagellum equal in length. Thorax: anterior margin of pronotum straight, flanged throughout; maximum length of pronotum exceeding the length of tarsomeres I, II and III together; disc glabrous, punctures coarse and sparse; sides distinctly convex, pronotal posterior corners sharp, obtuse or almost right-angled; prothorax scaly posteriorly; proepisternum with long bristles; mesepisternum scaly, as are the sides of metasternum; also with few long bristles on the anterior margin; distance between meso-and metacoxae up to twice the metacoxal length; scutellum ogival, coarsely and sparsely punctured, mainly at the base (Fig. 57D). Elytra: shiny, glabrous, uniform dark brown to purplish; elytra more than three times longer than the pronotum; elytral suture and elytron unicolored, distinctly elevated; the two pairs of inner ridges more noticeable than the two outer pairs (Fig. 57A). Legs: procoxa scaly on infra-carinal and outer surface; punctures visible at 12× magnification; three protibial teeth, middle and apical equal in size, basal and middle teeth more spaced than middle and apical; inner apical spur present (Fig. 57C); mesocoxa with a tuft of long bristles; mesofemural disc setose, with a row of long bristles on the anterior margin; mesotibia cylindrical in cross section; disc coarsely sculptured, two mesotibial transverse carinae, the apical one complete; basal apophysis of metacoxa produced beyond the outer margin of trochanter; metatibia with apical spurs of different lengths, the longest equal in length to the diameter of the tibial apex; inner margin of male metatibia carinated towards apex, apical inner surface setose; metatibial disc coarsely sculptured; two metatibial transverse carinae present posteriorly; basal metatarsomere nearly one-half the length of tarsomere II and equal in width, in males protarsomere II long; pro-and mesotarsomeres I to IV enlarged, protarsomeres slightly wider than the mesotarsomeres and more than twice as wide as metatarsi; claw bifid, symmetrical, superior tooth longer and narrower than the inferior; distance between teeth as long as the inferior tooth. Abdomen: band of scales visible at the lowest magnification beneath the outer margin of elytra; ventrites bearing short bristles on disc and scarce scales on sides; propygidium visible, with sparse short bristles; pygidium flat, sometimes slightly convex; sub-quadrate, wider than long; pygidial width exceeding distance between propygidium spiracles; pygidial disc bristled only on apex; pygidial apex in males quadrate (Fig. 57E). Parameres: basal region narrower than the parameres together at the maximum width, parameral split at 2/3; total length of parameres more than five times the length of their apex; inner margins convergent; apex harpoon-like, with lateral angle projecting straight downward (Fig. 57F). In lateral view parameres straight, coplanar with basal region (Fig. 57G).
Type-locality. BRAZIL. São Paulo, Ipanema [Iperó]. Remarks. Liogenys bidentata resembles L. fusca (Fig. 64) and L. pallidicornis (Fig. 67) and differs from them by the pronotum being coarser and more sparsely punctured, scales on prothorax posteriorly less abundant; mesotibia always cylindrical in cross section and pygidium mostly flat. The shape of parameres is also distinctive.  Diagnosis. Body brownish; elongate; elytra light brown, lighter in color than pronotum; clypeal emargination rounded and wide; outer sides of anterior teeth subparallel; lateral margin convex, rounded; mesotibia cylindrical to sub-quadrate in cross section; pygidium flat, bristled throughout. In males, inner margins of parameres convergent; subapical projections on outer margins; strongly narrowed before the apex; apex spatula-like, edges sharp, curved outwards, reaching the level of the parameral outer margin (Fig. 58F).

Liogenys bidenticeps
Redescription. Length: 8.5-10.7 mm; width: 4.1-5.2 mm. Brownish. Head: distance between eyes nearly twice the width of one eye; frons equal in length to clypeus; clypeal emargination rounded, shallow and wide; outer sides of anterior teeth sub-parallel or sometimes follow the margin of clypeus; outer margin of anterior teeth shorter than the eye; clypeal lateral margin convex but sometimes straight; canthus not exceeding the outer margin of the eye; distal maxillary palpomere, maximum width less than twice width of apex; fovea shallow, extending to the transverse midline of the palpomere; labium transversely carinated, as wide as it is long; antenna 10-articulated, lamellae lighter in color than flagellum, in males lamellae and flagellum equal in length. Thorax: anterior margin of pronotum slightly produced medially; maximum length of pronotum exceeding the length of tarsomeres I, II and III together; disc glabrous, punctures sparse and fine; pronotal posterior corners sub-angled, obtuse; proepisternum with short bristles; mesepisternum scaly; sides of metasternum with long bristles and scales; distance between meso-and metacoxae up to twice the metacoxa length; scutellum rounded, coarsely punctured. Elytra: shiny, glabrous, testaceous to brownish, uniform; elytra more than three times longer than the pronotum; elytral suture slightly darker than elytron and distinctly elevated, two pairs of inner ridges more noticeable than the two outer pairs. Legs: procoxa scaly on infra-carinal and outer surface; punctures visible at 12× magnification; three protibial teeth, middle and apical equal in size; distance between basal and middle teeth shorter than between middle and apical; protibial inner apical spur present; mesofemural disc setose, with a row of long bristles on anterior and posterior margins; mesotibia cylindrical in cross section, disc coarsely sculptured; two mesotibial transverse carinae, the apical one complete; basal apophysis of metacoxa produced beyond the outer margin of trochanter; metatibial apical spurs equal in length, shorter than the diameter of the tibial apex; inner margin of male metatibia carinated towards apex, apical inner surface setose; disc coarsely sculptured, two metatibial transverse carinae present posteriorly; basal metatarsomere shorter than tarsomere II, in males protarsomere II long; pro-and mesotarsomeres I to IV enlarged, protarsomeres wider than the mesotarsomeres, less than twice as wide as metatarsi; claw bifid, symmetrical, superior tooth narrower than the inferior and equal in length; distance between teeth shorter than the inferior tooth. Abdomen: band of scales visible at the lowest magnification beneath the outer margin of elytra; ventrites bristled on disc and sides; propygidium visible, bristled; pygidium flat, sub-trapezoidal, wide; pygidial width not exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; pygidial disc bristled throughout; in males pygidium wider and apex more rounded. Parameres: width of basal region equal to the parameres together at its maximum width, parameral split at 2/3; inner margins strongly convergent; outer margins with subapical projections; strongly narrowed before the apex; apex spatula-like, edges sharp, curved outwards, reaching the level of the parameral outer margin (Fig. 58F). In lateral view parameres curved upwards sub-basally and curved downwards partially on apex (Fig. 58G).
Type-locality. L. bidenticeps: BRAZIL. São Paulo; Liogenys bicuspis: BRAZIL. Cuiabá, Mato Grosso. Remarks. Liogenys bidenticeps resembles L. acutidens in the brownish color and elytra light brown to testaceous (Fig. 56). Those species are also closely related (Cherman et al. 2016). Liogenys bidenticeps differs from L. acutidens by the following characters: clypeal lateral margin convex but not produced; clypeus glabrous; scutellum rounded apically and more punctured; elytral suture distinctly elevated; two mesotibial transverse carinae, the apical one complete; in females the pygidium is oblique in lateral view. Frey (1969) inferred that L. bicuspis and L. bidenticeps are synonymous, by writing the word "synonym" followed by a question mark (?). After studying the primary types of L. bidenticeps (ZMHB) and L. bicuspis (ZMHB) we found slight differences in the diameter of the punctures of the pygidium and the parameral length in males. When studying all the non-type material, which extends from southernmost Brazil, Paraguay and northern Argentina, we concluded that L. bicuspis is a junior subjective synonym of L. bidenticeps and those differences might represent variation among populations. Other variations among L. bidenticeps individuals are the color of elytra from testaceous to brownish; the clypeal anterior teeth, which outer margins vary from sub-parallel to following the margin of clypeus; clypeal lateral margin from convex to straight and in males the parameres in lateral view, more or less curved subapically. Frey, 1969 Figs 59, 89 Liogenys bilobatus Frey, 1969: 45, 58 (orig. desc Diagnosis. Body reddish brown; elongate, wider in the posterior third; elytra brownish, pronotum darker; clypeal emargination deep, narrow and rounded; outer sides of anterior teeth concave, following the lateral margin of clypeus; canthus exceeding the outer margin of the eye; meso-and metatibia quadrate or sub-quadrate in cross section, metafemur with thick and erect bristles on posterior margin; pygidial width exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; pygidial disc scaly throughout; female pygidium wider than in males. Male genitalia, parameres slightly asymmetri-cal; basal region narrower than the parameres together at its maximum width; apex rounded ( Fig. 59F).

Liogenys bilobata
Redescription. Length: 10.5-12.0 mm; width: 5.7-6.5 mm. Reddish brown. Head: distance between eyes nearly twice the width of one eye; frons equal in length to clypeus; clypeal emargination deep, narrow and rounded; clypeal teeth longer in males; outer sides of anterior teeth sub-parallel, slightly divergent; outer margin of anterior teeth longer than the eye; clypeal lateral margin concave; canthus exceeding the outer margin of the eye; distal maxillary palpomere, maximum width twice width of apex; fovea deep, extending past the transverse midline of the palpomere; labium transversely carinated, as wide as it is long; antenna 10-articulated, lamellae lighter in color than flagellum, in males lamellae and flagellum equal in length. Thorax: anterior margin of pronotum straight; maximum length of pronotum exceeding the length of tarsomeres I, II and III together; disc glabrous, punctures coarse and dense, coarser in females; pronotal posterior corners sharp, obtuse-angled; proepisternum with short bristles; pro-and mesepisternum scaly, as are the sides of metasternum; distance between meso-and metacoxae up to twice longer than the metacoxa; scutellum ogival to triangular, coarsely punctured, in males at the base. Elytra: shiny, glabrous, uniform reddish brown; elytra more than three times longer than the pronotum; elytral suture and elytron unicolored, not elevated; all four elytral ridges barely noticeable. Legs: procoxa scaly on infra-carinal and outer surface; punctures visible at 12× magnification; three protibial teeth, middle and apical equal in size, the three teeth equally spaced; protibial inner apical spur present; mesofemural disc setose; mesotibia quadrate in cross section, mesotibial disc coarsely sculptured; two mesotibial transverse carinae, the apical one incomplete in males; basal apophysis of metacoxa produced beyond the outer margin of trochanter; metafemur with thick and erect bristles on posterior margin; metatibia with posterior discontinuous longitudinal carina; metatibial apical spurs of different lengths, the longest one shorter than the diameter of the tibial apex; inner margin of male metatibia carinated towards apex; inner surface setose; disc coarsely sculptured; metatibia not transversally carinated; basal metatarsomere equal to or slightly shorter than tarsomere II and as wide as; in males protarsomere II short and wide; in males pro-and mesotarsomeres I to IV enlarged, protarsomeres slightly wider than the mesotarsomeres; more than twice as wide as metatarsi; claw bifid, symmetrical, superior tooth longer and slightly narrower than the inferior; distance between teeth shorter than the inferior tooth. Abdomen: band of abundant scales visible at the lowest magnification beneath the outer margin of elytra; ventrites with short and long bristles and scales on disc and sides, propygidium visible, scaly; pygidium flat in lateral view, sub-quadrate, wide; pygidial width exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; pygidial disc setose throughout, with scales mainly; pygidial apex in males sub-quadrate. Parameres: basal region narrower than the parameres together at its maximum width, parameral split at 2/3; parameres slightly asymmetrical; inner margins slightly convex; apical edge rounded, apex shape indistinct from the rest of the paramere (Fig. 59F).

Geographical distribution. BRAZIL (PB, MT, DF, MG, SP).
Remarks. There is one specimen in MZSP with paratype label, but it was collected from "Minas Gerais, Unaí, Faz. Bolívia". Since the unique type-locality mentioned in the original description is "Minas Gerais, Buritis (Primeira Cachoeira Rio Urucuia)", this specimen is not part of the type series, so it has no nomenclatural value. Liogenys bilobata resembles L. diodon (Fig. 62) but differs in the size; lateral margin of clypeus being more concave (Fig. 20); canthus exceeding the outer margin of the eye; pronotal posterior corners sharp; abundant yellow scales on metasternum and sides of abdomen and throughout the pygidium, pygidial apex angled in males; metatibial disc more coarsely sculptured; metatibial outer longitudinal carina well defined in males and basal metatarsomere (I) as long as metatarsomere II.  Diagnosis. Body and pronotum dark purplish red, head and pronotum darker anteriorly (Fig. 60A, D); elytra purplish red, semiopaque; body short and oval; distance between eyes more than five times wider than one eye; clypeal emargination shallow, rounded and very wide; lateral margin convex; lamellae of antenna darker and shorter than the flagellum; pronotal disc punctures strongly coarse, pronotal posterior corners sharp, obtuse-angled and slightly produced; distance between meso-and metacoxae as long as the metacoxa; scutellum wide; elytra more convex dorsoventrally (Fig. 60B), up to three times longer than the pronotum; all four elytral ridges noticeable; metafemur with abundant thick and erect bristles on posterior margin; male metafemur medially produced on posterior margin and inner margin of metatibia abruptly sub-basally produced towards apex; pygidium convex, large, with reticulated punctures; pygidial width exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; parameres, inner margins convergent; narrowed subapically; apex lanceolate ( Fig. 60F).

Liogenys concolor
Redescription. Length: 10.0-11.0 mm; width: 5.9-6.4 mm. Purplish red. Head: distance between eyes more than five times wider than one eye; frons equal in length to clypeus; clypeal emargination rounded, shallow and very wide; clypeal lateral margin convex; outer sides of anterior teeth sub-parallel; outer margin of anterior tooth shorter than one eye; canthus exceeding the outer margin of the eye; distal maxillary palpomere oval, maximum width less than twice width of apex; fovea shallow and short, not reaching the transverse midline of the palpomere; labium transversely carinated, as wide as it is long; antenna 10-articulated, lamellae darker in color and shorter than the flagellum. Thorax: anterior margin of pronotum slightly produced medially; maximum length of pronotum exceeding the length of tarsomeres I, II and III together; disc glabrous, punctures sparse and strongly coarse; posterior corners sharp and slightly produced, obtuse-angled; proepisternum with long bristles; mesepisternum scaly, as are the sides of metasternum; distance between meso-and metacoxae as long as the metacoxa; scutellum wide, rounded, coarsely punctured, sometimes darker than pronotum. Elytra: semi-opaque, glabrous, uniform purplish red; barely convex dorsoventrally; elytra less than three times longer than the pronotum; elytral suture and elytron unicolored, distinctly elevated; all four elytral ridges noticeable. Legs: procoxa scaly on infra-carinal and outer surface; punctures visible at 12× magnification; three protibial teeth, middle and apical equal in size, the three teeth equally spaced; protibial inner apical spur present; mesofemural disc setose, with a row of long bristles on anterior and posterior margins; mesotibia cylindrical; disc coarsely sculptured, two mesotibial transverse carinae, the apical complete; basal apophysis of metacoxa produced beyond the outer margin of trochanter; abundant thick and erect bristles on posterior margin; male metafemur medially produced on posterior margin; metatibial apical spurs equal in length, length equal to the diameter of the tibial apex; inner margin of male metatibia carinated and abruptly sub-basally produced towards apex; apical inner surface setose; metatibial disc coarsely sculptured; metatibial transverse carina present posteriorly; basal metatarsomere slightly shorter than tarsomere II and equally wide, in males protarsomere II as wide as it is long; pro-and mesotarsomeres I to IV enlarged, protarsomeres slightly wider than the mesotarsomeres and more than twice as wide as metatarsi; claw bifid, symmetrical, superior tooth longer and narrower than the inferior; distance between teeth longer than the inferior tooth. Abdomen: band of abundant scales visible at the lowest magnification beneath the outer margin of elytra; ventrites bristled on disc and sides; propygidium slightly visible, scaly; pygidium convex, sub-trapezoidal, wide, pygidial width exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; pygidial disc bristled on apex; reticulated punctures; pygidial apex in males sub-quadrate. Parameres: width of basal region equal to the parameres together at its maximum width, parameral split at 2/3; inner margins of parameres convergent; narrowed subapically; apex lanceolate ( Fig. 60F). In lateral view parameres concave (Fig. 60G).
Type-locality. Geographical distribution. BRAZIL (SP, PR, RS); ARGENTINA (MI). Remarks. Liogenys concolor is the only species among the entire genus with short body, due to the elytra convex dorsoventrally and distance between meso-and metacoxae as long as the metacoxa; distal maxillary palpomere oval; lamellae and flagellum almost black, darker than the scape; pronotal posterior corners slightly produced and scutellum wide (Fig. 60A). This species shares those features with Homalochilus niger although they are not closely related species (Cherman et al. 2016). As L. concolor bears a combination of features that are present only in Liogenys, like teeth on clypeus and umbilicate punctures of pygidium disc, the position of this species remains in Liogenys (Cherman et al. 2016). Primary types of Liogenys concolor (MNHN) and Liogenys obesa (MLUH) were studied and we concluded that they are conspecific, being Liogenys obesa the junior subjective synonym of Liogenys concolor. The holotype of L. concolor is a female from "Campos Gerais" (Central Paraná State, Brazil) and the lectotype of L. obesa is a male from "Brazil". The association between male and female, to confirm that they are conspecific, was possible through the study of males and females from the same sample collected in Ponta Grossa, Brazil. Furthermore, Ponta Grossa is a municipality localized at "Campos Gerais" region.  Diagnosis. Body and elytra yellowish; elongate; pronotum and scutellum reddish yellow; clypeal emargination deep, sharp and narrow; outer sides of anterior teeth parallel; clypeal lateral margin convex, with a sharp tooth-like projection, obtuse angle between outer side of anterior teeth and clypeal lateral projection; canthus exceeding the outer margin of the eye; anterior margin of pronotum straight, flanged throughout; pronotal posterior corners obsolete (Fig. 61A); mesotibia quadrate in cross section; metafemur, thick and erect bristles on posterior margin; inner surface of metatibia glabrous; pygidium convex and wide, sub-quadrate; pygidial width exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; bristles only at the apex or sides; total length of parameres near three times the length of their apex; apex harpoon-like with lateral angle projecting straight downward (Fig. 61F).

Liogenys corumbana
Redescription. Length: 7.0-8.0 mm; width: 3.7-4.2 mm. Yellowish. Head: distance between eyes more than twice the width of one eye, wider in females; frons equal in length to clypeus; clypeal emargination narrow, deep and sharp; outer sides of anterior teeth subparallel; outer margin of anterior teeth as long as the eye; lateral margin convex, with a sharp tooth-like projection; distance between this projection and anterior margin of eye longer than one eye; distance between clypeal lateral projection and anterior tooth shorter than basal width of anterior tooth; obtuse angle between outer side of anterior teeth and clypeal lateral projection; canthus exceeding the outer margin of the eye; distal maxillary palpomere, maximum width less than twice width of apex; fovea deep, extending past the transverse midline of the palpomere; labium transversely carinated, as wide as it is long; antenna 10-articulated, lamellae lighter in color than flagellum and in males lamellae longer than flagellum. Thorax: anterior margin of pronotum straight, flanged throughout; maximum length of pronotum exceeding the length of tarsomeres I, II and III together, disc glabrous, punctures dense and coarse; pronotal posterior corners rounded; proepisternum with short bristles; mesepisternum bristled, as are the sides of metasternum, few long bristles on the anterior margin; distance between meso-and metacoxae up to twice longer than the metacoxa; scutellum triangular, finely punctured mainly at the base. Elytra: shiny, glabrous, uniform yellowish; elytra more than three times longer than the pronotum; elytral suture and elytron unicolored, distinctly elevated; all four elytral ridges barely noticeable. Legs: procoxa, sparse scales on infra-carinal and outer surface, smooth at 12× magnification; three protibial teeth, middle and apical equal in size, distance between basal and middle teeth longer than between middle and apical; protibial inner apical spur present; mesofemural disc setose, with a row of long bristles on anterior and posterior margins; mesotibia quadrate in cross section, disc finely sculptured, two mesotibial transverse carinae, the apical one incomplete; basal apophysis of metacoxa produced beyond the outer margin of trochanter; metafemur, thick and erect bristles on posterior margin; metatibial apical spurs of different lengths, the longest equal in length to the diameter of the tibial apex, inner margin of male metatibia carinated towards apex; apical inner surface glabrous; disc finely sculptured; metatibial transverse carina present posteriorly; basal metatarsomere smaller and wider than tarsomere II, in males protarsomere II long; in males pro-and mesotarsomeres I to IV enlarged, protarsomeres slightly wider than the mesotarsomeres, less than twice as wide as metatarsi; claw bifid, symmetrical, superior tooth longer and as wide as the inferior; distance between teeth shorter than the inferior tooth. Abdomen: ventrites with sparse short bristles on disc and sides; propygidium slightly visible, bristled; pygidium convex, sub-quadrate, wide, pygidial width exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; pygidial disc bristled on apex or sides; pygidial apex rounded. Parameres: basal region as wide as the parameres together at its transverse midline, parameral split at 2/3; total length of parameres near three times the length of their apex; inner margins straight; apex harpoon-like with lateral angle projecting straight downward (Fig. 61F). In lateral view parameres slightly concave (Fig. 61G).
Type-locality. BRAZIL.Corumbá, Mato Grosso do Sul. Geographical distribution. BRAZIL (MT, MS). Remarks. Liogenys corumbana is one of the smallest Liogenys species together with L. minuta Moser, 1924, this one from central Argentina. Liogenys corumbana is somewhat similar to L. acutidens because they share the size and color, but L. corumbana differs easily from the other by the shape of clypeus being deeply emarginate anteriorly and lateral margin produced sharply, forming a tooth-like.  (4)  Diagnosis. Body reddish brown; elongate, sides almost parallel in males; elytra brownish, pronotum slightly darker; clypeal emargination deep, rounded and narrow; outer sides of anterior teeth concave, follow the lateral margin of clypeus; meso-and metatibia quadrate or sub-quadrate in cross section, metafemur with thick and erect bristles on posterior margin; pygidial width exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; bristles only at apex. In males, apex of pygidium more rounded; parameres; more than five times the length of their apex; apex harpoon-like with lateral angle projecting straight downward (Fig. 62F).

Liogenys diodon
Redescription. Length: 8.8-9.5 mm; width: 4.7-5.5 mm. Reddish brown. Head: distance between eyes nearly twice the width of one eye; frons shorter than clypeus; clypeal emargination narrow, deep and rounded; outer sides of anterior teeth follow the lateral margin of clypeus; lateral margin concave; canthus not exceeding the outer margin of the eye; distal maxillary palpomere, maximum width almost equal to the apex; fovea shallow, extending to or past the transverse midline of the palpomere; labium transversely carinated, as wide as it is long; antenna 10-articulated, lamellae lighter in color than flagellum, in males lamellae and flagellum equal in length. Thorax: anterior margin of pronotum slightly produced medially, flanged throughout; maximum length of pronotum exceeding the length of tarsomeres I, II and III together; disc glabrous, punctures sparse; pronotal posterior corners rounded (Fig. 62D); proepisternum with long bristles; mesepisternum scaly; sides of metasternum scaly and bristled; distance between meso-and metacoxae up to twice longer than the metacoxa; scutellum ogival, scarsly punctured. Elytra: shiny, glabrous, uniform reddish brown; elytra more than three times longer than the pronotum; elytral suture slightly darker than elytron and distinctly elevated; two pairs of inner ridges more noticeable than the two outer pairs. Legs: procoxa scaly on infra-carinal and outer surface; punctures visible at 12× magnification; three protibial teeth, the apical the longest, in males the three teeth equally spaced, slightly different in females; protibial inner apical spur present; anterior margin of mesofemur with a row of long bristles; mesotibia quadrate or sub-quadrate in cross section, disc finely sculptured, two mesotibial transverse carinae, in males the apical one incomplete; basal apophysis of metacoxa produced beyond the outer margin of trochanter; metafemur with thick and erect bristles on posterior margin; metatibia with posterior discontinuous longitudinal carina; metatibial apical spurs of different lengths, the longest one exceeding the diameter of the tibial apex; inner margin of male metatibia carinated towards apex; apical inner surface setose; disc finely sculptured; two metatibial transverse carinae present posteriorly; basal metatarsomere smaller than the tarsomere II and as wide as; in males protarsomere II short and wide; pro-and mesotarsomeres I to IV enlarged and more than twice as wide as metatarsi; claw bifid, symmetrical, superior tooth longer and narrower than the inferior; distance between teeth shorter than the inferior tooth. Abdomen: band of scales visible at the lowest magnification beneath the outer margin of elytra; ventrites bristled on disc and sides; propygidium slightly visible, bristled and scaly; pygidium convex, sub-trapezoidal, wide; pygidial width exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; pygidial disc scarsly bristled on apex; pygidial apex sub-rounded in males. Parameres: width of basal region equal to the parameres together at its transverse midline, parameral split at 2/3; total length of parameres more than five times the length of their apex; inner margins straight; apex harpoon-like with lateral angle projecting straight downward (Fig. 62F). In lateral view slightly convex (Fig. 62G).
Type Remarks. Liogenys diodon resembles L. bilobata (Fig. 59), they share the deeply emarginate clypeus with lateral margin concave; clypeal teeth longer in males; protarsi wider than mesotarsi; pygidial width exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium and thick and erect bristles on posterior margin of metafemur, this latter feature also seen in L. sinuaticeps (Fig. 33). Liogenys diodon differs from L. bilobata in the smaller size; clypeal lateral margin being less concave; canthus not exceeding the outer margin of the eye; pronotal posterior corners rounded; metatibia with outer longitudinal carina barely defined or absent, disc finely sculptured; metatarsomere I shorter than tarsomere II; disc of ventrites bristled instead of scaly; pygidium convex, almost glabrous with sub-rounded apex and male metafemur not medially produced on posterior margin. Liogenys caviceps types (NMHB) bear a label written by Frey (1964) with the name Liogenys diodon instead of L. caviceps. We suppose they are in fact the primary types as the type-locality written in the labels is exactly the same mentioned in the original description. We believe that when Frey (1969) synonymized those species, he must have swapped the original labels with the species name, leaving in the types of L. caviceps only the name of its senior synonym.  Diagnosis. Body, pronotum and elytra brownish to dark brown, very shiny; elongate; clypeal emargination shallow, rounded and very wide; outer sides of anterior teeth follow the lateral margin of clypeus; clypeal lateral margin straight; canthus exceeding the outer margin of the eye; pronotal, lateral margins barely convex; pronotal posterior corners sharp, almost right-angled; mesotibia sub-quadrate in cross section; pygidium wide, convex in males, pygidial midline sulcated in females; pygidial disc wrinkled, coarsely punctured; almost glabrous, bristled only on apex; parameres widened ventrally at the transverse midline and narrowed towards the fusiform apex; inner margins convergent (Fig. 63F).

Liogenys elegans
Redescription. Length: 12.7-13.5 mm; width: 6.8-7.1 mm. Brownish to dark brown. Head: distance between eyes nearly twice the width of one eye; frons equal in length than clypeus; clypeal emargination shallow, rounded and very wide, apparently truncated; outer sides of anterior teeth follow the lateral margin of clypeus; clypeal lateral margin straight; canthus exceeding the outer margin of the eye; distal maxillary palpomere, maximum width less than twice width of apex; fovea deep and elongate, extending past the transverse midline of the palpomere; labium transversely carinated, as wide as it is long; antenna 10-articulated, lamellae lighter in color and longer than flagellum. Thorax: anterior margin of pronotum slightly produced medially; maximum length of pronotum exceeding the length of tarsomeres I, II and III together; disc glabrous, punctures coarse and sparse; pronotal lateral margins barely convex; pronotal posterior corners sharp, almost right-angled, proepisternum with short bristles; mesepisternum scaly; sides of metasternum scaly and bristled, few long bristles on the anterior margin; distance between meso-and metacoxae up to twice longer than the metacoxa; scutellum rounded or sub-rounded, coarsely punctured. Elytra: very shiny, glabrous, dark reddish brown, darker at the base; elytra more than three times longer than the pronotum; elytral suture and elytron unicolored, distinctly elevated; all four elytral ridges barely noticeable. Legs: procoxa scaly on infra-carinal and outer surface; punctures visible at 12× magnification; three protibial teeth, middle and apical equal in size, distance between basal and middle teeth longer than between middle and apical; protibial inner apical spur present; mesofemural disc setose, with a row of long bristles on anterior and posterior margins; mesotibia sub-quadrate in cross section; disc finely sculptured, two mesotibial transverse carinae, the apical one complete; basal apophysis of metacoxa produced beyond the outer margin of trochanter; metatibia with posterior discontinuous longitudinal carina; metatibial apical spurs equal in length, length equal to the diameter of the tibial apex; inner margin of male metatibia carinated towards apex, apical inner surface setose; disc coarsely sculptured; two metatibial transverse carinae present posteriorly; basal metatarsomere shorter and wider than tarsomere II; in males protarsomere II long; pro-and mesotarsomeres I to IV enlarged, protarsomeres slightly wider the mesotarsomeres, less than twice as wide as metatarsi; claw bifid, symmetrical, superior tooth longer and narrower than the inferior; distance between teeth as long as the inferior tooth. Abdomen: ventrites with sparse short bristles on disc and sides; propygidium slightly visible, glabrous; pygidium convex, sub-trapezoidal, wide; pygidial width not exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium, pygidial disc glabrous, shiny, bristled only on apex, wrinkled, coarsely punctured; pygidial apex in males sub-quadrate. Parameres: basal region as wide as the parameres together at its maximum width; parameral split at 2/3; inner margins convergent; parameres widened ventrally at the transverse midline and narrowed towards the fusiform apex (Fig. 63F). In lateral view concave; apex curved downwards partially (Fig. 63G).
Remarks. Liogenys elegans is the sister lineage of a clade conformed by the species: L. tibialis, L. punctaticollis, L. testaceipennis and L. spiniventris (Cherman et al. 2016). Liogenys elegans shares with the species of the clade the body size elongate; the pronotal posterior corners sharp, almost right-angled; pygidial disc coarsely punctured and bristled only on apex; in females ventrites II to IV furnished with protuberances medially which are barely noticeable and visible only in lateral view. Liogenys elegans differs in the clypeal emargination being apparently truncated, shallow and wide; clypeus always straight laterally, pronotal convexity of lateral margins barely noticeable (like in L. unicolor); pygidium wide and male genitalia distinctive. The primary types of L. elegans (ZMHB) and L. forsteri (NHMB) were compared and we concluded than they are conspecific, so herein is designated L. forsteri a junior subjective synonym of L. elegans.  Diagnosis. Body, pronotum and elytra purplish brown or dark brown; elongate; distance between eyes slightly more than twice the width of one eye; frons slightly longer than clypeus; clypeal lateral margin convex, with a projection that varies from rounded to sharp; pronotal convexity at sides distinct (Fig. 64D); pronotal posterior corners sharp, obtuse-angled; prothorax scaly posteriorly (Fig. 64A); pro-, meso-and metasternum, pro-and metacoxae scaly (Figs 64B, E); male mesotibia sub-quadrate in cross section; inner margin of male metatibia abruptly sub-basally or medially produced towards apex; protarsi, male claws unequal, symmetrical in females; basal metatarsomere one-half the length of tarsomere II and wider; pygidium noticeable convex and wide, pygidial width exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; total length of parameres more than five times the length of their apex; inner margins slightly convergent; apex harpoon-like with lateral angle projecting straight downward (Fig. 64G). In lateral view parameres concave (Fig. 64G).

Liogenys fusca
Redescription. Length: 12.4-14.0 mm; width: 6.5-7.6 mm. Purplish brown. Head: distance between eyes slightly more than twice the width of one eye; frons slightly longer than clypeus; clypeal emargination rounded, shallow and narrow; outer sides of anterior teeth sub-parallel or parallel; clypeal lateral margin convex, with a projection that varies from rounded to sharp; distance between clypeal lateral projection and anterior margin of eye slightly longer than one eye; distance between clypeal lateral projection and anterior tooth longer than basal width of anterior tooth; obtuse angle between outer side of anterior teeth and clypeal lateral projection; canthus not exceeding the outer margin of the eye; distal maxillary palpomere, maximum width more than twice width of apex; fovea deep and oval, extending past the transverse midline of the palpomere; labium transversely carinated, as wide as it is long; antenna 10-articulated, lamellae lighter in color than flagellum and in males lamellae longer than the flagellum. Thorax: anterior margin of pronotum slightly produced medially; maximum length of pronotum exceeding the length of tarsomeres I, II and III together; disc glabrous, punctures fine and dense, smooth at posterior longitudinal midline; pronotal convexity at sides distinct; pronotal posterior corners sharp, obtuse-angled, in some cases almost right-angled; prothorax scaly posteriorly; proepisternum with long bristles and scales; mesepisternum scaly, as are the sides of metasternum, also with few long bristles on the anterior margin; distance between meso-and metacoxae up to twice longer than the metacoxa; scutellum ogival, finely punctured. Elytra: shiny, glabrous, uniform dark brown to purplish, elytra more than three times longer than the pronotum; elytral suture and elytron unicolored, distinctly elevated; pair of inner ridges more noticeable than the other three outer pairs. Legs: procoxa scaly on infra-carinal and outer surface; punctures visible at 12× magnification; three protibial teeth, middle and apical equal in size, distance between basal and middle teeth slightly longer than between middle and apical; protibial inner apical spur present; mesofemural disc setose, with a row of long bristles on anterior and posterior margins; mesotibia sub-quadrate in cross section in males, cylindrical in females; disc coarsely sculptured, two mesotibial transverse carinae, the apical one complete; basal apophysis of metacoxa produced beyond the outer margin of trochanter; metatibial apical spurs of different lengths, the longest one shorter than the diameter of the tibial apex; inner margin of male metatibia carinated and abruptly sub-basally produced towards apex, apical inner surface setose; metatibial disc finely sculptured in males, coarsely sculptured in females; two metatibial transverse carinae present posteriorly; basal metatarsomere one-half the length of tarsomere II and wider, in males protarsomere II long; pro-and mesotarsomeres I to IV enlarged, protarsomeres slightly wider than the mesotarsomeres and more than twice as wide as metatarsi; protarsal claws asymmetrical in males, symmetrically bifid in females; superior tooth longer and as wide as the inferior; distance between teeth as long as the inferior tooth. Abdomen: band of abundant scales visible at the lowest magnification beneath the outer margin of elytra; ventrites bristled on disc; propygidium visible, glabrous; pygidium noticeable convex, sub-quadrate, wide, pygidial width exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; pygidial disc bristled only on apex, coarsely punctured, pygidial apex quadrate. Parameres: width of basal region equal to the parameres together at its transverse midline, parameral split at 2/3; total length of parameres more than five times the length of their apex; inner margins slightly convergent; apex harpoon-like with lateral angle projecting straight downward (Fig. 64G). In lateral view parameres concave (Fig. 64H).
Type Remarks. Liogenys fusca resembles L. bidentata (Fig. 57) and L. pallidicornis (Fig. 67). Cherman et al. (2016) support that those species are closely related. Liogenys fusca differs from the other two in the quadridentate clypeus, being more evident in males; clypeal emargination rounded; elytral suture distinctly elevated; elytral pair of inner ridges more noticeable than the outers; pygidial disc swollen; basal metatar-somere one-half the length of tarsomere II and wider; inner margin of male metatibia abruptly sub-basally produced towards apex, claws of protarsi asymmetrical, one bifid and one simple (Fig. 64F) and parameres concave. Diagnosis. Body and elytra reddish brown; elongate, widest at posterior third; pronotum darker; clypeal emargination shallow, rounded and wide; outer sides of anterior teeth parallel; clypeal lateral margin convex, with a rounded projection, obtuse angle between outer side of anterior teeth and clypeal lateral projection; antenna 9-articulated; pronotal disc punctures very sparse; pronotal posterior corners sub-angled, obtuse; mesotibia quadrate in cross section; metafemur with thick and erect bristles on posterior margin; pygidium convex; in males, parameres widened from the midline towards the apex, maximum width subapically; apex rounded; inner margins convergent (Fig. 65F).

Liogenys laminiceps
Redescription. Length: 9.8 mm; width: 5.5 mm. Reddish brown. Head: distance between eyes nearly twice the width of one eye; frons shorter than clypeus; clypeus bristled anteriorly; clypeal emargination rounded, shallow and wide; outer sides of anterior teeth parallel; outer margin of anterior teeth shorter than the eye; clypeal lateral margin convex, with a rounded projection; distance between this projection and anterior tooth shorter than basal width of anterior tooth, distance between clypeal lateral projection and anterior margin of eye shorter than one eye; obtuse angle between outer side of anterior teeth and clypeal lateral projection; canthus not exceeding the outer margin of the eye; distal maxillary palpomere, maximum width slightly wider than the apex; fovea deep and elongate, extending to or past the transverse midline of the palpomere; labium transversely carinated, as wide as it is long; antenna 9-articulated, lamellae lighter in color than flagellum and equal in length. Thorax: anterior margin of pronotum straight, flanged throughout; maximum length of pronotum exceeding the length of tarsomeres I, II and III together; disc glabrous, punctures very sparse and coarse; pronotal posterior corners sub-angled, obtuse; proepisternum with long bristles; mesepisternum scaly; sides of metasternum scaly and bristled, few long bristles on the anterior margin; distance between meso-and metacoxae up to twice longer than the metacoxa; scutellum rounded, coarsely punctured. Elytra: shiny, glabrous, uniform reddish brown; elytra more than three times longer than the pronotum; elytral suture and elytron unicolored, distinctly elevated; all four elytral ridges barely noticeable. Legs: procoxa scaly on infra-carinal and outer surface, punctures visible at 12× magnification; three protibial teeth, middle and apical equal in size, the three teeth equally spaced; protibial inner apical spur present; mesofemural disc setose, with a row of long bristles on anterior and posterior margins; mesotibia quadrate in cross section, disc finely sculptured; two mesotibial transverse carinae, the apical one incomplete; basal apophysis of metacoxa produced beyond the outer margin of trochanter; metafemur with thick and erect bristles on posterior margin; inner margin of metatibia carinated towards apex; inner surface setose; disc finely sculptured; metatibial transverse carina present posteriorly and posterior discontinuous longitudinal carina; metatibial apical spurs of different lengths, the longest equal in length to the diameter of the tibial apex; basal metatarsomere wider than tarsomere II and equal in length; protarsomere II short and wide; pro-and mesotarsomeres I to IV enlarged, protarsomeres slightly wider than the mesotarsomeres and more than twice as wide as metatarsi; claw bifid, symmetrical, superior tooth longer and as wide as the inferior; distance between teeth as long as the inferior tooth. Abdomen: band of scales visible at the lowest magnification beneath the outer margin of elytra; ventrites bristled on disc and sides; propygidium visible, bristled and scaly; pygidium convex, sub-trapezoidal, wide, pygidial width not exceeding distance between spiracles of pro-pygidium, pygidial disc bristled throughout; pygidial apex rounded. Parameres: basal region with parameral split at 2/3; parameres widened from the midline towards the apex, maximum width subapically (Fig. 65F); apex rounded; inner margins convergent. In lateral view parameres concave (Fig. 65G).
Type-locality. BRAZIL. São Paulo. Geographical distribution. BRAZIL (SP). Remarks. Liogenys laminiceps is one of the few species with antenna 9-articulated, together with L. sinuaticeps (Fig. 72) and L. flavida, a southern Argentinian species. The last two species are easily differentiated from L. laminiceps because they are yellowish and with sides of body being almost parallel. The female of L. laminiceps remains unknown. Frey, 1969 Figs 66, 93 Liogenys moseri Frey, 1969: 60, 49 (orig. desc Diagnosis. Body and elytra testaceous, elongate, sides almost parallel; pronotum reddish brown; clypeal emargination shallow, rounded and wide; outer sides of anterior teeth parallel; clypeal lateral margin with a sharp tooth-like projection, forming a deep right angle between this projection and the anterior teeth; pronotal posterior corners apparently rounded, weakly obtuse; mesepisternum, sides of metasternum, metacoxae and ventrites scaly; mesotibia quadrate in cross section; male metafemur medially produced on posterior margin; pygidium flat; sub-quadrate; pygidial disc with abundant erect bristles throughout; punctures reticulated; parameres widened on apex, apex rounded; inner margins convergent. Redescription. Length: 9.8-10.8 mm; width: 4.6-5.0 mm. Testaceous. Head: distance between eyes nearly twice the width of one eye; frons shorter than clypeus; clypeal emargination rounded, shallow and wide; outer sides of anterior teeth parallel; outer margin of anterior teeth as long as the eye; clypeal lateral margin convex, with a sharp tooth-like projection, distance between clypeal lateral projection and anterior margin of eye longer than one eye, distance between tooth-like projection and anterior tooth shorter than basal width of anterior tooth; right angle between outer side of anterior teeth and clypeal lateral projection; canthus exceeding the outer margin of the eye; distal maxillary palpomere, maximum width more than twice width of apex, fovea deep; not reaching the transverse midline of the palpomere; labium transversely carinated, as wide as it is long; antenna 10-articulated, lamellae and flagellum unicolored and equal in length. Thorax: anterior margin of pronotum slightly produced medially; maximum length of pronotum exceeding the length of tarsomeres I, II and III together; disc glabrous, punctures coarse and dense; pronotal posterior corners apparently rounded, weakly obtuse; proepisternum with short bristles; mesepisternum scaly, as are the sides of metasternum, also with few long bristles on the anterior margin; distance between meso-and metacoxae up to twice longer than the metacoxa; scutellum ogival, coarsely punctured at the base. Elytra: shiny, glabrous, uniform testaceous, lighter in color than the pronotum; elytra more than three times longer than the pronotum; elytral suture slightly darker than elytron and distinctly elevated; all four elytral ridges barely noticeable. Legs: procoxa scaly on infra-carinal and outer surface; three protibial teeth, mid-dle and apical equal in size, the three teeth equally spaced; protibial inner apical spur present; mesofemural disc setose; mesotibia quadrate in cross section; disc coarsely sculptured, two mesotibial transverse carinae, the apical one incomplete; basal apophysis of metacoxa produced beyond the outer margin of trochanter; metafemur medially produced on posterior margin; metatibial apical spurs of different lengths, the longest one shorter than the diameter of the tibial apex; inner margin of metatibia carinated towards apex, apical inner surface setose; metatibial disc finely sculptured; two metatibial transverse carinae present posteriorly; basal metatarsomere and tarsomere II equal in size, in males protarsomere II short and wide; in males pro-and mesotarsomeres I to IV enlarged and more than twice as wide as metatarsi; claw bifid, symmetrical, superior tooth longer and as wide as the inferior; distance between teeth as long as the inferior tooth. Abdomen: band of scales visible at the lowest magnification beneath the outer margin of elytra; ventrites scaly on disc; propygidium visible, bristled; pygidium flat, sub-quadrate, wide, pygidial width not exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; pygidial disc with abundant erect bristles throughout, punctures reticulated; pygidial apex rounded. Parameres: width of basal region equal to the parameres together at its maximum width, parameral split at 2/3; inner margins convergent; apex widened, rounded (Fig. 66F). In lateral view parameres slightly concave (Fig. 66G).

Liogenys moseri
Type-locality. BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro. Geographical distribution. BRAZIL (RJ, MT). Remarks. Liogenys moseri resembles L. obesina Frey, 1969 -a northern Argentinian species-mainly in the shape of the parameres, but they differ in the body shape, being the sides more parallel in L. moseri; clypeal lateral margins produced; thorax and abdomen scaly ventrally; pygidial apex slightly narrower and bristles on disc thicker. The type-locality of L. moseri (Rio de Janeiro) is dubious, as the amount of localities recorded among the non-type material are from Mato Grosso state, which is very far from Rio de Janeiro. The type material was collected by Wagner during the end of 19 th century and beginning of the 20 th , mainly in Rio Salado region (Santiago del Estero, Argentina). Probably, the original type-locality written on the label was "Rio Sal" instead of "Rio Jan", misspelled by the person who wrote the definitive label. Female of L. moseri remains unknown.  Diagnosis. Body, pronotum and elytra purplish brown or dark brown; elongate; distance between eyes more than twice the width of one eye; frons longer than clypeus; clypeal emargination sub-angled, shallow and narrow; clypeal lateral margin convex; pronotal posterior corners sharp, obtuse-angled; prothorax scaly posteriorly; pro-, meso-and metasternum, pro-and metacoxae scaly abundantly; male mesotibia sub-quadrate in cross section; protarsal claws symmetrical; basal metatarsomere shorter than tarsomere II and slightly wider; pygidium flat or convex and wide, pygidial width exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; total length of parameres more than five times the length of their apex, narrowed subapically; inner margins convergent; apex harpoon-like with lateral angle curved projecting almost perpendicular to parameres (Fig. 67F).

Liogenys pallidicornis
Redescription. Length: 11.0-13.0 mm; width: 6.1-7.2 mm. Purplish brown. Head: distance between eyes more than twice the width of one eye; frons longer than clypeus; clypeal emargination sub-angled, shallow and narrow; outer sides of anterior teeth follow the lateral margin of clypeus; canthus not exceeding the outer margin of the eye; distal maxillary palpomere, maximum width twice the width of apex; fovea shallow and oval, extending past the transverse midline of the palpomere; labium transversely carinated, as wide as it is long; antenna 10-articulated, lamellae lighter in color than flagellum and equal in length. Thorax: anterior margin of pronotum straight, flanged throughout; maximum length of pronotum exceeding the length of tarsomeres I, II and III together; pronotal disc glabrous, punctures dense and fine, smooth at the posterior longitudinal midline; pronotal posterior corners sharp, obtuse-angled; prothorax scaly posteriorly, abundant scales; proepisternum with long bristles; mesepisternum scaly, as are the sides of metasternum, also with few long bristles on the anterior margin; distance between meso-and metacoxae up to twice longer than the metacoxa; scutellum triangular, smooth. Elytra: shiny, glabrous, uniform dark brown to purplish; elytra more than three times longer than the pronotum; elytral suture and elytron unicolored and elevated; four elytral ridges barely noticeable. Legs: procoxa scaly on infra-carinal and outer surface; punctures visible at 12× magnification; three protibial teeth, middle and apical equal in size, in males the three teeth equally spaced, in females distance between basal and middle teeth longer than between middle and apical; protibial inner apical spur present; mesofemural disc glabrous, with a row of long bristles on the anterior margin; mesotibia sub-quadrate in cross section in males, cylindrical in females, disc finely sculptured, two mesotibial transverse carinae, the apical one complete; basal apophysis of metacoxa produced beyond the outer margin of trochanter; metatibial apical spurs of different lengths, the longest equal in length to the diameter of the tibial apex, inner margin of male metatibia carinated towards apex, apical inner surface setose; metatibial disc finely sculptured in males, coarsely in females; two metatibial transverse carinae present posteriorly; basal metatarsomere smaller and slightly wider than tarsomere II, in males protarsomere II long; pro-and mesotarsomeres I to IV enlarged, protarsomeres slightly wider than the mesotarsomeres and more than twice as wide as metatarsi; claw bifid, symmetrical, superior and inferior tooth equal in length and wider; distance between teeth shorter than the inferior tooth. Abdomen: band of abundant scales visible at the lowest magnification beneath the outer margin of elytra; ventrites bristled on disc and sides, on sides also scaly; propygidium visible, glabrous; pygidium flat or convex, sub-quadrate, wide; pygidial width exceeding distance between spiracles of propygid-ium; pygidial disc bristled only on apex, with long bristles; finely punctured; pygidial apex quadrate or sub-quadrate. Parameres: width of basal region equal to the parameres together at its maximum width, parameral split at 2/3; total length of parameres more than five times the length of their apex; inner margins convergent; narrowed sub-apically; apex harpoon-like with lateral angle curved projecting almost perpendicular to parameres (Fig. 67F). In lateral view parameres convex (Fig. 67G).
Remarks. Liogenys pallidicornis resembles L. fusca (Fig. 64) and L. bidentata (Fig. 57) and differs from them in the shape of the clypeus being not produced laterally; scutellum smooth; and parameres being narrowed sub-apically, the shape of the apex is distinctive and parameres convex in lateral view. Liogenys pallidicornis is the sister lineage of L. bidentata (Cherman et al. 2016) and differs in the fovea of the distal maxillary palpomere being shallower and narrower, metatibial disc finely sculptured; metatarsomere I slightly wider than tarsomere II and pygidium convex. Diagnosis. Body yellowish brown; elongate; elytra testaceous, pronotum darker; clypeus quadridentate due to the tooth-like projection laterally; clypeal emargination sub-angled and narrow; outer sides of anterior teeth parallel; distance between clypeal lateral and anterior tooth equal to basal width of anterior tooth, distance between clypeal lateral tooth and anterior margin of eye longer than one eye, right angle between clypeal lateral and anterior tooth; canthus exceeding the outer margin of the eye; mesotibia cylindrical in cross section; metacoxa punctured and bristled; pygidium convex, apex rounded; pygidial width exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; pygidial disc bristled on apex; male genitalia, total length of parameres less than three times the length of their apex; inner margins convergent; apex harpoon-like with lateral angle projecting straight downward (Fig. 68F). Redescription. Length: 8.0-9.0 mm; width: 4.4 mm. Yellowish brown. Head: distance between eyes nearly twice the width of one eye; frons length equal to clypeus; clypeal emargination deep, rounded and narrow; outer sides of anterior teeth parallel; outer margin of anterior teeth shorter than the eye; clypeus convex laterally and strongly produced forming a tooth-like projection; distance between lateral and anterior tooth equal to basal width of anterior tooth, distance between lateral tooth and anterior margin of eye longer than one eye, right angle between anterior and lateral teeth; canthus exceeding the outer margin of the eye; distal maxillary palpomere, maximum width twice width of apex; fovea deep, extending past the transverse midline of the palpomere; labium transversely carinated, as wide as it is long; antenna 10-articulated, lamellae lighter in color than flagellum and equal in length. Thorax: pronotal anterior margin of pronotum straight and depressed throughout (Fig. 68D); maximum length of pronotum exceeding the length of tarsomeres I, II and III together; disc glabrous, punctures sparse and coarse; pronotal posterior corners sub-angled, obtuse; proepisternum with long bristles; mesepisternum with few scales; sides of metasternum with few long bristles; distance between meso-and metacoxae twice longer than the metacoxa; scutellum sub-rounded, scarce punctures at the base. Elytra: shiny, glabrous, uniform yellowish to testaceous, lighter in color than the pronotum; elytra more than three times longer than the pronotum; elytral suture slightly darker than elytron and slightly elevated; all four elytral ridges barely noticeable. Legs: procoxa scaly and bristled, long bristles on infra-carinal surface and short bristles on outer surface; three protibial teeth, middle and apical equal in size, distance between basal and middle teeth longer than between middle and apical; protibial inner apical spur present; with a row of long bristles on the anterior and posterior margins of mesofemur, mesotibia cylindrical in cross section, disc finely sculptured, two mesotibial transverse carinae, the apical one incomplete; metacoxa coarsely punctured and scarcely bristled, basal apophysis of metacoxa produced beyond the outer margin of trochanter; inner margin of metatibia carinated towards apex, apical inner surface setose, disc finely sculptured; metatibial transverse carina present posteriorly and posterior discontinuous longitudinal carina; protarsomere II long; pro-and mesotarsomeres I to IV enlarged, protarsomeres slightly wider than the mesotarsomeres; claw bifid, symmetrical, superior teeth longer and narrower than the inferior; distance between teeth shorter than the inferior tooth. Abdomen: band of scales beneath the outer margin of elytra; disc of ventrites and propygidium bristled; pygidium convex, sub-trapezoidal, wide; pygidial width exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; pygidial disc glabrous, few long bristles on apex, coarsely punctured; pygidial apex rounded. Parameres: basal region slightly wider than the parameres together at its transverse midline; parameral split at 2/3; total length of parameres less than three times the length of their apex; inner margins convergent; apex harpoon-like with lateral angle projecting straight downward (Fig.  68F). In lateral view parameres straight not coplanar with basal region, concave apically (Fig. 68G).

Geographical distribution. BRAZIL (MG).
Remarks. The type-locality mentioned by Blanchard (1851) in the original description is "Montevideo", as well as the green label added by the MNHN. This seems to be a mistake, because the original label of Saint Hilaire says "Capitanie des Mines", corresponding to Minas Gerais, Brazil. As the lectotype studied matches with the original description, we concluded that it is in fact describing L. parva, and "Capitanie des Mines" [Minas Gerais] should be the right type-locality. As we did not find non-type material from Uruguay corresponding to L. parva, this distribution record is considered as incorrect. The female remains unknown. Frey (1969) redescribed L. parva Blanchard but some differences were found comparing that redescription with the Blanchard's, type, as the pygidium smooth at 16x magnification and the shape of parameres drawn by Frey. Also, Frey mentioned "Argentinien, Pilcomayo, Formosa" as the type-locality and according to him, the types were deposited in Smithsonian Institute Washington (USNM) and in NHMB, different from L. parva Blanchard's, type. We did not find any L. parva type in both USNM and NHMB museums, though in NHMB there was found only one non-type specimen labeled by Frey as L. parva, with labels from USNM and Frey's, collection, labeled from Salta, Argentina (see Liogenys freyi Cherman, sp. n. remarks). After studying the L. parva Blanchard lectotype (MNHN), plus Frey's, (1969) redescription and the non-type specimen found in NHMB, we concluded that the L. parva redescribed by Frey (1969) does not correspond to L. parva Blanchard.

Liogenys punctaticollis (Blanchard, 1851) Figs 69, 90
Hilarianus punctaticollis Blanchard, 1851: 169 (orig. desc  Diagnosis. Body brownish; elongate; elytra testaceous to brownish, pronotum darker, reddish brown in males and dark brown in females; clypeal emargination sub-angled and wide; outer sides of anterior teeth sub-parallel; clypeal lateral margin straight; mesotibia quadrate in cross section in males, sub-quadrate to cylindrical in females; posterior margin of male metafemur medially produced on posterior margin; metatibial inner margin abruptly sub-basally or medially produced; pygidium varies from flat to convex, as wide as it is long, pygidial disc bristled only on apex; in males, total length of parameres near five times the length of their apex; inner margins convergent; apex harpoon-like with lateral angle curved projecting almost perpendicular to parameres (Fig. 69F).
Redescription. Length: 14.0-16.0 mm; width: 6.9-7.9 mm. Brownish. Head: distance between eyes nearly twice the width of one eye; frons shorter than clypeus; clypeal emargination sub-angled, shallow and wide; outer sides of anterior teeth sub-parallel; outer margin of anterior tooth shorter than the eye; clypeal lateral margin straight; canthus not exceeding the outer margin of the eye; distal maxillary palpomere, maximum width less than twice width of apex; fovea shallow, extending past the transverse midline of the palpomere; labium transversely carinated, as wide as it is long; antenna 10-articulated, lamellae lighter in color and longer than flagellum. Thorax: anterior margin of pronotum slightly produced medially; maximum length of pronotum exceeding the length of tarsomeres I, II and III together; disc glabrous, punctures sparse and coarse; pronotal posterior corners sharp, almost right-angled; proepisternum with short bristles; mesepisternum scaly; sides of metasternum scaly and bristled, few long bristles on the anterior margin; distance between meso-and metacoxae up to twice longer than the metacoxa; scutellum ogival, finely punctured at the sides. Elytra: shiny, glabrous, uniform brownish, barely lighter in color than the pronotum; elytra more than three times longer than the pronotum; elytral suture slightly darker than elytron and distinctly elevated; pair of inner ridges more noticeable than outer three pairs. Legs: procoxa bristled on infra-carinal and outer surface; punctures visible at 12× magnification; three protibial teeth, middle and apical equal in size, the three teeth equally spaced; protibial inner apical spur present; mesofemural disc setose, with a row of long bristles on anterior and posterior margins; mesotibia sub-quadrate in cross section; disc coarsely sculptured, apical transverse carina in male mesotibia with intraspecific variation being partial or complete, in females always complete; basal apophysis of metacoxa produced beyond the outer margin of trochanter; male metafemur medially produced on posterior margin; metatibia with posterior discontinuous longitudinal carina; metatibial apical spurs equal in length, length equal to the diameter of the tibial apex; inner margin of male metatibia carinated and abruptly medially produced towards apex, apical inner surface setose, metatibial disc finely sculptured; metatibial transverse carina present posteriorly; basal metatarsomere and tarsomere II equal in size, in males protarsomere II long; pro-and mesotarsomeres I to IV enlarged, protarsomeres slightly wider than the mesotarsomeres and more than twice as wide as metatarsi; claw bifid, symmetrical, superior tooth longer and as wide as the inferior; distance between teeth shorter than the inferior tooth. Abdomen: ventrites bristled on disc; propygidium visible, glabrous; pygidium in lateral view flat or convex, in posterior view sub-trapezoidal, as wide as it is long; pygidial width not exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium, pygidial disc bristled only on apex; pygidial apex in males quadrate. Parameres: width of basal region equal to the parameres together at its transverse midline, parameral split at the third portion; total length of parameres near five times the length of their apex; inner margins slightly convergent and opened; apex harpoon-like with lateral angle curved projecting almost perpendicular to parameres (Fig. 69F). In lateral view parameres concave (Fig. 69G).
Geographical distribution. BRAZIL (ES, MG, RJ, SP). Remarks. Liogenys punctaticollis differs from L. tibialis (Fig. 77) in a few features, such as the lateral margin of clypeus being always straight; in females the elytra are very shiny and the male genitalia with total length of parameres near five times the length of their apex; apex harpoon-like with lateral angle curved projecting almost perpendicular to parameres and inner margins slightly convergent and opened.
In Cherman et al. (2016) Hilarianus anguliceps was synonymized with L. punctaticollis. As it is the Hilarianus type species, this genus was designated the junior synonym of Liogenys (Cherman et al. 2016 Diagnosis. Body, elytra and pronotum brown; elongate; clypeus weakly emarginate; clypeus and frons almost coplanar; outer sides of anterior teeth follow the lateral margin of clypeus; clypeal lateral margin straight; pronotal posterior corners rounded; mesotibia cylindrical in cross section; pygidium flat and wide; pygidial width exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; pygidial disc bristled only on apex, punctures very sparse; pygidial apex quadrate; males genitalia, basal region of parameres wider than the parameres together at its maximum width; apex ornamented and emarginate laterally forming two projections at each side (Fig. 70F), subapical angles sharp, truncated and slightly divergent apically.
Redescription. Length: 8.0-9.0 mm; width: 4.1-4.2 mm. Brown. Head: distance between eyes nearly twice the width of one eye in males, wider in females; frons shorter than clypeus; clypeus and frons almost coplanar; anterior margin of clypeus slightly emarginate, emargination shallow, rounded and wide; outer sides of anterior teeth follow the lateral margin of clypeus; clypeal lateral margin straight; canthus not exceeding the outer margin of the eye; distal maxillary palpomere, maximum width twice width of apex; fovea deep, extending past the transverse midline of the palpomere; labium transversely carinated, as wide as it is long; antenna 10-articulated, lamellae lighter in color and longer than flagellum. Thorax: anterior margin of pronotum slightly produced medially; maximum length of pronotum exceeding the length of tarsomeres I, II and III together, disc glabrous, punctures very sparse and coarse; pronotal posterior corners rounded; proepisternum with short bristles; mesosternum scaly; sides of metasternum with sparse scales anteriorly, few long bristles on the anterior margin; distance between meso-and metacoxae up to twice longer than the metacoxa; scutellum ogival, sparse and coarse punctures at the sides of the base. Elytra: shiny, glabrous, uniform brown; elytra more than three times longer than the pronotum; elytral suture and elytron unicolored, distinctly elevated; all four elytral ridges barely noticeable. Legs: procoxa, sparse scales on infra-carinal, outer surface up to inner margins of femur, smooth at 12× magnification; three protibial teeth, middle and apical equal in size, the three teeth equally spaced; protibial inner apical spur present; mesofemural disc setose, with a row of long bristles on the anterior margin; mesotibia cylindrical in cross section, disc finely sculptured, two mesotibial transverse carinae, the apical one incomplete in males; basal apophysis of metacoxa produced beyond the outer margin of trochanter, disc scaly; inner margin of metatibia carinated towards apex, apical inner surface setose; metatibial disc finely sculptured; metatibial transverse carina present posteriorly; metatibial apical spurs of different lengths, the longest shorter than the diameter of the tibial apex; protarsomere II long; in males pro-and mesotarsomeres I to IV enlarged, protarsomeres wider than the mesotarsomeres, twice as wide as metatarsi; basal metatarsomere twice shorter and slightly wider than tarsomere II; claw bifid, symmetrical, superior tooth longer and narrower than the inferior; distance between teeth shorter than the inferior tooth. Abdomen: ventrites bristled sparsely on disc and sides; propygidium visible, glabrous or scarcely bristled; pygidium flat, sub-trapezoidal, wide, as longer as wide, pygidial width exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; pygidial disc bristled only on apex; pygidial apex quadrate. Parameres: basal region wide and somewhat swollen, very short, parameral split at 1/3; ventral sides of base projected laterally; parameral inner margins straight; apex ornated, emarginate laterally forming two projections at each side, the basal one sharp, apical one truncated and slightly divergent (Fig. 70F). In lateral view parameres straight almost coplanar with basal region (Fig. 70G).
Type locality. PARAGUAY. Geographical distribution. BRAZIL; PARAGUAY. Remarks. Liogenys rufocastanea resembles Pacuvia castanea Curtis -the species type of the Chilean genus-in the shape of the clypeus plus frons, which are almost coplanar and in the clypeus slightly emarginate, being this one a non-common feature among Liogenys species. Diagnosis. Body brownish; elongate, sides almost parallel; elytra testaceous to brownish, pronotum slightly darker; clypeal emargination very deep, sub-angled and wide; outer sides of anterior teeth sub-parallel; meso-and metatibia quadrate in cross section, metatibia not transversally carinated and metatibial spurs equal in length; pygidial width exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium, pygidial disc entirely bristled throughout. In males, pygidium covered with erect bristles, apex with angled corners. Male genitalia with a groove across the parameral basal region, elevated flange along the inner margin, apex widened and rounded (Fig. 71G).

Liogenys santaecrucis
Redescription. Length: 9.5-10.3 mm; width: 4.4-5.2 mm. Brownish. Head: distance between eyes nearly twice the width of one eye; frons equal in length to cl- ypeus; clypeal emargination deep, sub-angled and wide; teeth closer in females; outer sides of anterior teeth sub-parallel; outer margin of anterior teeth as long as the eye; lateral margin slightly convex; canthus not exceeding the outer margin of the eye; distal maxillary palpomere, maximum width equal to the apex; fovea deep, extending past the transverse midline of the palpomere; labium transversely carinated, as wide as it is long; antenna 10-articulated, lamellae lighter in color than flagellum and equal in length in males. Thorax: anterior margin of pronotum slightly produced medially; maximum length of pronotum exceeding the length of tarsomeres I, II and III together; disc glabrous, punctures coarse and sparse; pronotal posterior corners sharp, right-angled; proepisternum with long bristles, pro-and mesepisternum scaly, as are the sides of metasternum, also with few long bristles on the anterior margin; distance between meso-and metacoxae up to twice longer than the metacoxa; scutellum ogival, coarsely punctured at the base or sides. Elytra: shiny, glabrous, uniformly testaceous, barely lighter in color than pronotum, elytra more than three times longer than the pronotum; elytral suture slightly darker than elytron and not elevated; all four elytral ridges barely noticeable. Legs: procoxa scaly on infra-carinal and outer surface; punctures visible at 12× magnification; three protibial teeth, middle and apical equal in size; the three teeth equally spaced; protibial inner apical spur present; mesofemural disc setose, with a row of long bristles on anterior and posterior margins; mesotibia quadrate in cross section; disc finely sculptured; basal apophysis of metacoxa produced beyond the outer margin of trochanter; metatibial disc finely sculptured and posterior discontinuous longitudinal carina; inner margin of male metatibia carinated towards apex, apical inner surface setose; metatibia not carinated transversally; metatibial apical spurs equal in length, length equal to the apex diameter of tibia; in males, pro-and mesotarsomeres I to IV enlarged, protarsomeres slightly wider than the mesotarsomeres; protarsi more than twice wider than metatarsi; basal metatarsomere and tarsomere II equal in size; claw bifid, symmetrical, superior tooth longer and narrower than inferior tooth; distance between teeth less than the inner tooth. Abdomen: band of scales visible at the lowest magnification beneath the outer margin of elytra; disc and sides of ventrites bristled as is the propygidium; pygidium flat, trapezoidal, apex somewhat angled, wider than long, pygidial width exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; pygidial disc bristled throughout, with yellow bristles, deep umbilical reticulate punctures (Fig. 71F). Parameres: width of basal region equal to the parameres together at its maximum width; parameral split at 2/3; basal region strongly grooved at the split level and follows the inner margin forming a flange (Fig. 71G); apex rounded and widened. In lateral view parameres concave, curved downwards apically (Fig. 71H).
Geographical distribution. BRAZIL (MT); BOLIVIA (LP, SC). Remarks. Liogenys santaecrucis shares with L. bidenticeps the body size and color of elytra, but it differs in many features such as the deep and angled clypeal emargination, outer margin of teeth and eye equally long, metatibial spurs equally long, pygidium exceeding the distance between the spiracles of the propygidium and the shape of male genitalia is also distinctive. It shares with L. bilobata and L. diodon the metatibia not carinated transversally and with discontinuous longitudinal carina posteriorly 59,62). This species is extremely similar to L. pseudosanctaecrucis Cherman, sp. n. Liogenys santaecrucis differs in the basal metatarsomere being equal in length to tarsomere II, pygidial disc bristled throughout and parameres with a narrower groove crossing the basal region at the split level. Liogenys perytrissoidea is the replacement name for L. excisus Moser, 1919designated by Keith (2004. The type of Liogenys excisus bears the label [white handwritten] "Liogenys/bidenti/ceps Mos/[printed] det. G. Frey, 1968" because Frey (1969 suggested that L. excisus could be a synonym of L. bidenticeps. That synonymy inferred by Frey (1969) is discarded in the present work. Male primary types of L. santaecrucis (MNHN) and L. peritryssoidea (ZMHB) were compared, and we concluded that it is a junior subjective synonym of L. santaecrucis. Blanchard's, species name was originally Liogenys santae-crucis. Subsequent authors corrected its spelling to L. sanctaecrucis. In this work, the spelling is being corrected again to L. santaecrucis, maintaining the root of the original species epithet. Moser, 1918 Figs 72, 91 Liogenys sinuaticeps Moser, 1918: 104 (orig. desc Diagnosis. Body yellowish; elongate; elytra and pronotum uniform yellow; clypeal emargination rounded and wide; outer sides of anterior teeth sub-parallel; clypeal lateral projection barely noticeable, rounded; canthus exceeding the outer margin of the eye; labium not transversely carinated, longer than wide, labial sides swollen; sensorial area not reaching the midline of the palpomere and not forming a fovea; antenna 9-articulated; basal apophysis of metacoxa not produced; metafemur with thick and erect bristles on posterior margin; inner margin of male metatibia not carinated and not produced on apex, metatibial inner face glabrous; tarsi opaque, male protarsomeres enlarged as wide as the mesotarsomeres, more than twice as wide as metatarsi; pygidial disc glabrous; flat in lateral view; male genitalia, parameral width almost equal throughout their entire length; inner margins straight or slightly divergent, apex of parameres truncated and curved downwards (Fig. 72F).

Liogenys sinuaticeps
Redescription. Length: 9.8-10.1 mm; width: 5.1-5.2 mm. Yellowish. Head: distance between eyes more than three times wider than one eye; frons equal in length to clypeus; clypeal emargination shallow, rounded and wide; outer sides of anterior teeth sub-parallel; outer margin of anterior teeth longer than the eye; clypeal lateral margin convex, with a rounded projection barely noticeable; distance between clypeal lateral projection and anterior margin of eye longer than one eye; distance between clypeal lateral projection and anterior tooth shorter than basal width of anterior tooth; canthus exceeding the outer margin of the eye; maxilla, teeth of galea reduced; distal maxillary palpomere, maximum width barely wider than apex; sensorial area not reaching the midline of the palpomere and not forming a fovea; labium not transversely carinated, longer than wide, labial sides swollen; antenna 9-articulated, lamellae unicolored with flagellum and in males they are equal in length. Thorax: anterior margin of pronotum straight; maximum length of pronotum exceeding the length of tarsomeres I, II and III together; disc glabrous, punctures fine and very sparse; pronotal posterior corners rounded; proepisternum bristled; mesepisternum scaly; sides of metasternum glabrous; distance between meso-and metacoxae up to twice longer than the metacoxa; scutel- lum ogival, coarsely punctured at the base or sides. Elytra: shiny, glabrous, uniform yellowish brown; elytra more than three times longer than the pronotum; elytral suture and elytron unicolored, distinctly elevated; the two pairs of inner ridges more noticeable than the two outer pairs. Legs: procoxa scaly on infra-carinal surface and bristled on the outer one; smooth at 12× magnification; three protibial teeth, the apical the longest, the three teeth equally spaced; protibial inner apical spur present; mesofemural disc setose; mesotibia cylindrical in cross section; disc finely sculptured, two mesotibial transverse carinae, the apical one incomplete; basal apophysis of metacoxa not produced; metafemur with thick and erect bristles on posterior margin; metatibial apical spurs of different lengths, the longest one exceeding the diameter of the tibial apex; inner margin of metatibia not carinated and not produced on apex; metatibial disc finely sculptured; two metatibial transverse carinae present posteriorly; tarsi opaque; basal metatarsomere shorter and wider than tarsomere II; in males protarsomere II short and wide; pro-and mesotarsomeres I to IV enlarged, protarsomeres as wide as the mesotarsomeres, more than twice as wide as metatarsi; claw bifid, symmetrical, superior tooth longer and as wide as the inferior; distance between teeth longer than the inferior tooth. Abdomen: band of scales visible at the lowest magnification beneath the outer margin of elytra; ventrites bristled on disc; propygidium visible, glabrous; pygidium flat, sub-trapezoidal, wider than long; pygidial width not exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; pygidial disc glabrous; pygidial apex quadrate or sub-quadrate. Parameres: width almost equal throughout the entire length of the para-meres; parameral split at the third portion; inner margins straight, slightly divergent; parameres apex truncated (Fig. 72F). In lateral view parameres slightly convex, apex curved downwards (Fig. 72G).
Type-locality. BRAZIL. Geographical distribution. BRAZIL (SP, RS). Remarks. Liogenys sinuaticeps is a singular species, distinguished from the other Liogenys by its labium longer than wider, without concavity on disc (as in Pacuvia) (Fig. 24), and the five teeth of the maxilla reduced (Fig. 27). Liogenys sinuaticeps shares with L. laminiceps and L. flavida in having antenna 9-articulated, disagreeing with Moser (1918) who states that the antenna is 10-articulated. This species is closely related to L. unicolor (Fig. 78) (Cherman et al. 2016) and they share the following features: sensorial area of the maxillar distal palpomere not forming a fovea (Fig. 28), this feature also in common with L. macropelma; pygidial disc glabrous and the basal apophysis of metacoxa not produced, also in common with L. tarsalis (Fig. 75). Moser, 1918 Figs 73, 90 Liogenys spiniventris Moser, 1918: 108 (orig. desc Moser, 1918/labelled by MNHUB 2014". As it is the unique primary type, it is considered the holotype. Diagnosis. Body brownish; elongate; elytra testaceous, pronotum purplish brown, clypeal emargination sharp and wide; outer sides of anterior teeth parallel; clypeal lateral margin convex, with a tooth-like projection; right angle between outer side of anterior teeth and clypeal lateral projection; mesotibia quadrate in cross section; inner margin of metatibia abruptly sub-basally produced towards apex; ventrites IV and V produced medially (Fig. 73F); pygidium convex, as wide as it is long; pygidial disc bristled only on apex; parameres, width of basal region narrower than the parameres together at its maximum length, apex fusiform (Fig. 73G).

Liogenys spiniventris
Redescription. Length: 12.5 mm; width: 6.1 mm. Brownish. Head: distance between eyes nearly twice the width of one eye; frons swollen, equal in length to clypeus; clypeal emargination sharp, shallow and wide; outer sides of anterior teeth parallel; outer margin of anterior teeth shorter than the eye; clypeal lateral margin convex forming a tooth-like projection; distance between clypeal lateral projection and anterior margin of eye shorter than one eye; distance between clypeal lateral projection and anterior tooth shorter than basal width of anterior tooth; right angle between outer side of anterior teeth and clypeal lateral projection; canthus not exceeding the outer margin of the eye; distal maxillary palpomere, maximum width less than twice width of apex; fovea shallow, extending past the transverse midline of the palpomere; labium transversely carinated, as wide as it is long; antenna 10-articulated, lamellae lighter in color and longer than flagellum. Thorax: anterior margin of pronotum slightly produced medially; maximum length of pronotum exceeding the length of tarsomeres I, II and III together; disc glabrous, punctures fine and sparse; pronotal posterior corners sharp, almost right-angled; proepisternum with short bristles; mesepisternum scaly; sides of metasternum scaly and bristled, few long bristles on the anterior margin; distance between meso-and metacoxae up to twice longer than the metacoxa; scutellum ogival, finely punctured at the sides. Elytra: shiny, glabrous, uniformly testaceous, distinctly lighter in color than pronotum, elytra more than three times longer than the pronotum; elytral suture slightly darker than elytron and distinctly elevated; all four elytral ridges barely noticeable. Legs: procoxa bristled on infra-carinal and outer surface; punctures visible at 12× magnification; three protibial teeth, middle and apical equal in size, the three teeth equally spaced; protibial inner apical spur present; mesofemural disc setose, with a row of long bristles on anterior and posterior margins; mesotibia quadrate in cross section, disc coarsely sculptured; two mesotibial transverse carinae, the apical one incomplete; basal apophysis of metacoxa produced beyond the outer margin of trochanter; inner margin of metatibia carinated and abruptly subbasally or medially produced up to the apex, apical inner surface setose; metatibial disc finely sculptured; metatibial transverse carina present posteriorly and posterior discontinuous longitudinal carina; metatibial spurs equal in length, length equal to the diameter of the tibial apex; basal metatarsomere and tarsomere II equal in size, slightly wider than the mesotarsomeres and more than twice as wide as metatarsi; claw bifid, symmetrical, superior tooth longer and as wide as the inferior; distance between teeth shorter than the inferior tooth. Abdomen: ventrites bristled on disc and sides; ventrites IV and V produced medially; propygidium visible, glabrous; pygidium convex; sub-trapezoidal, as wide as it is long; pygidial width not exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; pygidial disc bristled only on apex; pygidial apex quadrate. Parameres: width of basal region narrower than the parameres together at its maximum width; parameral split at the third portion; inner margins of parameres convergent; apex fusiform (Fig. 73G). In lateral view parameres straight not coplanar with basal region (Fig. 73H).
Type-locality. BRAZIL. Bahia. Geographical distribution. BRAZIL (BA). Remarks. Liogenys spiniventris resembles L. testaceipennis (Fig. 76). The former differs in the shape of the clypeus, sharply emarginate, with a tooth-like projection laterally and in ventrites with different number of the medial projections (Figs 73, 76F). Female of L. spiniventris remains unknown.
Redescription. Length: 13.5-15.0 mm; width: 6.7-7.6 mm. Reddish brown and elytra dull yellow. Head: distance between eyes nearly twice the width of one eye, more than twice in females; frons equal in length to clypeus; clypeal emargination rounded, shallow and wide; outer sides of anterior teeth follow the lateral margin of clypeus in males, sub-parallel in females; clypeal lateral margin straight, slightly convex in females; outer margin of anterior tooth shorter than one eye; canthus not exceeding the outer margin of the eye; distal maxillary palpomere, maximum width twice width of apex; fovea deep, extending to the transverse midline of the palpomere; labium transversely carinated, as wide as it is long; antenna 10-articulated, lamellae lighter in color and longer than flagellum. Thorax: anterior margin of pronotum straight; maximum length of pronotum exceeding the length of tarsomeres I, II and III together; disc glabrous, punctures fine and dense, coarser in females; pronotal posterior corners sharp, obtuse-angled; proepisternum with long bristles; meso-and metepisternum, and sides of metasternum scaly, metasternum with few long bristles on the anterior margin; distance between meso-and metacoxae up to twice longer than the metacoxa; scutellum ogival, coarsely punctured. Elytra: glabrous, dull yellow, darker at the base, pruinose; elytra more than three times longer than the pronotum; elytral suture slightly darker than elytron and distinctly elevated; pair of inner ridges more noticeable than the three outer pairs. Legs: procoxa scaly on infra-carinal and outer surface; punctures visible at 12× magnification; three protibial teeth, middle and apical equal in size, the three teeth equally spaced; protibial inner apical spur present; mesofemural disc setose, with a row of long bristles on anterior and posterior margins; mesotibia sub-quadrate in cross section; disc coarsely sculptured; mesotibial apical transverse carina may vary from partial to complete, in females always complete; basal apophysis of metacoxa produced beyond the outer margin of trochanter; metatibia with posterior discontinuous longitudinal carina; metatibial apical spurs equal in length, length equal to the diameter of the tibial apex; inner margin of male metatibia carinated towards apex, apical inner surface setose; metatibial disc coarsely sculptured; two metatibial transverse carinae present posteriorly; basal metatarsomere and tarsomere II equal in size; in males protarsomere II long; pro-and mesotarsomeres I to IV enlarged, protarsomeres slightly wider than the mesotarsomeres, twice as wide as metatarsi; claw bifid, symmetrical, superior tooth longer and as wide as the inferior; distance between teeth as long as the inferior tooth. Abdomen: band of scales visible at the lowest magnification beneath the outer margin of elytra; disc of ventrites bearing sparse short bristles; propygidium visible, with scarce scales; pygidium generally flat, sub-quadrate, as wide as it is long; pygidial width not exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; pygidial disc bristled throughout, coarsely punctured; pygidial apex sub-quadrate, more rounded in females. Parameres: basal region slightly narrower than the width of the parameres together at its transverse midline, parameral split at 2/3; total length of parameres near five times the length of their apex; inner margins straight, slightly divergent; apex harpoon-like with lateral angle curved projecting almost perpendicular to parameres (Fig. 74F). In lateral view parameres straight not coplanar with basal region (Fig. 74G).

Liogenys tarsalis
Redescription. Length 10.0-10.5 mm; width: 5.2-5.4 mm. Brownish. Head: distance between eyes nearly twice the width of one eye; frons equal in length to clypeus; clypeal emargination deep, sub-angled and narrow; outer sides of anterior teeth subparallel; outer margin of anterior teeth as long as the eye; clypeal lateral margin convex, projection rounded; distance between clypeal lateral projection and anterior margin of eye longer than one eye; distance between clypeal lateral projection and anterior tooth shorter than basal width of anterior tooth; obtuse angle between outer side of anterior teeth and clypeal lateral projection; canthus not exceeding the outer margin of the eye; distal maxillary palpomere, maximum width more than twice width of apex; fovea shallow, extending past the transverse midline of the palpomere; labium transversely carinated, as wide as it is long; antenna 10-articulated, lamellae lighter in color and longer than the flagellum. Thorax: anterior margin of pronotum slightly produced medially; maximum length of pronotum exceeding the length of tarsomeres I, II and III together; disc sulcated medially, glabrous, punctures coarse and dense; pronotal posterior corners rounded; proepisternum with long bristles, pro-and mesepisternum scaly; sides of metasternum with sparse bristles and few long ones on the anterior margin; distance between meso-and metacoxae up to twice the length of the metacoxa; scutellum ogival to rounded, coarsely punctured. Elytra: shiny, glabrous, brownish, lighter in color than pronotum, base, inner and outer margins darker; elytra more than three times longer than the pronotum; elytral suture darker than elytron and elevated, pair of inner ridges more noticeable than the three outer pairs. Legs: procoxa scaly on infra-carinal and outer surface; punctures visible at 12× magnification; three protibial teeth, the apical the longest; distance between basal and middle teeth longer than between middle and apical; protibial inner apical spur reduced or absent; mesofemural disc setose, thick erect bristles on posterior margin; mesotibia cylindric in cross section, disc coarsely sculptured; two mesotibial transverse carinae, the apical one incomplete; metacoxa scaly, basal apophysis not produced; inner margin of metatibia carinated but apex not produced (see Cherman et al. 2016) and glabrous on inner surface; metatibial disc finely sculptured; metatibia posteriorly with two transverse carinae and posterior discontinuous longitudinal carina; metatibial apical spurs of different lengths; the longest equal in length to the diameter of the tibial apex; tarsi opaque; pro-, meso-and metatarsomeres I to IV equally enlarged in every leg; protarsomere II short and wide; basal metatarsomere shorter than tarsomere II; claw bifid, symmetrical, superior tooth longer and wider than the inferior, distance between teeth longer than the inferior tooth. Abdomen: ventrites bristled on disc and sides; pygidium convex, sub-trapezoidal, apex sub-angled to rounded, wider than long, pygidial width not exceeding distance between propygidial spiracles; pygidial disc bristled throughout, bristles longer on apex; male pygidial apex sub-quadrate to rounded. Parameres: basal region slightly narrower than the parameres together at its maximum width, parameral split at the third portion; inner margins convergent, apex curved inwards, fitting into each other (Figs 51, 75F). In lateral view parameres slightly concave.
Type-locality. BRAZIL, Rio de Janeiro. Geographical distribution. BRAZIL (RJ); ARGENTINA (CH, SF). Remarks. Liogenys tarsalis is the type species of Homoliogenys, a monotypic genus created by Gutiérrez (1952). Recently, Cherman et al. (2016), returned L. tarsalis to Liogenys, supported by phylogenetic evidence. As Homoliogenys is monotypic, this genus became a junior subjective synonym of Liogenys. This species shares various features with Liogenys forcipata Frey, as the clypeus strongly emarginate with a sharp lateral projection and the basal apophysis of metacoxa reduced, this one being a non-common feature within Liogenys. It differs from L. forcipata in the clypeal emar-gination more rounded, metasternum scarcely setose, scutellum more rounded, inner margin of metatibia not produced on apex and glabrous on inner surface and metatibia posteriorly as wide as or slightly narrower than the outer face. Males of L. tarsalis are also different from L. forcipata in the protibial teeth unequally spaced, tarsi opaque and all of them equally enlarged, protarsomere II short and wide, pygidium more rounded and parameres glabrous (Figs 51, 75F). The type-locality of L. tarsalis (Rio de Janeiro) is very far from those localities recorded among the non-type material which are all from Argentinian Chacoan Province (Fig. 91). The type material was collected by Wagner during the end of 19 th century and beginning of the 20 th , mainly in Rio Salado region (SE, Argentina). Probably, the type-locality written on the original label was "Rio Sal" instead of "Rio Jan", misspelled by the person who wrote the definitive label. Females remain unknown. Moser, 1918 Figs 76, 90 Liogenys testaceipennis Moser, 1918: 109 (orig. desc Diagnosis. Body brownish; elongate; elytra testaceous to brownish, pronotum darker, reddish brown in males and dark brown in females; clypeal emargination rounded and wide; outer sides of anterior teeth sub-parallel; clypeal lateral margin convex in males, straight in females; male mesotibia quadrate in cross section, subquadrate to cylindrical in females; pygidium varies from flat to convex, as wide as it is long; pygidial disc bristled only on apex. In males, metafemur medially produced on posterior margin; inner margin of metatibia medially produced and ventrite IV medially produced; parameres of genitalia near three times the length of their apex; inner margins straight; apex harpoon-like, lateral angle curved projecting almost perpendicular to parameres (Fig. 76G).

Liogenys testaceipennis
Redescription. Length: 13.0-13.8 mm; width: 6.3-6.7 mm. Testaceous to brownish. Head: distance between eyes nearly twice the width of one eye; frons equal in length to clypeus; clypeal emargination rounded, shallow and wide; outer sides of anterior teeth sub-parallel; outer margin of anterior teeth shorter than the eye; clypeal lateral margin concave in males, straight in females; distal maxillary palpomere, maximum width less than twice width of apex; fovea shallow, extending past the transverse midline of the palpomere; labium transversely carinated, as wide as it is long; antenna 10-articulated, lamellae lighter in color and longer than flagellum. Thorax: anterior margin of pronotum slightly produced medially; maximum length of pronotum exceeding the length of tarsomeres I, II and III together; disc glabrous, punctures fine and sparse; pronotal posterior corners sharp, almost right-angled; proepisternum with short bristles; mesepisternum scaly; sides of metasternum scaly and bristled, few long bristles on the anterior margin; distance between meso-and metacoxae up to twice longer than the metacoxa; scutellum ogival, coarsely punctured at the sides. Elytra: shiny, glabrous, uniform testaceous, lighter in color than the pronotum; elytra more than three times longer than the pronotum; elytral suture slightly darker than elytron and distinctly elevated; two pairs of inner ridges more noticeable than the two outer pairs. Legs: procoxa bristled on infra-carinal and outer surface; punctures visible at 12× magnification; three protibial teeth, middle and apical equal in size; the three teeth equally spaced; protibial inner apical spur present; mesofemur with a row of long bristles on anterior and posterior margins; male mesotibia quadrate in cross section, sub-quadrate to cylindrical in females; disc coarsely sculptured, metatibial apical transverse carina in males partial or complete, in females always complete; basal apophysis of metacoxa produced beyond the outer margin of trochanter; metatibia with posterior discontinuous longitudinal carina; metatibial apical spurs equal in length, length equal to the diameter of the tibial apex; male metafemur medially produced on posterior margin; inner margin of male metatibia carinated and medially produced towards apex, apical inner surface setose; metatibial disc finely sculptured; metatibial transverse carina present posteriorly; basal metatarsomere slightly wider and equal to or slightly longer than tarsomere II; in males, protarsomere II long; pro-and mesotarsomeres I to IV enlarged, protarsomeres slightly wider than the mesotarsomeres and more than twice as wide as metatarsi; claw bifid, symmetrical, superior tooth longer and as wide as the inferior; distance between teeth as long as the inferior tooth. Abdomen: ventrites bristled on disc; propygidium visible, glabrous; pygidium flat or convex, sub-trapezoidal, as wide as it is long; pygidial width not exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium, pygidial disc bristled only on apex; ventrite IV in males medially produced; male pygidial apex quadrate. Parameres: width of basal region equal to the parameres together at its transverse midline, parameral split at the third portion; total length of parameres near three times the length of their apex; inner margins straight; apex harpoon-like with lateral angle projecting almost perpendicular to parameres (Fig.  76G). In lateral view parameres concave (Fig. 76H).
Type-locality. Liogenys testaceipennis: BRAZIL; Liogenys seabrai. BRAZIL.Tijuca, RJ [Rio de Janeiro state]. (Syn.) Geographical distribution. BRAZIL (RJ). Remarks. Liogenys testaceipennis (Fig. 76F) differs from L. spiniventris (Fig. 73F) in the spine-like projection only on ventrite IV in males; the clypeal emargination rounded, clypeal lateral margin concave and not produced and pronotal punctures more sparsely distributed. Liogenys testaceipennis (ZMHB) and L. seabrai (MACN) primary types were studied and we concluded that they are conspecific, so herein L. seabrai is designated junior subjective synonym of L. testaceipennis. Moser, 1918 Figs 77, 90 Liogenys tibialis Moser, 1918: 107 (orig. desc Diagnosis. Body brownish; elongate; elytra testaceous to brownish, pronotum darker, reddish brown in males and dark brown in females; clypeal emargination sub-angled and wide; outer sides of anterior teeth sub-parallel; clypeal lateral margin slightly convex in males and straight in females; male mesotibia quadrate in cross section, sub-quadrate to cylindrical in females; male metafemur medially produced on posterior margin; inner margin of male metatibia medially produced towards apex; pygidium varies from flat to convex, as wide as it is long; pygidial disc bristled only on apex; male ventrites slightly elevated along the midline from ventrite I to V; genitalia, parameral split on third portion; total length of parameres near three times the length of their apex; inner margins straight or slightly convergent; apex harpoon-like with lateral angle projecting straight downward (Fig. 77F).

Liogenys tibialis
Redescription. Length: 13.5-14.5 mm; width: 6.4-7.3 mm. Brownish. Head: distance between eyes nearly twice the width of one eye; frons equal in length to clypeus; clypeal emargination sub-angled, shallow and wide; outer sides of anterior teeth sub-parallel; outer margin of anterior tooth shorter than the eye; clypeal lateral margin slightly convex in males and straight in females; canthus not exceeding the outer margin of the eye; distal maxillary palpomere, maximum width less than twice the width of apex; fovea shallow, extending past the transverse midline of the palpomere; labium transversely carinated, as wide as it is long; antenna 10-articulated, lamellae lighter in color and longer than flagellum. Thorax: anterior margin of pronotum slightly produced medially; maximum length of pronotum exceeding the length of tarsomeres I, II and III together; disc glabrous, punctures sparse and coarse; pronotal posterior corners sharp, almost right-angled; proepisternum with short bristles; mesepisternum scaly; sides of metasternum scaly and bristled, few long bristles on the anterior margin; distance between meso-and metacoxae up to twice longer than the metacoxa; scutellum ogival, finely punctured at the sides. Elytra: shiny, glabrous, slightly pruinose in females; uniform brownish to testaceous, lighter in color than pronotum; elytra more than three times longer than the pronotum; elytral suture slightly darker than elytron and distinctly elevated; two pairs of inner ridges more noticeable than the two outer pairs. Legs: procoxa scaly on infra-carinal and outer surface; punctures visible at 12× magnification; three protibial teeth, middle and apical equal in size, the three teeth equally spaced; protibial inner apical spur present; mesofemural disc setose, with a row of long bristles on anterior and posterior margins; mesotibia quadrate in cross section in males, sub-quadrate to cylindrical in females; disc coarsely sculptured, mesotibial apical transverse carina in males partial or complete, in females always complete; basal apophysis of metacoxa produced beyond the outer margin of trochanter; male metafemur medially produced on posterior margin; inner margin of male metatibia carinated and medially produced towards apex, apical inner surface setose; metatibial disc finely sculptured; two metatibial transverse carinae present posteriorly and posterior discontinuous longitudinal carina; metatibial apical spurs equal in length, length equal to the diameter of the tibial apex, protarsomere II long; basal metatarsomere equal to tarsomere II in length and width; in males pro-and mesotarsomeres I to IV enlarged, protarsomeres slightly wider than the mesotarsomeres and more than twice as wide as metatarsi; claw bifid, symmetrical, superior tooth longer and as wide as the inferior; distance between teeth shorter than the inferior tooth. Abdomen: ventrites bristled on disc, in males ventrite I to V slightly elevated along the midline; propygidium visible, glabrous; pygidium flat or convex, sub-trapezoidal, as wide as it is long; pygidial width not exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium, pygidial disc bristled only on apex; pygidial apex in males quadrate. Parameres: width of basal region equal to the parameres together at its transverse midline, parameral split at the third portion; total length of parameres near three times the length of their apex; inner margins straight or slightly convergent; apex harpoon-like with lateral angle projecting straight downward (Fig. 77F). In lateral view, parameres strongly concave (Fig. 77G).
Type-locality. BRAZIL. Teresópolis, Rio de Janeiro. Geographical distribution. BRAZIL (MG, RJ, SP, PR, SC, RS). Remarks. Liogenys tibialis resembles L. punctaticollis (Fig. 69A), L. spiniventris (Fig. 73A) and L. testaceipennis (Fig. 76A) in color, size, elongate body, sides almost parallel and metatibiae flattened, among other several characters that relate them, as seen in Cherman et al. (2016). The most closely related species of L. tibialis is L. punctaticollis which also show ventrites not furnished with projections and, thus, they both differ from the other two species of the clade. Frey (1969) synonymized Liogenys tibialis with L. palmata and later the same author (Frey 1974) synonymized L. palmata with L. punctaticollis, being the last one the senior synonym of the other two. After studying the primary types of the all three species, we verified that L. punctaticollis and L. palmata are indeed conspecific, but it differs in that L. tibialis has the clypeal lateral margin slightly convex in males, metatibial disc more coarsely sculptured; the elytra more shiny in females and parameres are also distinctive. Liogenys tibialis parameres are near three times the length of their apex, and the apex has the lateral angle projecting straight downward. Instead, Liogenys punctaticollis parameres are near five times the length of their apex, inner margins more separated and apex with lateral angle curved projecting almost perpendicular to parameres. Also, in males of L. tibialis the abdomen, although not produced, it is slightly elevated along the midline from ventrite I to V. We concluded that L. tibialis is a valid name. When Frey (1969) synonymized L. tibialis with L. palmata, he put an additional label under L. tibialis primary type: "CUM TYPO/COMPARATUM". As this type specimen bears the labels written by Moser (1918), including the type-locality "Theresópolis" and Moser described the species based only on one specimen, this one is considered the holotype. Diagnosis. Body reddish brown; elongate, slightly wider on the posterior third; elytra uniform reddish brown as the pronotum; frons swollen, longer than clypeus; clypeus weakly emarginate; outer sides of anterior teeth follow the lateral margin of clypeus; canthus exceeding the outer margin of the eye; sensorial area not forming a fovea; pronotal maximum length equal to tarsomeres I, II and III together; anterior margin of pronotum apparently concave, pronotal anterior corners bent frontwards; basal apophysis of metacoxa not produced; inner margin of metatibia not carinated; in males pro-and mesotarsomeres I to IV weakly enlarged; pygidium convex, glabrous; parameres narrowed at the transverse midline and subapically; divergent; apex truncated and strongly curved downwards (Fig. 78F).

Liogenys unicolor
Redescription. Length: 9.0-9.4 mm; width 5.0-5.1 mm. Reddish brown. Head: distance between eyes nearly three times wider than one eye; frons somewhat swollen, longer than clypeus; clypeal emargination weak, sub-angled, shallow and narrow; outer sides of anterior teeth follow the lateral margin of clypeus; lateral margin straight; canthus exceeding the outer margin of the eye; distal maxillary palpomere, maximum width less than twice width of apex; sensorial area not reaching the transverse midline of the palpomere and not forming a fovea; labium transversely carinated, as wide as it is long; antenna 10-articulated, lamellae lighter in color than flagellum and equal in length. Thorax: anterior margin of pronotum slightly produced medially; maximum length of pronotum equal to tarsomeres I, II and III together; disc glabrous, punctures very sparse; pronotal anterior corners bent frontwards; pronotal posterior corners rounded; pronotal convexity on lateral margins weak; proepisternum with short bristles; mesepisternum scaly; sides of metasternum with sparse long and short bristles; distance between meso-and metacoxae up to twice longer than the metacoxa; scutellum ogival, punctured only at the base. Elytra: shiny, glabrous, uniform reddish brown; elytra more than three times longer than the pronotum; elytral suture and elytron unicolored, distinctly elevated; four elytral ridges barely noticeable, the outer one slightly more noticeable than the others. Legs: procoxa, sparse scales on infra-carinal and outer surface; punctures visible at 12× magnification; three protibial teeth, middle and apical equal in size, the three teeth equally spaced; protibial inner apical spur present; mesofemural disc smooth, with a row of short bristles on the anterior and posterior margins; mesotibia cylindrical in cross section; disc finely sculptured; two mesotibial transverse carinae, the apical one complete; basal apophysis of metacoxa not produced; inner margin of metatibia not carinated or produced on apex; inner surface setose; metatibial disc coarsely sculptured; a complete metatibial transverse carina present posteriorly; metatibial apical spurs of different lengths, the longest equal in length to the diameter of the tibial apex; pro-and mesotarsomeres I to IV weakly enlarged, protarsomeres as wide as the mesotarsomeres, slightly wider than the metatarsi; basal metatarsomere up to one-half the length of tarsomere II and wider; claw bifid, symmetrical, superior tooth longer and as wide as the inferior; distance between teeth longer than the inferior tooth. Abdomen: Ventrites bristled on disc and scaly on sides; propygidium slightly visible, pygidium convex, sub-trapezoidal, wide; pygidial width not exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; pygidial disc glabrous; pygidial apex rounded. Parameres: width of basal region equal to the parameres together at its maximum width, parameral split at the third portion almost the midline, narrowed at this point and also subapically; inner margins of parameres divergent; apex truncated ( Fig. 78F). In lateral view parameres convex, apex strongly curved downwards (Fig. 78G).
Type locality. BRAZIL. "Capit.e des Mines" [Minas Gerais state]. Geographical distribution. BRAZIL (MT, MG). Remarks. Liogenys unicolor resembles L. macropelma and shares with this species less frequent Liogenys characters, as the sensorial area of the maxillar distal palpomere flat, not forming a fovea; pronotum as long as protarsomeres I, II e III together, and pro-and mesotarsi weakly enlarged in males. Despite this, these species are not closely related according to Cherman et al. (2016) and instead, it is more closely to Liogenys sinuaticeps, which, in addition to the flat palpomere of the maxilla, shares features as the basal apophysis of metacoxa not produced and the pygidium glabrous. Liogenys unicolor holotype has 10-articulated antenna and a weakly but still emarginate clypeus, disagreeing with Blanchard (1851) who described the species with a 9-articulated antenna and rounded clypeus instead. Females remain unknown. Diagnosis. Body brown; elongate; elytra yellowish brown, pronotum reddish brown; frons surface irregular, excavated medially; clypeal emargination deep, rounded and wide; outer sides of anterior teeth sub-parallel; pronotal posterior corners obsolete; mesotibia cylindrical in cross section; inner margin of metatibia not carinated on apex and inner surface glabrous; pygidium convex, sub-trapezoidal; pygidial width exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; in males pro-and mesotarsi weakly enlarged; male genitalia, basal region wider than the parameres together at its maximum width, parameral split at the third portion; parameral apex fusiform (Fig. 79F).

Liogenys cavifrons
Holotype. Male. Length: 8.8 mm; width: 4.2 mm. Yellowish brown. Head: distance between eyes nearly twice the width of one eye; frons swollen and excavated medially, longer than clypeus; clypeal emargination deep, rounded and wide; outer sides of anterior teeth sub-parallel; outer margin of anterior teeth less than one-half the length of the eye; clypeal lateral margin convex; canthus not exceeding the outer margin of the eye; distal maxillary palpomere, maximum width more than twice width of apex; fovea deep extending past the transverse midline of the palpomere; labium transversely carinated, as wide as it is long; antenna 10-articulated, lamellae lighter in color than the flagellum and equal in length. Thorax: anterior margin of pronotum slightly produced medially; maximum length of pronotum exceeding the length of tarsomeres I, II and III together, disc glabrous, punctures fine and sparse; pronotal posterior corners obsolete; proepisternum with long bristles; mesepisternum sparsely scaly; sides of metasternum with short bristles and few long ones on the anterior margin; distance between meso-and metacoxae up to twice the length of the metacoxa; scutellum ogival, finely punctured at the sides. Elytra: shiny, glabrous, uniform yellowish to testaceous, lighter in color than pronotum; elytra more than three times longer than the pronotum; elytral suture and elytron unicolored and scarcely elevated; all four elytral ridges barely noticeable. Legs: procoxa bristled and scarcely scaly on infra-carinal surface; punctures visible at 12× magnification; three protibial teeth, the apical the longest, distance between basal and middle teeth slightly shorter than between middle and apical; protibial inner apical spur present; mesofemural disc setose, abundant long bristles on the anterior margin; mesotibia cylindrical in cross section; disc finely sculptured, two mesotibial transverse carinae, the apical one complete; metacoxa with long bristles at the sides, basal apophysis of metacoxa produced beyond the outer margin of trochanter; inner margin of metatibia carinated excepting the apex; inner surface glabrous; metatibial disc finely sculptured; two metatibial transverse carinae present posteriorly; metatibial apical spurs equally long, exceeding the diameter of the tibial apex; protarsomere II long; protarsomeres I to IV slightly enlarged; basal metatarsomere and tarsomere II equal in size; claw bifid, symmetrical, superior tooth longer and narrower than the inferior; distance between teeth shorter than the inferior tooth. Abdomen: ventrites scarcely bristled on disc; propygidium glabrous; pygidium convex, sub-trapezoidal, wide; pygidial width exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; pygidial disc bristled only on apex; pygidial apex sub-rounded. Parameres: basal region wider than the parameres together at its maximum width, parameral split at the third portion; inner margins convergent; parameres apex fusiform (Fig. 79F). In lateral view parameres convex, strongly curved downwards (Fig. 79G).
Female paratype. Length: 8.5 mm; width: 4.5 mm. As the holotype except in the clypeal teeth that follow the lateral margin of clypeus and the clypeal lateral margin straight or slightly convex; metasternum scarcely scaly; scutellum punctures randomly distributed; pygidium flatter, longer or as wide as it is long and apex more angled. Variation. Male paratypes. Length: 8.8-8.9 mm; width: 4.2-4.3 mm. As the holotype except in the scutellum triangular to rounded and with punctures randomly distributed.
Etymology. Adjective in the nominative singular. New Latin; from cavus ("hollow, sunken") + frōns ("forehead, front"  (Fig. 61) in the size and shape of the body and differs from it by the pronotum and elytra slightly darker, clypeus not produced laterally and tarsi in males slightly enlarged. This species also resembles L. acutidens in color, differing from it in being smaller, having the clypeus not produced laterally, the elytral suture wider and the same color as the elytra; the scutellum more punctured; the pygidium glabrous and the tarsi in males slightly enlarged. The dimorphic features found commonly in Liogenys males as the abdomen ventrally concave; metatibia strongly carinated along the inner margin with inner surface bristled and pro-and mesotarsi enlarged, are absent or indistinct in L. cavifrons Cherman, sp. n. Diagnosis. Body brown; elongate; elytra light brown, pronotum reddish brown; clypeus quadridentate due to the tooth-like projection of the lateral margin; clypeal emargination deep and angled; outer sides of anterior teeth parallel; anterior margin of pronotum depressed throughout; pronotal posterior corners rounded; mesotibia subquadrate in cross section; inner margin of metatibia not carinated on apex and inner surface glabrous; pygidium slightly convex, sub-trapezoidal; glabrous, bristled only at the apical margin. No males known until now for this species Holotype. Female. Length: 8.6 mm; width: 4.7 mm. Brownish. Head: distance between eyes nearly twice the width of one eye; frons equal in length to clypeus; clypeal emargination deep, sharp and wide; outer sides of anterior teeth parallel; outer margin of anterior teeth shorter than the eye; clypeal lateral margin convex and strongly produced forming a tooth-like projection; distance between lateral and anterior tooth equal to basal width of anterior tooth, distance between lateral tooth and anterior margin of eye longer than one eye, right angle between anterior and lateral teeth; canthus not exceeding the outer margin of the eye; distal maxillary palpomere, maximum width less than twice the width of apex; fovea shallow extending up to the transverse midline of the palpomere; labium transversely carinated, as wide as it is long; antenna 10-articulated, lamellae lighter in color than the flagellum and equal in length. Thorax: anterior margin of pronotum straight and depressed throughout (Fig. 80D); maximum length of pronotum exceeding the length of tarsomeres I, II and III together, disc glabrous, punctures coarse and sparse; pronotal posterior corners rounded; proepisternum with long bristles; mesepisternum sparsely scaly; sides of metasternum with short bristles and few long ones on the anterior margin; distance between meso-and metacoxae up to twice the length of the metacoxa; scutellum ogival, coarsely punctured and scarcely bristled. Elytra: shiny, glabrous, light brown, lighter in color than pronotum; elytra more than three times longer than the pronotum; elytral suture slightly darker than elytron and elevated; two pairs of inner ridges more noticeable than the two outer pairs. Legs: procoxa bristled on infra-carinal and outer surface, smooth at 12× magnification; three protibial teeth, middle and apical equal in size, the three teeth equally spaced; protibial inner apical spur present; mesofemural disc glabrous, with a row of long bristles on the anterior and posterior margins; mesotibia sub-quadrate in cross section; disc finely sculptured; two mesotibial transverse carinae, the apical one incomplete; metacoxa with short bristles at the sides, basal apophysis of metacoxa produced beyond the outer margin of trochanter; inner margin of metatibia carinated excepting the apex; apical inner surface glabrous; metatibial disc coarsely sculptured; two metatibial transverse carinae present posteriorly, the basal one reduced; metatibial apical spurs of different lengths, the longest exceeding the diameter of the tibial apex; protarsomere II long; pro-and mesotarsomeres I to IV cylindrical; basal metatarsomere shorter and slightly wider than tarsomere II; claw bifid, symmetrical, superior tooth longer and narrower than the inferior; distance between teeth shorter than the inferior tooth. Abdomen: ventrites scarcely bristled on disc; propygidium slightly visible, glabrous; pygidium slightly convex, sub-trapezoidal, as wide as it is long; pygidial width exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; pygidial disc glabrous, bristled only at the margin of the apex; pygidial apex rounded. Males remain unknown. Variation: Female paratype. Length: 8.6 mm; width: 4.7 mm. As the holotype except in the apical transverse carina complete in metatibia.

Liogenys femella
Etymology. Noun in the nominative singular. From Latin femella ("girl"). The species name is due to the female type material, as some features mentioned in the description might be present only in females.  (4): Male paratype and three female paratypes with the same data of the holotype (MNRJ), plus the label: [red printed] "PARATYPE". Holotype and four paratypes deposited at MNRJ, Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro.
Diagnosis. Body brown; elongate; elytra brownish, pronotum slightly darker; clypeus quadridentate due to the tooth-like projection of the lateral margin; clypeal emargination deep, rounded; outer sides of anterior teeth parallel; clypeal lateral margin convex; anterior margin of pronotum depressed throughout; pronotal posterior corners sub-angled, obtuse (Fig. 81D); mesotibia sub-quadrate to cylindrical in cross section; pygidium convex, sub-quadrate; pygidial width exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; total length of parameres near three times the length of their apex; slightly narrowed medially; apex harpoon-like with lateral angle projecting straight downward (Fig. 81F).
Holotype. Male. Length: 9.1 mm; width: 4.7 mm. Brownish. Head: distance between eyes nearly twice the width of one eye; frons equal to clypeus; clypeal emargination deep, rounded and wide; outer sides of anterior teeth parallel; outer margin of anterior teeth shorter than the eye; lateral margin convex and strongly produced forming a tooth-like projection; distance between lateral and anterior tooth equal to basal width of anterior tooth, distance between lateral tooth and anterior margin of eye longer than one eye, right angle between anterior and lateral teeth; canthus not exceeding the outer margin of the eye; distal maxillary palpomere, maximum width less than twice width of apex; fovea shallow extending up to the transverse midline of the palpomere; labium transversely carinated, as wide as it is long; antenna 10-articulated, lamellae lighter in color and longer than the flagellum. Thorax: anterior margin of pronotum straight and depressed throughout (Fig. 81D); maximum length of pronotum exceeding the length of tarsomeres I, II and III together; disc glabrous, punctures coarse and sparse; pronotal posterior corners sub-angled, obtuse; proepisternum with long bristles; mesepisternum scarcely scaly; sides of metasternum with short bristles and few long ones on the anterior margin; distance between meso-and metacoxae up twice the length of the metacoxa; scutellum sub-rounded, disc finely punctured at the base. Elytra: shiny, glabrous, light brown, lighter in color than pronotum; elytra more than three times longer than the pronotum; elytral suture slightly darker than elytron and slightly elevated; the two inner pairs of ridges and the outer one more noticeable than the third. Legs: procoxa bristled on infra-carinal and outer surface, smooth at 12× magnification; three protibial teeth, the middle the longest; distance between basal and middle teeth longer than between middle and apical; protibial inner apical spur present; mesofemural disc glabrous, a row of long bristles on the anterior margin; mesotibia sub-quadrate in cross section; disc coarsely sculptured, two mesotibial transverse carinae, the apical incomplete; metacoxa, scarcely bristled and finely punctured on the anterior or posterior margins, smooth on the metacoxal disc; basal apophysis of metacoxa produced beyond the outer margin of trochanter; inner margin of metatibia carinated towards apex, apical inner surface setose; metatibial disc finely sculptured; metatibial transverse carina present posteriorly and with posterior discontinuous longitudinal carina; metatibial apical spurs of different lengths, the longest one equal to the diameter of the tibial apex; protarsomere II long; pro-and mesotarsomeres I to IV enlarged, protarsomeres slightly wider than the mesotarsomeres; less than two-fold wider than metatarsi; the basal metatarsomere shorter and slightly wider than tarsomere II; claw bifid, symmetrical, superior tooth longer and narrower than the inferior; distance between teeth shorter than the inferior tooth. Abdomen: ventrites with few sparse bristles on disc; propygidium hidden by the elytra; pygidium convex, sub-quadrate, as wide as it is long; pygidial width exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; pygidial disc glabrous, bristled at the margin of the apex; very shiny, wrinkled, coarsely punctured; pygidial apex in males sub-quadrate. Parameres: basal region wider than the parameres together at its transverse midline; parameral split at the third portion; total length of parameres near three times the length of their apex; slightly narrowed medially; inner margins of parameres convergent; apex harpoon-like with lateral angle projecting straight downward (Fig. 81F). In lateral view parameres concave (Fig. 81G).
Geographical distribution. BRAZIL (PI). Remarks. Liogenys piauiensis Cherman, sp. n. resembles L. parva in the size and shape of the body, as well as in the quadridentate clypeus. Liogenys piauiensis Cherman, sp. n. differs in the color of the elytra slightly darker, clypeal emargination slightly narrower; disc of metacoxa smooth (in common with L. rotundicollis Cherman, sp. n.) (Fig. 82), few punctures on metacoxal anterior margin and postero-external corner slightly produced; male genitalia with shape of parameres also distinctive, narrowed medially. Diagnosis. Body brown; elongate, sides parallel; elytra brown, pronotum darker; clypeus quadridentate due to the tooth-like projection of the lateral margin; clypeal emargination deep and rounded; outer sides of anterior teeth parallel; clypeal lateral margin convex; pronotal anterior margin depressed throughout; pronotal posterior corners obsolete; mesotibia sub-quadrate in cross section; metacoxal disc predominantly smooth, few punctures and bristles near the base of the femur; pygidium convex, wide; pygidial width exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; male genitalia, total length of parameres near five times the length of their apex; strongly narrowed medially; apex harpoon-like with lateral angle projecting straight downward (Fig. 82F).

Liogenys rotundicollis
Holotype. Male. Length: 9.0 mm; width: 4.4 mm. Dark brown. Head: distance between eyes nearly twice the width of one eye; frons equal to clypeus; clypeal emargination deep, rounded and slightly wide, outer sides of anterior teeth parallel; outer margin of anterior teeth shorter than the eye; clypeal lateral margin convex and strongly produced forming a tooth-like projection; distance between lateral and anterior tooth equal to basal width of anterior tooth, distance between lateral tooth and anterior margin of eye longer than one eye, straight angle between anterior and lateral teeth; canthus not exceeding the outer margin of the eye; distal maxillary palpomere, maximum width nearly twice width of apex; fovea shallow extending up to the transverse midline of the palpomere; labium transversely carinated, as wide as it is long; antenna 10-articulated, lamellae lighter in color and longer than the flagellum. Thorax: anterior margin of pronotum straight and depressed throughout (Fig. 82D); maximum length of pronotum exceeding the length of tarsomeres I, II and III together; disc glabrous, punctures fine and sparse; pronotal posterior corners obsolete; proepisternum with long bristles; mesepisternum sparsely scaly; sides of metasternum with short and long bristles; distance between meso-and metacoxae up to twice the length of the metacoxa; scutellum ogival, finely punctured. Elytra: shiny, glabrous, brownish, slightly lighter in color than pronotum; elytra more than three times longer than the pronotum; elytral suture darker than elytron and elevated; the two inner pairs of ridges and the outer one more distinct than the third. Legs: procoxa bristled on infra-carinal and outer surface, smooth at 12× magnification; three protibial teeth, middle and apical equal in size; distance between basal and middle teeth slightly longer than between middle and apical; protibial inner apical spur present; mesofemural disc glabrous, bristled marginally, long bristles on the anterior margin and short in the posterior one; mesotibia subquadrate in cross section; disc coarsely sculptured, two mesotibial transverse carinae, the apical one incomplete; metacoxa glabrous, few punctures and bristles near the base of the femur; basal apophysis of metacoxa produced beyond the outer margin of trochanter; inner margin of metatibia carinated towards apex, apical inner surface setose; metatibial disc finely sculptured; metatibial transverse carina present posteriorly and posterior discontinuous longitudinal carina; metatibial apical spurs of different lengths, the longest one shorter than the diameter of the tibial apex; protarsomere II long; pro-and mesotarsomeres I to IV equally enlarged, less than twice as wide as metatarsi; basal metatarsomere slightly shorter than tarsomere II and equally wide; claw bifid, symmetrical, superior tooth longer and narrower than the inferior; distance between teeth shorter than the inferior tooth. Abdomen: ventrites scarcely bristled on disc; propygidium visible, bristled; pygidium convex, sub-quadrate, as wide as it is long; pygidial width exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; pygidial disc glabrous, bristled only on the margin of the apex, coarsely punctured, slightly depressed medially; pygidial apex sub-rounded. Parameres: basal region wider than the parameres together at its maximum width; parameral split at the third portion; total length of parameres near five times the length of their apex; strongly narrowed medially; inner margins of parameres straight; apex harpoon-like with lateral angle projecting straight downward (Fig. 82F). In lateral view parameres concave (Fig. 82G). Female remains unknown.
Etymology. Adjective in the nominative singular. New Latin; from rotundus ("round") + collum ("neck, stem"). The species name is due to the rounded appearance of the posterior margin of the pronotum, due to the posterior corners obsolete.  (Fig. 68A), L. femella Cherman, sp. n. (Fig. 80A) and L. piauiensis Cherman, sp. n. (Fig. 81A) in the size and shape of the body, as well as in the quadridentate clypeus. Liogenys rotundicollis Cherman, sp. n. differs mainly in the pronotal posterior corners obsolete; the clypeal emargination deeper, making teeth slightly longer; the metacoxal disc mainly smooth, scarcely bristled near the base of the femur and the postero-external corner more rounded and the parameres strongly narrowed medially. Females remain unknown.  Diagnosis. Body light brown; elongate; elytra yellowish, pronotum reddish; clypeus quadridentate due to the tooth-like projection of the lateral margin; clypeal emargination deep, rounded and narrow; outer sides of anterior teeth parallel; clypeus bristled anteriorly; canthus exceeding the outer margin of the eye; pronotal anterior margin strongly depressed throughout; pronotal posterior corners rounded; pronotum and scutellum with inconspicuous bristles (50× magnification); mesotibia cylindrical in cross section; metacoxa scaly and smooth; male metafemur slightly produced medi-ally on posterior margin; pygidium flat, sub-trapezoidal; pygidial disc bristled throughout, with both short and long erect bristles, punctured only on the sides; parameres, basal region very short; parameres narrowed subapically, apex spatula-like, slightly curved outwards, up to the level of the parameral basal margin (Fig. 83F).

Liogenys freyi
Holotype. Male. Length: 9.4 mm; width: 4.7 mm. Yellowish. Head: distance between eyes slightly more than twice the width of one eye; frons equal in length to clypeus; clypeus bristled anteriorly, emargination deep, rounded and narrow; outer sides of anterior teeth parallel; outer margin of anterior teeth as long as the eye; clypeal lateral margin convex and strongly produced forming a tooth-like projection; distance between lateral and anterior tooth longer than the basal width of anterior tooth, distance between lateral tooth and anterior margin of eye as long as one eye, right angle between anterior and lateral teeth; canthus exceeding the outer margin of the eye; distal maxillary palpomere, maximum width twice width of apex; fovea deep extending up to the transverse midline of the palpomere; labium transversely carinated, as wide as it is long; antenna 10-articulated, lamellae lighter in color and longer than the flagellum. Thorax: anterior margin of pronotum straight and strongly depressed throughout (Fig. 83D); maximum length of pronotum exceeding the length of tarsomeres I, II and III together; disc with inconspicuous bristles, punctures coarse and sparse, reticulated; pronotal posterior corners rounded; proepisternum bristled and scaly; mesepisternum scaly, as are the sides of metasternum, also with few long bristles on the anterior margin; distance between meso-and metacoxae up twice the length of the metacoxa; scutellum ogival, inconspicuous bristles, moderate coarsely punctured. Elytra: shiny, glabrous, yellowish, lighter in color than pronotum; elytra three times longer than the pronotum; elytral suture unicolored with the elytron and not elevated; the two pairs of inner ridges and the outer one more distinct than the third. Legs: procoxa bristled and scaly on infra-carinal and outer surface, punctures at 12× magnification; three protibial teeth, middle and apical equal in size, the three teeth equally spaced, protibial inner apical spur present; mesofemural disc glabrous, long bristles on the anterior margin; mesotibia cylindrical in cross section; disc coarsely sculptured, two mesotibial transverse carinae, the apical one complete; metacoxa smooth and scaly; basal apophysis of metacoxa produced beyond the outer margin of trochanter; male metafemur slightly produced medially on posterior margin; inner margin of metatibia carinated towards apex, apical inner surface setose; metatibial disc coarsely sculptured; two metatibial transverse carinae present posteriorly; metatibial apical spurs of different lengths, the longest one equal to the diameter of the tibial apex; protarsomere II long; pro-and mesotarsomeres I to IV enlarged, protarsomeres slightly wider than the mesotarsomeres; twice as wide as metatarsi; basal metatarsomere shorter and slightly wider than tarsomere II; claw bifid, symmetrical, superior tooth twice longer than the inferior and equally wide; distance between teeth longer than the inferior tooth. Abdomen: ventrites and propygidium both sparsely bristled on disc; pygidium flat, sub-trapezoidal, as wide as it is long; pygidial width not exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; py- Diagnosis. Body brownish, elytra testaceous, pronotum darker; sides parallel; clypeal emargination sub-angled, deep and wide; outer sides of anterior teeth parallel; meso-and metatibia quadrate in cross section. In males, pygidial disc scaly throughout, erect-scaled; pygidial apex rounded; parameres deeply grooved across the basal region, inner margins forming an elevated flange, apex widened and rounded (Fig. 84F).
Holotype. Male. Length: 10.7 mm; width 5.1 mm. Head: distance between eyes twice the width of one eye; frons shorter than clypeus; clypeal emargination deep, subangled and wide, outer sides of anterior teeth parallel; outer margin of anterior teeth equal to the eye; lateral margin slightly convex; canthus not exceeding the outer margin of the eye; distal maxillary palpomere, maximum width equal to width of apex; fovea deep, extending past the transverse midline of the palpomere; labium transversely carinated, as wide as it is long; antenna 10-articulated, lamellae longer than flagellum. Thorax: maximum length of pronotum exceeding the length of tarsomeres I, II and III together; disc glabrous, punctures coarse and sparse; pronotal posterior corners sharp, right-angled; proepisternum with long bristles, pro-and mesepisternum scaly, as are the sides of metasternum, also with few long bristles on the anterior margin; distance between meso-and metacoxae up to twice the length of the metacoxa; scutellum ogival, coarsely punctured except on the center. Elytra: shiny, glabrous, uniformly testaceous, pruinose on the posterior margin, lighter in color than the pronotum; elytra more than three times longer than the pronotum; elytral suture slightly darker than elytron and weakly elevated; three pairs of elytral ridges barely noticeable, except of the outer one, distinctly elevated. Legs: procoxa bristled on infra-carinal and outer surface; three protibial teeth, middle and apical equal in size, the three teeth equally spaced; protibial inner apical spur present; mesofemural disc glabrous, with a row of long bristles on the anterior and posterior margins; mesotibia quadrate in cross section; disc finely sculptured; basal apophysis of metacoxa produced beyond the outer margin of trochanter; inner margin of metatibia carinated towards apex, apical inner surface setose; metatibial disc finely sculptured; metatibial short transverse carina present posteriorly; metatibial apical spurs equal in length, slightly shorter than the diameter of the tibial apex; protarsomere II long; pro-and mesotarsomeres I to IV enlarged, protarsomeres slightly wider than the mesotarsomeres and more than twice wider than metatarsi; basal metatarsomere slightly wider and shorter than tarsomere II; claws bifid, symmetrical; superior tooth longer and narrower than inferior tooth, distance between teeth shorter than the inferior tooth. Abdomen: band of scales visible at the lowest magnification beneath the outer margin of elytra; ventrites bristled abundantly on disc and sides; propygidium bristled; pygidium flat, wide; pygidial width exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium, pygidial disc with yellow erect scales throughout and deep umbilical coarse punctures; pygidial apex rounded. Parameres: basal region broadly grooved across the midline; basal region wider than parameres together at its maximum width, parameral split at 2/3; apex widened, edges rounded, inner margins convergent with a flange elevated, mainly in the basal region (Fig. 84F); in lateral view parameres concave; apex curved downwards apically (Fig. 84G).
Female paratype. Length: 10.7 mm; width 5.7 mm. As the holotype except in the body wider and shiny; clypeal emargination narrower; pronotal and elytral punctures slightly coarser, scutellum wider and triangular, pygidium sub-trapezoidal; pygidial apex with sharper edges and bristled instead of scaly, bristles more abundant and longer on apex.
Variation. Male paratype. Length: 10.7 mm; width 5.2 mm. The paratype does not differ significantly from the holotype, except in the elytral outer ridge less conspicuous and the elytra shiny, not pruinose, on posterior margins.
Etymology. Noun in the genitive case. Prefix from Ancient Greek ψευδής (pseudḗs, "false, lying"). The species name is due to the morphological similarity with L. santaecrucis and also their geographical distribution is nearby.
Geographical distribution. BRAZIL (MS, DF). Remarks. Liogenys pseudosanctaecrucis Cherman, sp. n. shares with L. santaecrucis almost all of the external features, excepting the male pygidial disc scaly instead of bristled. The parameres differ in the more pronounced and broader groove across the basal region. Diagnosis. Body brownish; elongate; elytra testaceous, pronotum purplish red, sparsely punctured; clypeal emargination sharp and wide; outer sides of anterior teeth parallel; clypeal lateral margin convex, with a sub-angled tooth-like projection, right angle between outer side of anterior teeth and clypeal lateral projection; mesotibia quadrate in cross section; inner margin of male metatibia medially produced; ventrites III to V strongly produced medially (Fig. 85F); pygidium flat, as wide as it is long; pygidial disc bristled only on apex, coarsely punctured; male genitalia, basal region narrower than the width of the parameres together at its maximum width, parameres narrowed subapically, apical edges rounded (Fig. 85G).

Liogenys grossii
Holotype. Male. Length: 13.3 mm; width: 6.4 mm. Elytra testaceous, pronotum purplish red. Head: distance between eyes nearly twice the width of one eye; frons swollen, equal in length to clypeus; clypeal emargination sharp, shallow and wide; outer sides of anterior teeth parallel; outer margin of anterior teeth three times shorter than the eye; clypeal lateral margin convex, with a sub-angled tooth-like projection; distance between clypeal lateral projection and anterior margin of eye slightly shorter than one eye; distance between clypeal lateral projection and anterior tooth shorter than basal width of anterior tooth; right angle between outer side of anterior teeth and clypeal lateral projection; canthus not exceeding the outer margin of the eye; distal maxillary palpomere, maximum width as wide as the apex; fovea shallow, elongate, extending past the transverse midline of the palpomere; labium transversely carinated, as wide as it is long; antenna 10-articulated, lamellae slightly lighter in color and longer than flagellum. Thorax: anterior margin of pronotum slightly produced medially; maximum length of pronotum exceeding the length of tarsomeres I, II and III together; disc glabrous, punctures fine and very sparse; pronotal posterior corners sharp, almost right-angled; proepisternum with short bristles; mesepisternum scaly; sides of metasternum bristled; distance between meso-and metacoxae up to twice longer than the metacoxa; scutellum ogival, finely punctured at the base. Elytra: shiny, glabrous, uniformly testaceous, distinctly lighter in color than pronotum; elytra more than three times longer than the pronotum; elytral suture darker than elytron and distinctly elevated; all four elytral ridges barely noticeable. Legs: procoxa bristled on infra-carinal and outer surface; punctures visible at 12× magnification; three protibial teeth, middle and apical equal in size, the three teeth equally spaced; protibial inner apical spur present; mesofemural disc setose, scarcely bristled; mesotibia quadrate in cross section, disc coarsely sculptured; two mesotibial transverse carinae, the apical one incomplete; basal apophysis of metacoxa produced beyond the outer margin of trochanter; inner margin of metatibia carinated and abruptly medially produced towards apex; apical inner surface setose; metatibial disc finely sculptured; metatibial transverse carina present posteriorly; metatibia with posterior discontinuous longitudinal carina; metatibial spurs equal in length, length equal to the diameter of the tibial apex; protarsomere II long; pro-and mesotarsomeres I to IV enlarged, protarsomeres two-fold wider than the mesotarsomeres and more than three times wider than the metatarsi; basal metatarsomere longer than tarsomere II and as wide as; claw bifid, symmetrical, superior tooth longer and narrower than the inferior; distance between teeth shorter than the inferior tooth. Abdomen: ventrites bristled on disc and sides; ventrites III, IV and V strongly produced medially; propygidium visible, glabrous; pygidium flat; sub-quadrate, as wide as it is long; pygidial width not exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; pygidial disc bristled only on apex, coarsely punctured; pygidial apex quadrate. Parameres: basal region narrower than the parameres together at its maximum width, parameral split at the third portion; inner margins convergent; narrowed subapically; apical edges rounded (Fig. 85G). In lateral view parameres slightly concave (Fig. 85H).
Female paratype. Length: 13.9 mm; width: 7.2 mm. As the holotype except in the size bigger, body wider and darker, clypeal lateral margin weakly produced; ventrites not produced medially and pygidium convex.
Etymology. Noun in the genitive case. The species is dedicated to its collector, Dr Paschoal Coelho Grossi, great Scarabaeoidea researcher and author of numerous species within the superfamily.

Liogenys pseudospiniventris
Diagnosis. Body brownish; elongate; elytra testaceous, pronotum purplish red, sparsely punctured; clypeal emargination sharp and wide; outer sides of anterior teeth sub-parallel, slightly divergent; clypeal lateral margin with a rounded toothlike projection, acute angle between outer side of anterior teeth and clypeal lateral projection; canthus exceeding the outer margin of the eye; mesotibia quadrate in cross section; male metafemur medially produced on posterior margin; male metatibia slightly bent outwards, with inner margin medially produced towards apex; male ventrites IV and V strongly produced medially, the former is spine-like apically; pygidium flat, as wide as it is long, bristled throughout; male genitalia with basal region narrower than the parameres together at its maximum width, parameres strongly narrowed subapically (Fig. 86G).
Holotype. Male. Length: 11.9 mm; width: 6.0 mm. Testaceous, pronotum purplish red. Head: distance between eyes nearly twice the width of one eye; frons equal in length to clypeus; clypeal emargination sharp, shallow and wide; outer sides of anterior teeth sub-parallel, slightly divergent; outer margin of anterior teeth more than twice shorter than the eye; clypeal lateral margin convex, with a rounded toothlike projection; distance between clypeal lateral projection and anterior margin of eye slightly shorter than one eye; distance between clypeal lateral projection and anterior tooth shorter than basal width of anterior tooth; angle between outer side of anterior teeth and clypeal lateral projection slightly acute; canthus exceeding the outer margin of the eye; distal maxillary palpomere, maximum width slightly wider than the apex; fovea shallow, elongate, extending past the transverse midline of the palpomere; labium transversely carinated, as wide as it is long; antenna 10-articulated, lamellae lighter in color and longer than flagellum. Thorax: anterior margin of pronotum slightly produced medially; maximum length of pronotum exceeding the length of tarsomeres I, II and III together; disc weakly sulcated posteriorly, glabrous, punctures moderately coarse and sparse; pronotal posterior corners sharp, obtuse-angled; proepisternum with short and a few long bristles; mesepisternum scaly; sides of metasternum bristled; distance between meso-and metacoxae up to twice longer than the metacoxa; scutellum ogival, finely punctured at the sides. Elytra: shiny, glabrous, uniformly testaceous, distinctly lighter in color than pronotum; elytra more than three times longer than the pronotum; elytral suture darker than elytron and distinctly elevated; all four elytral ridges barely noticeable. Legs: procoxa bristled on infra-carinal and outer surface; smooth at 12× magnification; three protibial teeth, the middle the longest, the three teeth equally spaced; protibial inner apical spur present; mesofemural disc setose, scarcely bristled; mesotibia quadrate in cross section, disc finely sculptured; two mesotibial transverse carinae, the apical complete; metacoxal disc bristled; basal apophysis of metacoxa produced beyond the outer margin of trochanter; metafemur medially produced on posterior margin; metatibia slightly bent outwards, inner margin of metatibia carinated and medially produced towards apex, apical inner surface setose; metatibial disc finely sculptured; two metatibial transverse carinae present posteriorly and posterior discontinuous longitudinal carina; metatibial spurs equal in length, shorter than the diameter of the tibial apex; pro-and mesotarsomeres I to IV enlarged, mesotarsomeres less than three times wider than the metatarsi; basal metatarsomere longer than tarsomere II and as wide as; claw bifid, symmetrical, superior tooth longer and narrower than the inferior; distance between teeth shorter than the inferior tooth. Abdomen: ventrites bristled abundantly on disc and sides; ventrites IV and V strongly produced medially, the former is spine-like apically; propygidium visible and bristled; pygidium flat; sub-quadrate, as wide as it is long; pygidial width not exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; pygidial disc with erect bristles throughout; pygidial apex quadrate. Parameres: basal region narrower than the width of the parameres together at its maximum width, parameral split at 2/3; inner margins of parameres convergent; strongly narrowed subapically, apical edges rounded (Fig.  86G). In lateral view parameres concave (Fig. 86H). Diagnosis. Body brownish; elongate; elytra testaceous to brownish, pronotum reddish or dark brown; clypeal emargination rounded, shallow and wide; outer sides of anterior teeth sub-parallel; canthus exceeding the outer margin of the eye; male mesotibia quadrate in cross section; male metafemur strongly produced medially on posterior margin; metatibia slightly bent outwards; inner margin of male metatibia medially produced towards apex; claw bifid, symmetrical, superior tooth as long as and narrower than the inferior; male ventrites I, II and III sulcated medially, IV slightly elevated; pygidium convex or flat, as wide as it is long, pygidial disc bristled only on apex; male genitalia, width of basal region equal to the parameres together at its transverse midline; total length of parameres more than five times the length of their apex; inner margins convergent; apex harpoon-like with lateral angle curved projecting perpendicularly to parameres (Fig. 87G).
Holotype. Male. Length: 14.7 mm; width: 7.2 mm. Brownish. Head: distance between eyes nearly twice the width of one eye; frons equal in length to clypeus, finely and densely punctured; clypeal emargination rounded, shallow and wide; outer sides of anterior teeth sub-parallel, slightly convergent; outer margin of anterior tooth more than three times shorter than the eye; clypeal lateral margin slightly convex; canthus exceeding the outer margin of the eye; distal maxillary palpomere, maximum width nearly the width of apex; fovea shallow, extending up to the transverse midline of the palpomere; labium transversely carinated, as wide as it is long; antenna 10-articulated, lamellae lighter in color and longer than flagellum. Thorax: anterior margin of pronotum slightly produced medially; maximum length of pronotum exceeding the length of tarsomeres I, II and III together; disc glabrous, punctures fine and sparse; pronotal posterior corners sharp, almost right-angled; proepisternum with short bristles; mesepisternum scaly; sides of metasternum bristled, a few long ones on the anterior margin; distance between meso-and metacoxae up to twice longer than the metacoxa; scutellum ogival, finely punctured along the margins. Elytra: shiny, glabrous, uniform light brown to testaceous, pronotum dark brown; elytra more than three times longer than the parameres together at its midline, parameral split at 2/3; total length of parameres more than five times the length of their apex; inner margins convergent; apex harpoonlike with lateral angle curved projecting perpendicularly to parameres (Fig. 87G). In lateral view parameres strongly concave (Fig. 87H).
Variation. Male paratypes 14.6-14.8 mm; width: 7.2 mm. As the holotype except in the pygidium, convex or flat; female paratypes as the former.
Etymology. Adjective in the nominative singular. From Latin sulcus ("furrow, ditch, track") + ventris genitive from venter ("abdomen"). The species is named in reference to the shape of the male ventrites sulcate medially  (Fig. 69) and L. tibialis (Fig. 77) in the size, shape and color of the body and elytra and in the shape of clypeus. The new species differs mainly in the head punctures which are fine and dense; pronotal punctures denser and clypeal emargination rounder. In males the ventrites I, II and III are sulcated medially and the ventrite IV is slightly elevated