﻿Four new species of Anyphaena Sundevall, 1833 from Xizang, China (Araneae, Anyphaenidae)

﻿Abstract Four new species of the genus Anyphaena Sundevall, 1833 collected from Xizang, China, are described: A.cibagou Wang & Mi, sp. nov. (♂♀), A.linzhi Wang & Mi, sp. nov. (♂♀), A.shufui Wang & Mi, sp. nov. (♀) and A.yejiei Wang & Mi, sp. nov. (♀). Diagnostic photos of the habitus and copulatory organs and a distributional map are provided.


Introduction
Anyphaena Sundevall, 1833, the most species-rich genus of the family Anyphaenidae Bertkau,1878, is represented by 106 wander-hunting species widely distributed in Asia, Europe and the Americas (WSC 2024;Rivera-Quiroz and Álvarez-Padilla 2023).In contrast to the taxonomic study of the genus in the Americas, it remains poorly known in Asia, which only has 17 species records, most of them sporadically described and only known from the original description (Durán-Barrón et al. 2016;WSC 2024).To date, eight endemic species known from both sexes are recorded from China, which is much higher than in nearby countries, such as Japan (3), Russia (3) and India (1) (WSC 2024).Among the Chinese species, half of them were described by Lin et al. (2021), including the only species recorded in Xizang, China.
Recently, spider surveys in two National Nature Reserves in Linzhi City, Xizang, China, were carried out, and more than twenty specimens of Anyphaenidae have been collected.After examination, four species belonging to Anyphaena are recognized as new to science and described herein.

Material and methods
Specimens were collected by beating shrubs or hand collecting.They were preserved in 90% ethanol.Specimens are deposited in the museum of Tongren University (TRU) in Tongren, China.They were examined with an Olympus SZX 16 stereomicroscope.After dissection, the vulvae were cleared in trypsin enzyme solution before examination and imaging.Left male palps were used for the descriptions and illustrations.Photographs of the copulatory organs and habitus were taken ZooKeys 1196: 1-14 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1196.119509Shikai Li et al.: Four new species of Anyphaena from China with a Kuy Nice CCD camera mounted on an Olympus BX43 compound microscope.Compound focus images were generated using Helicon Focus v. 6.7.1.Drawings of the schematic course of the copulatory duct were generated by Adobe Illustrator CC 2018.ArcGIS v. 10.4 software was used to create a distribution map.
A partial fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene of the four species was amplified and sequenced using the primers LCOI1490 and HCOI2198 (Folmer et al. 1994).The accession numbers are provided in Table 1.The pairwise genetic distances (Kimura two-parameter [K2P]) (see Table 2) were calculated using MEGA 6.0 to assess the genetic differences (Li and Zhang 2023).
All measurements are given in millimetres.Leg measurements are given as total length (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus)   Diagnosis.The species is closely similar to that of A. linzhi sp.nov., in habitus and copulatory organs, but it can be easily distinguished by the following: 1) the main portion of the median apophysis is almost oval, and slightly longer than wide in ventral view (Fig. 2B), vs elongate-oval, more than two times longer than wide in A. linzhi sp.nov.(Fig. 3B); 2) the conductor is acutely narrowed distally (Fig. 4A), vs almost tapered at distal half in A. linzhi sp.nov.(Fig. 4B); 3) the atrium is wider than long, and the median septum has a pair of laterally extended lamellar processes (Fig. 2D), vs atrium is longer than wide, and the median septum lacks similar processes in A. linzhi sp.nov.(Fig. 3D); 4) the accessory glands are located terminally on copulatory ducts (Fig. 2E), vs located medially in A. linzhi sp.nov.(Fig. 3E); and 5) the spermathecae are elongate-oval (Fig. 2E), vs almost spherical in A. linzhi sp.nov.(Fig. 3E).The male also somewhat resembles that of A. tibet Lin & Li, 2021 in having similar palp, especially the invert L-shaped conductor in retrolateral view, but it can be easily distinguished by the retrolateral tibial apophysis, which has a dorsal ramus about one-fifth the ventral ramus length and with a blunt end in retrolateral view (Fig. 2C), vs the dorsal ramus more than half the ventral ramus length and with a somewhat pointed tip in A. tibet (Lin et al. 2021: fig. 7C), and by the smooth conductor (Figs 2C, 4A), vs serrated on the inner margin in A. tibet (Lin et al. 2021: fig. 13B).
Epigyne-vulva (Fig. 2D-F): wider than long, with anteriorly located, oval atrium more than half the epigynal width; median septum medially located on atrium, with strongly sclerotized, laterally extended lamellar processes; copulatory openings invisible; copulatory ducts strongly curved at base and then gradually thickened to connected to the anterolateral portions of elongate-oval, touched spermathecae, with short, terminal accessory glands; fertilization ducts lamellar, originate from the inner-base of spermathecae.
Distribution.Known only from the type locality in Xizang, China (Fig. 6A).Etymology.The species name is a noun in apposition and comes from the type locality, Linzhi City.

Anyphaena linzhi
Diagnosis.Anyphaena linzhi sp.nov.closely resembles that of A. cibagou sp.nov., but it can be distinguished by the following: 1) the main portion of median apophysis is elongate-oval, more than two times longer than wide in ventral view (Fig. 3B), vs almost oval, and slightly longer than wide in A. cibagou sp.nov.(Fig. 2B); 2) the conductor is tapered at distal half in retrolateral view (Fig. 4B), vs acutely narrowed distally in A. cibagou sp.nov.(Fig. 4A); 3) the atrium is longer than wide, and the median septum lacks process (Fig. 3D), vs atrium is wider than long, and the median septum has laterally extended lamellar processes in A. cibagou sp.nov.(Fig. 2D); 4) the accessory glands are located medially on copulatory ducts (Fig. 3E), vs located terminally in A. cibagou sp.nov.(Fig. 2E);

A B C F E D
and 5) the spermathecae are about spherical (Fig. 3E), vs elongate-oval in A. cibagou sp.nov.(Fig. 2E).The male also somewhat resembles that of A. tibet Lin & Li, 2021 in having very similar palpal structure, but it differs in: 1) the ventral ramus of retrolateral tibial apophysis is anteroventrally extending, and about three times longer than the dorsal ramus in retrolateral view (Fig. 3C), vs upward extending, and less than two times longer than the dorsal ramus in A. tibet (Lin et al. 2021: fig.7C); 2) the conductor is smooth (Figs 3C, 4B), vs serrated on the inner margin in A. tibet (Lin et al. 2021: fig. 13B).

A B
red-brown.Chelicerae yellow to gray-brown, with four promarginal and eight retromarginal teeth.Endites longer than wide, bearing clusters of dark-brown setae on inner portion of anterior margins.Labium darker than endites.Sternum almost heart-shaped, setose.Legs yellow-brown, with sub-triangular apophyses on the base of coxae.Abdomen elongated, dorsum pale to red-brown, with longitudinal, anteromedian pale band followed by two pairs of muscle depressions and two irregular dark patches medially; venter paler to dark brown.Palp (Figs 3A-C, 4B): patella slightly longer than wide, with sclerotized, disto-prolateral apophysis; tibia slightly curved medially, with almost half-round ventro-retrolateral apophysis at base and bifurcated disto-retrolateral apophysis, which has straight, bar-shaped ventral ramus directed towards ca 10 o'clock position apically in retrolateral view, and strongly sclerotized, lamellar dorsal ramus; cymbium longer than wide, with two slender, medially curved macrosetea on the distal portion of prolateral margin; bulb almost oval; tegulum swollen; subtegulum elongated, prolaterally located; median apophysis originates from the middle of retrolateral side of bulb, main portion elongated, with somewhat pointed tip; embolus thin, partly visible; conductor retrolateral to the main portion of median apophysis, strongly curved medially, and with tapered distal half extending anteroventrally.
Distribution.Known only from the type locality in Xizang, China (Fig. 6A).Etymology.The species is named after Mr Fu Shu, who helped us with specimens collecting in Linzhi, Xizang; noun (name) in genitive case.
Epigyne-vulva (Fig. 5E, F, I): wider than long; atrium anteriorly located, slitshaped; copulatory openings located on the lateral sides of atrium; copulatory ducts widened at base, and then folded and acutely narrowed to tube-shaped portions, which curved medially and with oval, terminal accessory glands; spermathecae elongate-oval, touched; fertilization ducts lamellar.
Male.Unknown.Distribution.Known only from the type locality in Xizang, China (Fig. 6B).Etymology.The species is named after Mr Yejie Lin, who contributed to the taxonomic study of Chinese Anyphaena species and helped with species identification; noun (name) in genitive case.

Anyphaena yejiei
Diagnosis.Anyphaena yejiei sp.nov. is similar to that of A. shenzhen Lin & Li, 2021 in having a very long, distorted copulatory duct, but it can be easily distinguished by the medially located atrium and medially originated copulatory duct (Fig. 5G, H), vs anteriorly located atrium and anteriorly originated copulatory duct in A. shenzhen (Lin et al. 2021: fig.6A, B).It also resembles that of A. cibagou sp.nov. in having a similar median septum, but it can be easily distinguished by the medially located atrium and much thinner and coiled copulatory ducts (Fig. 5G, H), vs anteriorly located atrium and much thicken, and not coiled copulatory ducts in A. cibagou sp.nov.(Fig. 2D, E).
Abdomen elongated, dorsum fuchsia, with irregular yellow and fuchsia markings; venter pale, covered with brown spots laterally.
Epigyne-vulva (Fig. 5G, H, J): longer than wide, with oval, medially located atrium separated by the sub-oval septum; copulatory openings beneath the lateral margin of atrium; copulatory ducts long, forming complicated coils and with medially located, bar-shaped accessory glands extending downward; spermathecae elongated, touched, with two sub-spherical portions; fertilization ducts lamellar, originate at the anterior portions of the outside spherical potions of spermathecae.
Male.Unknown.Distribution.Known only from the type locality in Xizang, China (Fig. 6B).

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Copulatory organs of Anyphaena linzhi Wang & Mi, sp.nov., male holotype and female paratype A male palp, prolateral view B ditto, ventral view C ditto, retrolateral view D epigyne, ventral view E vulva, dorsal view F schematic course of copulatory duct, dorsal view.Scale bars: 0.2 mm.
. References to figures in the cited papers are listed in lowercase type (fig.or figs), and figures in this paper are noted with an initial capital (Fig. or Figs).Abbreviations used in the text and figures are as follows: AG accessory gland; ALE anterior lateral eye; AME anterior median eye; At atrium; C conductor; CD copulatory duct; E embolus; FD fertilization duct; MA median apophysis; MS median septum; PLE posterior lateral eye; PME posterior median eye; PPA prolateral patellar apophysis; PTA prolateral tibia apophysis; RTA retrolateral tibia apophysis; VTA ventral tibial apophysis; S spermatheca.

Table 2 .
Intraspecific and interspecific nucleotide divergences for four Anyphaena species using Kimura two-parameter model.