2 urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:45048D35-BB1D-5CE8-9668-537E44BD4C7E urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:91BD42D4-90F1-4B45-9350-EEF175B1727A ZooKeys ZK 1313-2989 1313-2970 Pensoft Publishers 10.3897/zookeys.1202.119389 119389 Monograph Animalia Palaeontology Systematics Cenozoic Asia Mid-Holocene marine faunas from the Bangkok Clay deposits in Nakhon Nayok, the Central Plain of Thailand Jirapatrasilp Parin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5591-6724 1 2 Conceptualization Writing - original draft Writing - review and editing Formal analysis Methodology Validation Visualization Cuny Gilles https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7680-1697 3 Conceptualization Writing - original draft Writing - review and editing Formal analysis Methodology Validation Visualization Kocsis László https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4613-1850 4 Conceptualization Writing - original draft Writing - review and editing Formal analysis Methodology Validation Visualization Sutcharit Chirasak https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7670-9540 1 Conceptualization Funding acquisition Investigation Methodology Resources Ngamnisai Nom 5 Data curation Formal analysis Investigation Resources Charoentitirat Thasinee 1 Formal analysis Investigation Methodology Kumpitak Satapat 1 Data curation Formal analysis Suraprasit Kantapon kantapon.s@chula.ac.th https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3428-9549 1 Conceptualization Writing - original draft Writing - review and editing Data curation Formal analysis Funding acquisition Investigation Methodology Project administration Resources Validation Visualization Animal Systematics Research Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand Leibniz-Institut zur Analyse des Biodiversitätswandels - Standort Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, Hamburg 20146, Germany Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, LEHNA UMR 5023, CNRS, ENTPE, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, Rue de la Mouline, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland Department of Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand Center of Excellence in Morphology of Earth Surface and Advanced Geohazards in Southeast Asia (MESA CE), Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand

Corresponding author: Kantapon Suraprasit (Kantapon.S@chula.ac.th)

Academic editor: Fedor Konstantinov

 2024 15 05 2024 1202 1 110 D1452785-1C14-5E66-8F59-C0B461092CED D04EE090-0D05-4EB2-ADA6-3EE4E19F59D9 11207178 25 01 2024 24 03 2024 Parin Jirapatrasilp, Gilles Cuny, László Kocsis, Chirasak Sutcharit, Nom Ngamnisai, Thasinee Charoentitirat, Satapat Kumpitak, Kantapon Suraprasit This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. http://zoobank.org/D04EE090-0D05-4EB2-ADA6-3EE4E19F59D9

Based on several field investigations, many molluscan shells and chondrichthyan teeth, together with other invertebrate and actinopterygian remains were found from the marine Bangkok Clay deposits in Ongkharak, Nakhon Nayok, at a depth of ~ 5–7 m below the topsoil surface. Animal macrofossils recovered from these Holocene marine deposits were identified and their chronological context was investigated in order to reconstruct the paleoenvironments of the area at that time. The majority of marine fossils recovered from the site consist of molluscs, with a total of 63 species identified. Other invertebrate species include a stony coral, a mud lobster, barnacles, and a sea urchin. The vertebrates are represented by fish remains, including carcharhinid shark teeth from at least nine species, stingray and trichiurid teeth, and one sciaenid otolith. The molluscan fauna indicates that the paleoenvironments of the area corresponded to intertidal to sublittoral zones, where some areas were mangrove forests and intertidal mudflats. The fish fauna is dominated by the river shark Glyphis, indicating freshwater influences and possibly occasional brackish conditions. The carbon-14 analysis of mollusc and charcoal remains shows that deposition of the marine sediment sequence began during the mid-Holocene, spanning approximately from 8,800 to 5,300 cal yr BP. This study provides in-depth insights into the diversity of fishes, marine molluscs, and other invertebrates from the Bangkok Clay deposits, supporting the existence of a marine transgression onto the Lower Central Plain of Thailand during the mid-Holocene.

 carbon-14 dating Chao Phraya River Basin Chondrichthyes marine transgression mollusc paleoenvironment Project title: Fossil invertebrate fauna and paleoenvironments of Holocene clay deposits from Nakhon Nayok Project funding: Sci-Super VII grant, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University (Grant No. Sci-Super VII_64_001) Citation

Jirapatrasilp P, Cuny G, Kocsis L, Sutcharit C, Ngamnisai N, Charoentitirat T, Kumpitak S, Suraprasit K (2024) Mid-Holocene marine faunas from the Bangkok Clay deposits in Nakhon Nayok, the Central Plain of Thailand. ZooKeys 1202: 1–110. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1202.119389

 Introduction

The Holocene began approximately 11,700 years ago and belongs to one of the interglacial periods. Prior to the Holocene, during the period of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), the global climate was much colder and dryer and was a period of significant landscape changes in many areas due to a lowered sea level, approximately 120 m below the present-day stands (Clark et al. 2009). During the Holocene, however, the climate became warmer, and the sea level rose and inundated a previously emerged landmass. Southeast Asia is one of the regions impacted by sea level inundations (Sathiamurthy and Voris 2006), due in part to an increase in precipitation level after the cold and dry period (Chabangborn 2017). Differences in climatic and environmental conditions between the Pleistocene and Holocene have therefore had impacts on the ecological adaptations of both terrestrial and marine organisms, leading to dispersal, migration, and extinction of species.

The Central Plain of Thailand is an important area where the topography and climate changes were under the influence of a sea level rise starting at ~ 12 ka. The region covers the plains between the mountain ranges along the lower northern part of Thailand, including the Yom and Nan River basins, and the low-lying plains of the Chao Phraya, Tha Chin, Mae Klong and Bang Pakong River basins near the Gulf of Thailand (Sinsakul 2000). During the Holocene, the Sing Buri Plain (5–15 m above mean sea level (amsl)) and the Bangkok Lowland (0–5 m amsl), forming the Central plain of Thailand, were inundated (Takaya 1969). Approximately 8–7 ka, the sea level was 2–4 m higher than present-day stands and inundated the whole lowland areas of Bangkok. Later, the sea level subsided along with a new sedimentation regime and a new landmass started to develop, shaping the current coastal shorelines (Umitsu et al. 2002; Tanabe et al. 2003).

The extent of marine intrusion into the Central Plain of Thailand during the Holocene was largely interpreted based on various studies (e.g., geomorphological, sedimentological, paleontological, palynological, and stratigraphical data as well as carbon-14 dating of peat layers). These studies indicated that the ancient coastal shoreline of the Gulf of Thailand was located further north in Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Province during 7.3–6.5 ka (Jarupongsakul and Thiramongkol 1992). The ancient coastal shoreline was also reconstructed based on a 4,500-year-old coastal archaeological site in Chonburi Province (Boyd et al. 1996), open-pit mining of clay deposits at a depth of 7 m under the ground surface in many provinces, dated to ~ 8–7 ka (Songtham et al. 2007, 2015), and geological studies of coastal berms in Chumporn and Prachuap Khiri Khan provinces, dated between 8.9–5.6 ka and 6.5–6 ka, respectively (Nimnate et al. 2015; Surakiatchai et al. 2018).

In addition to the inference of ancient coastal shorelines during the Holocene, studies on faunas and floras along the ancient coast of the Gulf of Thailand are crucial to understand paleoenvironmental and palaeoecological changes in response to climatic oscillations. The ancient coastal habitats occupied by these animals are investigated based on the identification and dating of fossils (e.g., molluscs, arthropods, and vertebrates). According to accurate species-level identification, microhabitats can be investigated based on comparisons between fossils and living species or related taxa. The paleoenvironments of the area are also reconstructed based on the identification of various groups of animals because each of them has a different mode of life in a specific habitat (Negri 2009, 2012; Oliver and Terry 2019).

Marine faunas from the Holocene Bangkok Clay deposits of the Central Plain of Thailand have infrequently been analysed in detail, and we identify the animal macrofossils recovered from the clay pit of Ongkharak, Nakhon Nayok Province in central Thailand (Fig. 1). We also date the Bangkok Clay sequence deposited in the area, using a carbon-14 dating technique. Although the Bangkok Clay deposits have previously been described from some areas of Nakhon Nayok Province (Songtham et al. 2007; Royal Irrigation Department 2009), the fauna and its paleoenvironments have not yet been thoroughly studied and compared to other sites from different regions (e.g., Negri 2009, 2012). This study not only fulfils the gap regarding the paleoenvironments of the Gulf of Thailand during the Holocene, but also illustrates the ancient coastlines in the eastern part of the Central Plain of Thailand to some extent. The reconstruction of ancient coastlines and paleoenvironments is crucial to advance the knowledge of archaeological contexts in terms of prehistoric human settlements and cultures, and probably helpful in forecasting changes in coastal ecosystems and environments in response to sea level oscillations due to the present-day global warming situation.

10.3897/zookeys.1202.119389.figure1 11207266 55811C66-793C-5620-967C-D47FB71D87F5

Map of the lower central plain of Thailand (orange). A red star indicates the location of the study area.

https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1049889 Geological settings of the study area

The study area is located at the clay pit in Ban Lad Chang, Chumpon Subdistrict, Ongkharak District, Nakhon Nayok Province (13°59'30.9"N, 100°55'11.5"E) in the Lower Central Plain of Thailand (Fig. 1), which is covered by the thick marine deposits of the Chao Phraya River delta, also known as the Bangkok Clay. These marine clay deposits have been dated between the Late Pleistocene and Holocene (Cox 1968; Moh et al. 1969; Sinsakul 2000). The Bangkok clay sequence comprises three main zones (Ohtsubo et al. 2000): 1) weathered clay with a thickness of 0–2 m in the uppermost part, 2) soft marine clay in the middle part, and 3) medium stiff clay at the bottom. The Holocene Bangkok Soft Clay in the middle part, with a thickness ranging from 10 to 20 m, is olive grey and medium to dark grey in colour, indicating reducing environments (Sinsakul 2000; Choowong 2002; Tanabe et al. 2003). This Bangkok Soft Clay layer is further divided into lower transgressive peaty (mangrove swamp) and upper regressive deltaic sediments (Tanabe et al. 2003). Some marine shells and remains of mangrove trees were found from this middle layer, indicating intertidal and shallow sublittoral inner bay conditions, with local mangrove and freshwater influences (Robba et al. 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007; Songtham et al. 2007; Negri 2009, 2012). This evidence supports the occurrence of a marine transgression into the Central Plain of Thailand after the LGM (Songtham et al. 2015).

The rectangular mine is 1,000 m long × 400 m wide and 30 m deep. It was opened to produce clay material used in construction sites. The active mining operations of the clay pit allow us to have access to the stratigraphic sequence of the Quaternary deposits of the area (Fig. 2). The topsoil (0.5–1 m thick) consists of coarse-grained sand with FeO grains and black mud nodules, underlain by a 5 m thick layer of black clay and organic soil (dark layer) partially interbedded with thin layers of silt to very fine-grained sand. Marine invertebrate and vertebrate remains were only found from this organic-rich clay unit, also known as the Bangkok Clay, which overlies the layers of Pleistocene stiff clay (Rau and Nutalaya 1983). In this site, the Pleistocene stiff clay contains seven different lithological units from the top to bottom of the pit: 1) reddish brown lateritic soil (1 m thick), 2) yellowish brown clay to silt-sized sediments with root-trace burrows (4 m thick), 3) reddish brown clay to silt-sized sediments with shell fragments (4 m thick), 4) purplish clay to sand-sized sediments (1 m thick), 5) greyish clay to sand-sized sediments (2 m thick), 6) reddish brown lateritic soil with pale pink and white spots of weathering soil (3 m thick), and 7) yellowish grey clay to silt-sized sediments (5 m thick), respectively (Fig. 2).

10.3897/zookeys.1202.119389.figure2 11207290 CBDEF50B-3797-5865-8F51-F03E7DDC7F56

The study area and the sediment profile of the clay pit A the clay pit of Ongkharak, Nakhon Nayok Province in central Thailand B the Bangkok clay layer bearing numerous in situ complete shells of Placuna placentaC Shells of a bivalve Anadara inaequivalvis buried in situ in the Bangkok clay deposits D lithological profile of the clay pit E the contact between two successive layers: coarse-grained sand (upper) and black clay (lower) F the contact between three successive layers: black clay (upper), lateritic soil (middle), and yellowish brown clay to silt (lower) G the contact between two successive layers: purplish (upper) and greyish (lower) clay to sand H the contact between two successive layers: greyish clay to sand (upper) and reddish brown lateritic layer (lower).

https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1049890

The Bangkok clay layer at the clay pit of Ongkharak has yielded nearly in situ fossil deposits as indicated by preservation of complete shells with both valves attached (Fig. 2C) as well as the orientation of shell valves of Pholas orientalis, which has been recovered in natural position within its burrows during field collection (see also Songtham et al. 2007: fig. 3). Although remains of marine molluscs were found throughout the sequence of dark clay deposits, they were most abundant in the middle part of the layer (Fig. 2D–F), at a depth of ~ 2 m below the upper contact that separates it from the topsoil. Numerous wood fragments, plant remains, and giant oyster shells were found from the lower part of the dark clay unit below the shell-rich layer.

 Materials and methods

Species identification of specimens is mainly based on the existing literature specified under the treatment of each taxon. The specimens are kept at the Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, and coded as the name of the collection (CUF: Chulalongkorn fossil collection), followed by the locality (NKNY: Nakhon Nayok) and the catalogue number. Fish remains including teeth and otolith as well as some small shells were photographed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM; JEOL, JSM-5410 LV) or a Leica M205C stereo light microscope with fusion optics and the Leica Application Suite Image System. L and R designate left and right valves of bivalve shells, respectively.

We selected six samples (shells and charcoal) collected from the marine clay deposits at different depths in the clay pit for carbon-14 dating (Table 1). The samples were pretreated and analysed at the DirectAMS (USA), using an accelerated mass spectrometer (AMS). According to the convention outlined by Stuiver and Polach (1977), the 14C age ± one standard deviation (SD) was calculated using the Libby half-life of 5,568 years and an isotopic fractionation correction based on δ13C measurements obtained from the AMS. The DirectAMS results were calibrated and corrected for the marine reservoir effect, using the Calib 8.2 program with IntCal20.14c for charcoal (Reimer et al. 2020) and with Marine20 (Heaton et al. 2020) for shells.

AMS14C ages of shells and charcoal collected from the clay pit of Ongkharak in Nakhon Nayok, central Thailand.

Lab Code Sample type Depths (m) below the uppermost part of a marine clay layer 14C age (yr BP) Calibrated 14C (2-sigma) age (cal yr BP)
D-AMS 044190 Shell (Tellinides conspicuus) 2.2 5303 ± 26 5882–5464
D-AMS 044191 Shell (Pholas orientalis) 2.2 5202 ± 28 5757–5318
D-AMS 044193 Charcoal 2.2 5047 ± 26 5899–5726
D-AMS 044195 Charcoal 3.4 6186 ± 29 7166–6983
D-AMS 044194 Shell (Magallana cf. gigas) 4 7241 ± 32 7901–7510
D-AMS 044192 Charcoal 4.6 7913 ± 26 8784–8600
Results

The ages of the Bangkok Clay deposits in the clay pit of Ongkharak range from 8,784 calibrated years before the present (cal yr BP) to 5,318 cal yr BP (mid-Holocene) based on the radiocarbon dating of several shell and charcoal fragments collected along the stratigraphic section of the layer (Table 1). The majority of marine faunas are molluscs, where a total of 63 species were identified, including 35 gastropod species from 20 families, 27 bivalve species from 15 families, and one scaphopod species. The most common gastropods are Architectonica perdix, Natica stellata, and Indothais lacera, whereas the most common bivalves are Corbula fortisulcata, Magallana cf. gigas, and Joannisiella oblonga. Other invertebrate remains include one species of stony corals (Oulangia cf. stokesiana), one unidentified species of mud lobsters (Thalassina sp.), two species of barnacles (Fistulobalanus kondakovi and Megabalanus cf. tintinnabulum), and one species of sea urchins (Temnotrema siamense).

The vertebrate remains include at least nine species (two families) of chondrichthyan fishes and at least two species (two families) of actinopterygian taxa. Altogether, 100 cartilaginous fish fossils were recovered, including 97 remains identified as belonging to the family Carcharhinidae and three to the family Dasyatidae. The teeth of the latter belong to the stingray genus Pastinachus. Among the carcharhinids, the genus Glyphis dominates the shark fauna (61%). There are also at least six species of Carcharhinus, representing 26% of the shark fauna. The accurate identification of Carcharhinus species is often hindered by the preservation of teeth or by the morphological similarities of tooth positions among these taxa. A few teeth among the carcharhinids belong to the genus Scoliodon. Few actinopterygian remains were also found, including three teeth that belong to the family Trichiuridae and one sciaenid otolith that represents the genus Johnius.

Systematic palaeontology Phylum <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="phylum">Cnidaria</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name>

Class Anthozoa Ehrenberg, 1834

Subclass Hexacorallia Haeckel, 1896

Order Scleractinia Bourne, 1900

Family <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="family">Rhizangiidae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> d’Orbigny, 1851

Oulangia Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848

Animalia Scleractinia Rhizangiidae 82A36A65-B8AD-5D71-B95C-D568CD552B02 Oulangia cf. stokesiana Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848 Figs 3A , 5A cf.Oulangia stokesiana Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848: pl. 7, fig. 4, 4a. Type locality: Philippines. Milne Edwards and Haime 1849: 183. Lam et al. 2008: 742, fig. 4e. cf.Oulangia stokesiana stokesiana . Cairns et al. 1999: 39. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-O07 (1 specimen; Figs 3A, 5A).

10.3897/zookeys.1202.119389.figure3 11207314 27395716-79D5-554F-897E-C95F122B6838

Size comparison of coral and gastropods found in this study AOulangia cf. stokesianaBNeripteron violaceumCNerita articulataDNatica stellataENatica vitellusFHomalopoma cf. sangarenseGEunaticina papillaHErgaea walshiIPirenella incisaJScalptia scalariformisKTelescopium telescopiumLMerica elegansMCerithidea obtusaNBufonaria ranaONassarius micansPNassarius siquijorensisQParatectonatica tigrina.

https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1049891 Habitat.

Shallow waters as well as in submarine caves (Lam et al. 2008).

 Distribution.

Indian Ocean; Indo-West Pacific, from Japan to the Philippines, and central Pacific (Cairns et al. 1999; Lam et al. 2008).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

This specimen is classified into the genus Oulangia based on the descriptions and figures of Cairns and Kitahara (2012) and Baron-Szabo and Cairns (2016). We tentatively identify this specimen as belonging to O. stokesiana according to Lam et al. (2008).

 Phylum <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="phylum">Mollusca</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name>

Class Gastropoda Cuvier, 1795

Subclass Vetigastropoda Salvini-Plawen, 1980

Order Trochida Cox & Knight, 1960

Superfamily Trochoidea Rafinesque, 1815

Family <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="family">Colloniidae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Cossmann, 1917

Homalopoma Carpenter, 1864

Animalia Trochida Colloniidae 25601CB2-3DD8-5417-A75C-447A704D810E Homalopoma cf. sangarense (Schrenck, 1861) Figs 3F , 5B cf.Turbo sangarensis Schrenck, 1861: 409–410. Type locality: the Sangaric strait near the shore of the island of Jesso [Sangar (Tsugaru) Strait, Hakodate Bay, Hokkaido, Japan]. cf.Homalopoma sangarense . Habe 1958: 5, pl. 2, fig. 1. Golikov and Kussakin 1978: 65–66, fig. 40a, b. Egorov 2000: 66, with in-text fig. Kantor and Sysoev 2006: 42, pl. 18h. Lebedev 2014: 57. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-G24 (1 shell; Figs 3F, 5B).

 Habitat.

On silty-sandy or rarely on rocky substrates at a depth from 2 to 22 m (Egorov 2000; Kantor and Sysoev 2006).

 Distribution.

Sea of Japan and southern Kuril Islands (Kantor and Sysoev 2006; Lebedev 2014).

 Record in Thailand.

This is the first record of this species in Thailand.

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

Although there is only one incomplete specimen, it is tentatively identified as H. sangarense based on shell size and shape and several strong spiral cords on the surface as in the descriptions and figures in Habe (1958), Golikov and Kussakin (1978), and Egorov (2000).

 Subclass <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subclass">Neritimorpha</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Golikov & Starobogatov, 1975

Order Cycloneritida Frýda, 1998

Superfamily Neritoidea Rafinesque, 1815

Family Neritidae Rafinesque, 1815

Neripteron Lesson, 1831

Animalia Cycloneritida Neritidae 2574E2D3-BDFB-5185-8E6E-156DBC876B57 Neripteron violaceum (Gmelin, 1791) Figs 3B , 5C Nerita violacea Gmelin, 1791: 3686. Type locality: unknown. Neritina violacea . Tantanasiriwong 1978: 6, fig. 52. Nateewathana et al. 1981: 56. Wilson 1993: 41, pl. 2, figs 18a, b, 19a–d. Hylleberg and Kilburn 2003: 31. Robba et al. 2004: 24–25, pl. 2, fig. 5a, b. Robba et al. 2007: 89 (appendix). Printrakoon et al. 2008: table 1. Tan and Clements 2008: 490–491, fig. 3-33, 3-34. Nabhitabhata 2009: 39. Sanpanich and Duangdee 2013: 53. Ng et al. 2016: fig. 1-28. Yang et al. 2017: 20, fig. 75. Tudu et al. 2018: table 1. Dostia violacea . Way and Purchon 1981: 314. Subba Rao and Dey 2000: 35. Sri-aroon et al. 2004: table 1, fig. 2-1. Dechruksa et al. 2014: fig. 2k. Neripteron violacea . Swennen et al. 2001: 52, 108, text-fig. 275, fig. 275. Neritina (Dostia) violacea . Gemert 2003: 103. Sri-aroon et al. 2005: tables 2, 3, 5, 6. Dey 2006: 22, figs 11, 12. Ramakrishna et al. 2007: 5, 37. Kesavan et al. 2009: 382, with in-text fig. Eichhorst 2016: 392–395, pl. 102, figs 1–15. Neritina (Neripteron) violacea . Thach 2005: 38, pl. 6, figs 8, 9. Neripteron violaceus . Eichhorst 2008: 268, pl. 79, fig. 7a, b. Neripteron violaceum . Baharuddin et al. 2017: fig. 3o. BEDO 2017b: 97, with in-text fig. Kantharajan et al. 2017: table 1, fig. 4-34. Yadav et al. 2019: table 2, fig. 1h. Mustapha et al. 2021: 52–53, figs 3e, f, 4i. Wells et al. 2021: 154–155. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-G26 (28 shells; Figs 3B, 5C).

 Habitat.

On Nipa palms, muddy surfaces, old wood and rocks in brackish habitats and mangrove forests (Swennen et al. 2001; Mustapha et al. 2021) as well as on gravels in high tidal zones (Yang et al. 2017).

 Distribution.

India (Kantharajan et al. 2017; Yadav et al. 2019); Indo-West Pacific, from Japan to Australia (Wilson 1993; Yang et al. 2017).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea (Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

The shell of N. violaceum is highly similar to that of N. cornucopia (Benson, 1836) but differs in having a purple to orangish red ventral side, and denticulations along the columellar edge often only present in the central part (Huang 1997; Tan and Clements 2008). Although the columella edge of the specimens is corroded, there are still some traces of purple colour at the ventral side. Therefore, these specimens are identified as belonging to N. violaceum.

 <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Nerita">Nerita</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> Linnaeus, 1758 Animalia Cycloneritida Neritidae 43B4525F-79FC-5E67-A0F0-19D729587B4C Nerita articulata Gould, 1847 Figs 3C , 5D Nerita lineata Gmelin, 1791: 3684 [junior homonym of Nerita lineata Müller, 1774]. Type locality: Strait of Malacca. Way and Purchon 1981: 314. Hylleberg and Kilburn 2003: 29–30. Yang et al. 2017: 20, fig. 67. Nerita (Ritena) lineata . Cernohorsky 1972: 51, pl. 11, fig. 5. Nerita articulata Gould, 1847: 220. Type locality: Tavoy. Wium-Andersen 1977: 5, fig. 8. Tantanasiriwong 1978: 6, fig. 42. Nateewathana et al. 1981: 56. Tan and Clements 2008: 483–485, fig. 2-3, 2-4. Nabhitabhata 2009: 36. Hamli et al. 2013: tables 2, 3, fig. 2g. Tudu et al. 2018: table 1. Nerita balteata Reeve, 1855: pl. 6, fig. 28. Type locality: unknown. Wilson 1993: 40, pl. 2, fig. 9a, b. Nateewathana 1995: 95, with in-text fig. Nabhitabhata 2009: 36. Sanpanich and Duangdee 2013: 53. Chen et al. 2015: 75, fig. 1a–c. BEDO 2017b: 99, with in-text fig. Kantharajan et al. 2017: table 1, fig. 4-36. Tudu et al. 2018: table 1. Raven 2019: figs 4–6. Yadav et al. 2019: table 2, fig. 1i. Mustapha et al. 2021: 48, figs 2m, n, 4g. Wells et al. 2021: 155. Nerita (Ritena) balteata . Cernohorsky 1978: 42, pl. 11, fig. 1. Dharma 2005: 68, pl. 9, fig. 3a, b. Nerita (Amphinerita) articulata . Subba Rao and Dey 2000: 31. Dey 2006: 20, figs 7, 8. Nerita (Nerita) articulata . Sri-aroon et al. 2004: table 1. Nerita (Theliostyla) balteata . Thach 2005: 37, pl. 6, figs 36, 37. Nerita balteata forma articulata . Eichhorst 2008: 280, pl. 85, fig. 1a, b. Nerita (Cymostyla) balteata . Eichhorst 2016: 455–457, pl. 113, figs 1–9. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-G61 (3 shells; Figs 3C, 5D).

 Habitat.

On tree trunks, branches, roots and on muddy banks and rocky areas or near mangrove forests (Tan and Clements 2008; Mustapha et al. 2021) as well as on rocks in intertidal zones (Yang et al. 2017).

 Distribution.

India (Kantharajan et al. 2017; Yadav et al. 2019); Indo-West Pacific, from China to Australia (Wilson 1993; Yang et al. 2017). Also reported from the Hawaiian Islands (Cernohorsky 1978).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea (Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

This species is recognised by numerous raised spiral cords and a crenulated outer lip (Tan and Clements 2008). Although this species is widely known as N. balteata Reeve, 1855, the name N. articulata was made available earlier by Gould (1847). Thus, it has a priority over N. balteata.

 Subclass <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subclass">Caenogastropoda</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Cox, 1960

Cohort Sorbeoconcha Ponder & Lindberg, 1997

Subcohort Cerithiimorpha Golikov & Starobogatov, 1975

Superfamily Cerithioidea Fleming, 1822

Family <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="family">Potamididae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854

Cerithidea Swainson, 1840

Animalia Cycloneritida Potamididae 05E8E6F8-ABB7-50FF-A1CC-6987CDD28ADB Cerithidea obtusa (Lamarck, 1822) Figs 3M , 5E Cerithium obtusum Lamarck, 1822: 71. Type locality: Timor. Cerithidea obtusa . Cernohorsky 1972: 60 (in part). Tantanasiriwong 1978: 7, fig. 70. Nateewathana et al. 1981: 57. Way and Purchon 1981: 315. Nateewathana 1995: 97, with in-text fig. Poutiers 1998b: 450, with in-text figs. Gemert 2003: 104. Hylleberg and Kilburn 2003: 37–38. Robba et al. 2004: 31–32, pl. 3, fig. 4a, b. Dharma 2005: 92, pl. 21, fig. 8; 308, pl. 119, fig. 8a, b. Thach 2005: 49, pl. 10, fig. 4. Dey 2006: 35–36, figs 38–40. Robba et al. 2007: 89 (appendix). Printrakoon et al. 2008: table 1. Kesavan et al. 2009: 382, with in-text fig. Hamli et al. 2013: tables 2, 3, fig. 2a. Dechruksa et al. 2014: fig. 2f. Reid 2014: 27–29, 31, figs 2b, 8, 9. BEDO 2017b: 26, with in-text fig. Tudu et al. 2018: table 1. Wells et al. 2021: 125–126. Cerithidea (Cerithidea) obtusa . Brandt 1974: 192–193, pl. 14, fig. 52. Houbrick 1984: 15–16, fig. 5c. Sri-aroon et al. 2004: table 1, fig. 3-1. Sri-aroon et al. 2005: tables 2–6. Ramakrishna et al. 2007: 6, 47. Nabhitabhata 2009: 95. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-G14 (23 shells; Figs 3M, 5E).

 Habitat.

On firm mud and on trunks and stilt roots in mangrove forests as well as in fully marine and estuarine areas (Reid 2014).

 Distribution.

Bay of Bengal; Indo-West Pacific, from southern Vietnam to Java and East Borneo (Reid 2014). Records of fossils from the Late Pliocene in Central and West Java, Indonesia, and from the Holocene in Thailand (Robba et al. 2004; Dharma 2005).

 Record in Thailand.

Chanthaburi River, Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea (Nabhitabhata 2009; Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

This species has a more thickened and flared aperture compared to two similar species, Cerithidea anticipata Iredale, 1929 and C. reidi Houbrick, 1986. These two species are also common in Sahul (New Guinea and Australia), whereas C. obtusa is present in Sunda (Reid 2014). See also comprehensive taxonomic remarks in Reid (2014).

 <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pirenella">Pirenella</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> Gray, 1847 Animalia Cycloneritida Potamididae 72DEB650-7D61-5444-92F2-C856D72E27B4 Pirenella incisa (Hombron & Jacquinot, 1848) Figs 3I , 5F Cerithium incisum Hombron & Jacquinot, 1848: 97, pl. 23, figs 8, 9. Type locality: Borneo. Cerithidea (Cerithideopsilla) djadjariensis [non Martin]. Sri-aroon et al. 2004: table 1, fig. 2-7. Cerithideopsilla djadjariensis [non Martin]. Lozouet 2008: 284, pl. 87, fig. 9; pl. 88, fig. 2. Pirenella incisa . Reid and Ozawa 2016: 30–32, figs 1, 2g, h, 4i, 10, 11a. Zvonareva and Kantor 2016: 415, fig. 5a–d. BEDO 2017b: 28, with in-text fig. Wells et al. 2021: 126. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-G10 (47 shells; Figs 3I, 5F).

 Habitat.

On damp mud in mangrove forests. Also found on open surface areas of intertidal mudflats and on muddy shores of shrimp ponds (Reid and Ozawa 2016; Zvonareva and Kantor 2016).

 Distribution.

East India; Indo-West Pacific, from southern China, the Philippines to West Sulawesi, and Flores Island (Reid and Ozawa 2016).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea (Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

This species differs from the other two similar species, Pirenella pupiformis Ozawa & Reid, 2016 and P. caiyingyai (Qian, Fang & He, 2013), by the presence of an almost columnar appearance, a more oblique and more flared aperture with the projection of a lip next to a deep anterior canal, and three equal cords on each spire whorl with strong square nodules on axial ribs (Reid and Ozawa 2016). See comprehensive taxonomic remarks in Reid and Ozawa (2016).

 <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Telescopium">Telescopium</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> Montfort, 1810 Animalia Cycloneritida Potamididae C44BE73B-E2B1-5465-9538-4EA9F3AD37F7 Telescopium telescopium (Linnaeus, 1758) Figs 3K , 5G Trochus telescopium Linnaeus, 1758: 760. Type locality: unknown. Telescopium telescopium . Tesch 1920: 58–59, pl. 132, fig. 191. Cernohorsky 1972: 61, pl. 13, fig. 6. Brandt 1974: 196, pl. 15, fig. 61. Tantanasiriwong 1978: 7, fig. 69. Nateewathana et al. 1981: 57. Way and Purchon 1981: 315. Houbrick 1991: 291–304, figs 1–6. Wilson 1993: 133, pl. 15, fig. 21. Bosch et al. 1995: 56–57, fig. 186. Nateewathana 1995: 97–98, with in-text fig. Poutiers 1998b: 451, with in-text figs. Subba Rao and Dey 2000: 53. Swennen et al. 2001: 52, 111–112, with in-text fig., fig. 295. Hylleberg and Kilburn 2003: 38. Sri-aroon et al. 2004: table 1, fig. 3-3. Dharma 2005: 92, pl. 21, fig. 1; 308, pl. 119, fig. 4. Thach 2005: 45, pl. 9, figs 4, 7. Dey 2006: 31–32, figs 29–32. Ramakrishna et al. 2007: 48–49. Lozouet 2008: 284, pl. 87, figs 1, 3. Printrakoon et al. 2008: table 1. Kesavan et al. 2009: 382, with in-text fig. Nabhitabhata 2009: 97. Hamli et al. 2013: tables 2, 3, fig. 2e. Sanpanich and Duangdee 2013: 54. Dechruksa et al. 2014: fig. 2h. BEDO 2017b: 29, with in-text fig. Kantharajan et al. 2017: table 1, fig. 3-18. Okutani 2017: 797, pl. 63, fig. 11. Yang et al. 2017: 28, fig. 109. Tudu et al. 2018: table 1. Yadav et al. 2019: table 2, fig. 1o. Palanisamy et al. 2020: 2, fig. 1a–d. George et al. 2021: 1532, fig. 2a, b. Wells et al. 2021: 126. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-G64 (2 shells; Figs 3K, 5G).

 Habitat.

On muddy floors of mangrove forests and intertidal mud flats (Poutiers 1998b; Okutani 2017).

 Distribution.

Indian Ocean; Indo-West Pacific, from Japan to India (Poutiers 1998b; Okutani 2017; Palanisamy et al. 2020). Records of fossils from the Miocene to Quaternary in Indonesia (Tesch 1920; Dharma 2005).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea (Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

This species is recognised by its high conical spire with a broad, rather flat base, and a twisted columella with a strong and central spiral ridge (Houbrick 1991; Poutiers 1998b).

 Subcohort <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="superorder">Hypsogastropoda</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Ponder & Lindberg, 1997

Superfamily Naticoidea Guilding, 1834

Family <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="family">Naticidae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Guilding, 1834

Eunaticina Fischer, 1885

Animalia Cycloneritida Naticidae C5C2CC60-BA40-5D03-A009-E5FC9FDF62BD Eunaticina papilla (Gmelin, 1791) Figs 3G , 6A Nerita papilla Gmelin, 1791: 3675. Type locality: Tranquebar [Tharangambadi, Tamil Nadu, India]. Eunaticina papilla . Cernohorsky 1971: 201–202, fig. 69. Cernohorsky 1972: 102, pl. 27, fig. 5. Tantanasiriwong 1978: 11, fig. 151. Nateewathana et al. 1981: 58. Way and Purchon 1981: 317. Majima 1989: 68–69, pl. 10, fig. 16, text-figs 15.36, 23.1a–d. Wilson 1993: 223, pl. 36, fig. 7. Bosch et al. 1995: 87, fig. 326. Swennen et al. 2001: 54, 122, fig. 378. Gemert 2003: 105. Hylleberg and Kilburn 2003: 56. Beu et al. 2004: 206, 208–211, fig. 22d–f, h. Robba et al. 2004: 75–76, pl. 9, fig. 7a, b. Dharma 2005: 176, pl. 63, fig. 25a–d; 342, pl. 136, fig. 12a, b. Ramakrishna et al. 2007: 9, 69–70. Robba et al. 2007: 91 (appendix). Hollmann 2008: 500, pl. 195, figs 1, 2. Nabhitabhata 2009: 123. Beu 2010: 152, fig. 21a. Torigoe and Inaba 2011: 55–56, pl. 2, fig. 17. Gopalakrishnan et al. 2012: 73. Öztürk and Bitlis 2013: 7, with in-text fig. Sanpanich and Duangdee 2013: 56. BEDO 2017b: 159, with in-text fig. Okutani 2017: 862, pl. 148, fig. 6. Yang et al. 2017: 52, fig. 215. Tudu et al. 2018: table 1. Albano et al. 2021: 12, fig. 5. Wells et al. 2021: 82. Eunaticina papilla papilla . Thach 2005: 90, pl. 26, figs 3, 5. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-G19 (5 shells; Figs 3G, 6A).

 Habitat.

Fine sandy bottoms in intertidal zones down to 30 m depth (Robba et al. 2004; Okutani 2017).

 Distribution.

Red Sea to Indian Ocean; Indo-West Pacific, from Japan to Australia and Fiji Islands (Robba et al. 2004; Okutani 2017), as well as the Israeli Mediterranean shelf (Albano et al. 2021). Several records of fossils during the Late Miocene to Holocene in Indonesia, Japan, Taiwan, and Thailand (Beu et al. 2004; Robba et al. 2004; Dharma 2005).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea (Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

This species is recognised by a regularly oval shell with a small spire and a large body whorl with low and wide spiral cords, which are broader than their interspaces and crossed by prominent axial ridges (Öztürk and Bitlis 2013). See also comprehensive taxonomic remarks in Beu et al. (2004).

 <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Natica">Natica</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> Scopoli, 1777 Animalia Cycloneritida Naticidae B9AEF19A-7946-5C43-8384-682C698BB82B Natica stellata Hedley, 1913 Figs 3D , 6B Natica stellata Hedley, 1913: 299–300. Type locality: unknown. Cernohorsky 1972: 94–95, pl. 24, fig. 6. Wilson 1993: 217, pl. 36, fig. 24. Poutiers 1998b: 513, with in-text figs. Robba et al. 2004: 71, pl. 9, fig. 2a, b. Dharma 2005: 176, pl. 63, fig. 18. Robba et al. 2007: 91 (appendix). Hollmann 2008: 492, pl. 191, figs 9, 10a, b. Nabhitabhata 2009: 125. Torigoe and Inaba 2011: 76–77. Mukhopadhyay et al. 2013: 152–153, fig. 6. Sanpanich and Duangdee 2013: 57. Okutani 2017: 862, pl. 149, fig. 7. Wells et al. 2021: 83. Natica (Natica) stellata . Cernohorsky 1971: 176–177, figs 6, 8–13. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-G05 (126 shells; Figs 3D, 6B).

 Habitat.

Sandy gravel bottoms in sublittoral zones down to 20 m depth (Hollmann 2008; Okutani 2017).

 Distribution.

Indo-West Pacific, from Japan to Australia (Cernohorsky 1972; Wilson 1993; Okutani 2017). Probably present in the Indian Ocean (Poutiers 1998b). Records of fossils from the Holocene in central Thailand (Robba et al. 2003, 2004).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea (Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

This species differs from its similar species, Natica vitellus, in having a parietal callus forming a tongue-shaped extension over the posterior part of the umbilicus (Cernohorsky 1971). See also comprehensive taxonomic remarks in Cernohorsky (1971).

 Animalia Cycloneritida Naticidae 74D84E28-DA08-5DF3-9ADD-D924D9A1A024 Natica vitellus (Linnaeus, 1758) Figs 3E , 6C Nerita vitellus Linnaeus, 1758: 776. Type locality: Asiatic Ocean. Natica vitellus . Tesch 1920: 70–71, pl. 132, fig. 207a, b. Cernohorsky 1972: 94, pl. 24, fig. 5. Tantanasiriwong 1978: 11, fig. 141. Nateewathana et al. 1981: 58. Way and Purchon 1981: 317. Majima 1989: 74–76, pl. 10, figs 1–12, text-figs 4.1, 15.38. Wilson 1993: 217, pl. 36, fig. 28. Bosch et al. 1995: 87, fig. 322. Poutiers 1998b: 515, with in-text figs. Subba Rao and Dey 2000: 78. Swennen et al. 2001: 54, 121, fig. 371. Hylleberg and Kilburn 2003: 57. Robba et al. 2003: table 5. Robba et al. 2004: 71–73, pl. 9, fig. 3a, b. Dharma 2005: 176, pl. 63, fig. 17; 342, pl. 136, fig. 5a, b. Ramakrishna et al. 2007: 8, 67. Robba et al. 2007: 91 (appendix). Hollmann 2008: 492, pl. 191, fig. 7. Nabhitabhata 2009: 125. Torigoe and Inaba 2011: 69–70. Sanpanich and Duangdee 2013: 57. BEDO 2017b: 162, with in-text fig. Okutani 2017: 862, pl. 149, fig. 4. Yang et al. 2017: 56, fig. 230. Harzhauser et al. 2018: 7– 8, pl. 1, figs 7–15. Tudu et al. 2018: table 1. Wells et al. 2021: 83. Natica (Natica) vitellus . Cernohorsky 1971: 173–174, 176, figs 2–5. Ladd 1982: 39, pl. 6, fig. 7. Natica vitellus vitellus . Thach 2005: 86, pl. 26, fig. 8. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-G04 (5 shells; Figs 3E, 6C).

 Habitat.

Fine sandy or muddy bottoms in intertidal zones down to ~ 120 m depth (Robba et al. 2004); in clean coral-sand pockets and weedy-sand lagoons (Cernohorsky 1971).

 Distribution.

Persian Gulf to Indian Ocean; Indo-West Pacific, from Japan to Australia (Bosch et al. 1995; Poutiers 1998b; Okutani 2017). Several records of fossils from the Early Miocene to Holocene in India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Polynesia, Taiwan, Vanuatu, and Thailand (Ladd 1982; Robba et al. 2004; Dharma 2005).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea (Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

This species differs from its similar species, Natica stellata, in lacking a tongue-shaped extension of a parietal callus over the posterior part of the umbilicus (Cernohorsky 1971). See also comprehensive taxonomic remarks in Cernohorsky (1971).

 <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Paratectonatica">Paratectonatica</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> Azuma, 1961 Animalia Cycloneritida Naticidae FFE9A380-2885-5E72-A55D-CE5A10C74AD1 Paratectonatica tigrina (Röding, 1798) Figs 3Q , 6D Cochlis tigrina Röding, 1798: 147. Type locality: unknown. Natica tigrina . Tantanasiriwong 1978: 11, fig. 142. Nateewathana et al. 1981: 58. Dheeradilok et al. 1984: pl. 3, figs 9, 10. Wilson 1993: 217, pl. 36, fig. 10. Nateewathana 1995: 98, with in-text fig. Poutiers 1998b: 514, with in-text figs. Swennen et al. 2001: 54, 121, fig. 369. Hylleberg and Kilburn 2003: 57. Dharma 2005: 176, pl. 63, fig. 14. Ramakrishna et al. 2007: 8, 66–67, pl. 4, figs 45, 46. Nabhitabhata 2009: 125. Okutani 2017: 864, pl. 150, fig. 10. Yang et al. 2017: 56, fig. 229. Surakiatchai et al. 2018: table 5, pl. 1, fig. 6a, b. Paratectonatica tigrina . Majima 1989: pl. 14, fig. 18. Robba et al. 2003: tables 2–5. Robba et al. 2004: 73, pl. 9, fig. 4a, b. Robba et al. 2007: 91 (appendix). Torigoe and Inaba 2011: 101–102, pl. 3, fig. 30. Kang et al. 2018: 357–358, 360, fig. 4. Tectonatica tigrina . Thach 2005: 87, pl. 26, fig. 24. Notocochlis tigrina . Gopalakrishnan et al. 2012: 73. Sanpanich and Duangdee 2013: 57. BEDO 2017b: 165, with in-text fig. Tudu et al. 2018: table 1. Yadav et al. 2019: table 2, fig. 1a. Wells et al. 2021: 84. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-G03 (70 shells; Figs 3Q, 6D).

 Habitat.

Sandy mud in intertidal zones down to 30 m depth (Thach 2005; Okutani 2017).

 Distribution.

India (Yadav et al. 2019); Indo-West Pacific, from Japan to Australia (Wilson 1993; Poutiers 1998b; Okutani 2017). Records of fossils from the Late Miocene to Quaternary in Indonesia and from the Quaternary in Thailand (Robba et al. 2003, 2004; Surakiatchai et al. 2018).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea (Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

This species is recognised by its tall-spired shell with deeply impressed sutures and spiral rows of reddish-brown spots on a white background (Poutiers 1998b; Robba et al. 2004).

 Superorder <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="superorder">Latrogastropoda</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Riedel, 2000

Superfamily Calyptraeoidea Lamarck, 1809

Family <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="family">Calyptraeidae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Lamarck, 1809

Ergaea H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854

Animalia Cycloneritida Calyptraeidae 82DFEB72-5505-56A1-AA48-78BFABD9A08D Ergaea walshi (Reeve, 1859) Figs 3H , 6E Crepidula walshi Reeve, 1859: Crepidula, pl. 3, sp. 17. Type locality: Singapore; Ceylon [Sri Lanka]. Tantanasiriwong 1978: 9. Bosch et al. 1995: 69, fig. 230. Subba Rao and Dey 2000: 64. Swennen et al. 2001: 54, 117, text-fig. 344, fig. 344. Gemert 2003: 104. Robba et al. 2003: tables 3–5. Robba et al. 2004: 66–67, pl. 8, fig. 8a, b. Ramakrishna et al. 2007: 7, 55–56. Robba et al. 2007: 91 (appendix). Ergaea walshi . Nateewathana et al. 1981: 57. Nabhitabhata 2009: 109. Low and Tan 2014: 11–13, fig. 1. BEDO 2017b: 117, with in-text fig. Tudu et al. 2018: table 1. Wells et al. 2021: 75. Crepidula walshii [sic]. Way and Purchon 1981: 316. Siphopatella walshi . Hylleberg and Kilburn 2003: 47. Sanpanich and Duangdee 2013: 55. Okutani 2017: 838, pl. 114, fig. 3. Yang et al. 2017: 32, fig. 117. Crepidula (Siphopatella) walshi . Dharma 2005: 78, pl. 14, fig. 13a, b; 342, pl. 136, fig. 15a, b. Crepidula (Ergaea) walshi . Thach 2005: 66, pl. 10, fig. 27. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-G25 (10 shells; Figs 3H, 6E).

 Habitat.

Attached to the aperture of other shelled marine organisms, in intertidal zones down to 40 m depth (Robba et al. 2004; Thach 2005; Low and Tan 2014).

 Distribution.

Persian Gulf; Indo-West Pacific, from Japan to the Arafura Sea (Robba et al. 2004; Okutani 2017). Several records of fossils from the Late Miocene to Holocene in India, Indonesia, Japan, Taiwan, and Thailand (Robba et al. 2004; Dharma 2005).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea (Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

This species is recognised by an irregularly subrectangular and flattened shell, with a small apex close to the posterior margin, and a shelf-like internal septum attached just inside the posterior margin (Robba et al. 2004). See also comprehensive taxonomic remarks in Low and Tan (2014).

 Superfamily <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="superfamily">Tonnoidea</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Suter, 1913 Family <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="family">Bursidae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Thiele, 1925

Bufonaria Schumacher, 1817

Animalia Cycloneritida Bursidae FFAEB65F-C743-5237-9AE5-D2D16681DD25 Bufonaria rana (Linnaeus, 1758) Figs 3N , 6F Murex rana Linnaeus, 1758: 748. Type locality: Asiatic Ocean. Bursa (Bufonaria) rana . Cernohorsky 1972: 119, pl. 32, fig. 8. Bursa rana . Tantanasiriwong 1978: 12, fig. 170. Nateewathana et al. 1981: 59. Way and Purchon 1981: 317. Swennen et al. 2001: 55, 122, fig. 380. Bufonaria rana . Wilson 1993: 226, pl. 43, fig. 1a, b. Aungtonya and Hylleberg 1998: 319. Poutiers 1998b: 551, with in-text figs. Subba Rao and Dey 2000: 92. Hylleberg and Kilburn 2003: 59. Robba et al. 2004: 76–77, pl. 9, fig. 9a, b. Dharma 2005: 194, pl. 72, fig. 1a–e; 352, pl. 141, fig. 7a–c. Ramakrishna et al. 2007: 10, 81, pl. 6, figs 69, 70. Robba et al. 2007: 91 (appendix). Beu 2008: 618, pl. 254, figs 6, 7a, b. Nabhitabhata 2009: 137. Sanpanich and Duangdee 2013: 58. BEDO 2017b: 112, with in-text fig. Okutani 2017: 867–868, pl. 154, fig. 5. Yang et al. 2017: 64, fig. 266. Harzhauser et al. 2018: 13–14, pl. 3, figs 6–9. Tudu et al. 2018: table 1. Yadav et al. 2019: table 2, fig. 1b. Wells et al. 2021: 89. Bufonaria (Bufonaria) rana . Cossignani 1994: 33–35, with in-text figs. Bosch et al. 1995: 102, fig. 372. Gemert 2003: 105. Thach 2005: 96, pl. 28, fig. 8. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-G06, G07 (18 shells; Figs 3N, 6F).

 Habitat.

Muddy or sandy bottoms at a depth from 20 to 100 m (Okutani 2017; Yang et al. 2017).

 Distribution.

Red Sea to Indian Ocean; Indo-West Pacific, from Japan to Australia (Robba et al. 2004; Okutani 2017; Yadav et al. 2019). Several records of fossils from the Miocene to Quaternary in Indonesia, Japan, the Philippines, and Taiwan (Robba et al. 2004; Dharma 2005; Harzhauser et al. 2018).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea (Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

This species is recognised based on the descriptions and figures in Robba et al. (2004) and Harzhauser et al. (2018), specifically in having two prominent varices placed at either periphery, running vertically uninterrupted, or slightly staggered, from apex to base, and bearing three short spines.

 Order <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="order">Neogastropoda</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Wenz, 1938

Superfamily Volutoidea Rafinesque, 1815

Family <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="family">Cancellariidae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Forbes & Hanley, 1851 <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Merica">Merica</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854 Animalia Neogastropoda Cancellariidae C46A9300-6085-5B46-BB04-D5C52350F960 Merica elegans (Sowerby I, 1822) Figs 3L , 6G Cancellaria elegans Sowerby I, 1822: Cancellaria, pl. 218, fig. 3. Type locality: unknown. Tantanasiriwong 1978: 17. Nateewathana et al. 1981: 61. Robba et al. 2007: 51–52, fig. 19d, e; 93 (appendix). Cancellaria asperella [sic]. Cernohorsky 1972: 179, pl. 50, fig. 3 right. Merica elegans . Verhecken 1986: 40–41, fig. 9. Verhecken 1997: 307–308, fig. 36. Swennen et al. 2001: 57, 133, fig. 461. Hylleberg and Kilburn 2003: 100. Dharma 2005: 134, pl. 42, fig. 1. Thach 2005: 188, pl. 58, figs 6, 10. Hemmen 2007: 128–129, with in-text fig. Verhecken 2008: 818, pl. 704, fig. 5a, b. BEDO 2017b: 221, with in-text fig. Tudu et al. 2018: table 1. Wells et al. 2021: 121. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-G18 (3 shells; Figs 3L, 6G).

 Habitat.

Sandy and muddy bottoms at a depth from 10 to 30 m (Robba et al. 2004; Thach 2005).

 Distribution.

Indo-West Pacific, from Japan to the Philippines. Records of fossils from the Miocene in Indonesia, and from the Quaternary in Japan (Robba et al. 2007).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea (Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

This species differs from its similar species, Merica asperella (Lamarck, 1822), in having a slenderer and more fusiform shell with a narrower aperture and a sculptured shell with finer and more numerous ribs crossed by spiral ridges nearly of the same strength, showing a rectangular reticulated pattern (Robba et al. 2007).

 <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Scalptia">Scalptia</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> Jousseaume, 1887 Animalia Neogastropoda Cancellariidae 950BC205-86C6-52AE-AD86-F80C2281C7ED Scalptia scalariformis (Lamarck, 1822) Figs 3J , 6H Cancellaria scalariformis Lamarck, 1822: 115. Type locality: unknown. Cancellaria (Trigonostoma) scalariformis . Tesch 1915: 39, pl. 79, fig. 81a, b. Trigonostoma scalariformis . Cernohorsky 1972: 180, pl. 50, fig. 2, 2a. Garrard 1975: 27–29, figs 4 (3, 4). Way and Purchon 1981: 320. Wilson 1994: 178, pl. 37, fig. 7a, b. Scalptia scalariformis . Verhecken 1986: 53–55, figs 28–35. Swennen et al. 2001: 57, 133, fig. 462. Hylleberg and Kilburn 2003: 101. Robba et al. 2004: 129–130, pl. 17, fig. 6. Dharma 2005: 134, pl. 42, fig. 12a, b. Hemmen 2007: 277–278, with in-text figs. Robba et al. 2007: 93 (appendix). Okutani 2017: 1054, pl. 344, fig. 4. Yang et al. 2017: 102, fig. 415. Tudu et al. 2018: table 1. Wells et al. 2021: 121. Chan and Lau 2022: 1–2, figs 1–3. Scalptia (Scalptia) scalariformis . Thach 2005: 188, pl. 58, figs 25, 27, 29. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-G64 (1 shell; Figs 3J, 6H).

 Habitat.

Sand and muddy bottoms at a depth from 20 to 40 m in sublittoral zones (Thach 2005; Okutani 2017; Yang et al. 2017).

 Distribution.

Indian Ocean; Indo-West Pacific, from Japan to Australia (Robba et al. 2004; Okutani 2017). Several records of fossils from the Pliocene to Holocene in the Indo-Pacific area, including Indonesia and Thailand (Robba et al. 2004).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand (Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

This species differs from its similar species, Scalptia bicolor (Hinds, 1843), by having a higher and narrower body whorl and a less widely open umbilicus (Robba et al. 2007).

 Superfamily <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="family">Buccinoidea</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Rafinesque, 1815 Family <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="family">Buccinidae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Rafinesque, 1815

Pseudoneptunea Kobelt, 1882

Animalia Neogastropoda Buccinidae 6360DA51-1F28-58C1-BA03-2D107FC68E0F Pseudoneptunea varicosa (Röding, 1798) Figs 4K , 7A Neptunea varicosa Röding, 1798: 116. Type locality: unknown. Siphonalia (Pseudoneptunea) aff. varicosa . Tesch 1915: 53, pl. 80, fig. 114a, b. Pseudoneptunea varicosa . Cernohorsky 1975: 217–218, figs 10–12. Way and Purchon 1981: 318. Swennen et al. 2001: 56, 128, fig. 428. Robba et al. 2004: 106–107, pl. 14, fig. 5a, b. Dharma 2005: 100, pl. 25, fig. 7a, b; 312, pl. 121, fig. 9a, b. Thach 2005: 135, pl. 39, figs 12, 15. Robba et al. 2007: 93 (appendix). Nabhitabhata 2009: 148. Sanpanich and Duangdee 2013: 63. Wells et al. 2021: 95. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-G13, G16, G17 (25 shells; Figs 4K, 7A).

10.3897/zookeys.1202.119389.figure4 11207326 7B4A7775-A986-57BF-8DAC-AB3AD64611E4

Size comparison of gastropods found in this study ABrunneifusus ternatanusBMurex trapaCIndothais laceraDPristiterebra mirandaEChicoreus capucinusFIndothais gradataGEllobium aurisjudaeHInquisitor vulpionisITurricula javanaJArchitectonica perdixKPseudoneptunea varicosaLCassidula nucleusMPseudoetrema fortilirataNParadrillia melvilliODuplicaria tricinctaPGranuliterebra bathyrhapheQComitas ilariaeRCylichna modestaSMaoritomella vallata.

https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1049892 Habitat.

Shallow water at a depth from 10 to 15 m (Thach 2005).

10.3897/zookeys.1202.119389.figure5 11207328 50CE6608-07F4-5E1C-9DD5-894B3F586558

Coral and gastropods AOulangia cf. stokesianaBHomalopoma cf. sangarenseCNeripteron violaceumDNerita articulataECerithidea obtusaFPirenella incisaGTelescopium telescopium.

https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1049894 10.3897/zookeys.1202.119389.figure6 11207330 7C0A74B0-CD13-56AA-9692-DB2A9A3F8D14

Gastropods AEunaticina papillaBNatica stellataCNatica vitellusDParatectonatica tigrinaEErgaea walshiFBufonaria ranaGMerica elegansHScalptia scalariformis.

https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1049895 Distribution.

Indo-West Pacific, from Vietnam to Indonesia (Robba et al. 2004; Dharma 2005; Thach 2005). Records of fossils from the Pliocene and Quaternary in Indonesia and from the Holocene in Thailand (Robba et al. 2004).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea (Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

This species is recognised based on the descriptions and figures in Cernohorsky (1975) and Robba et al. (2004), specifically in having subangulate whorls and a sculpture of crisp main spirals with an occasional intermediate spiral thread.

10.3897/zookeys.1202.119389.figure7 11207332 D7DCAE2F-8F24-528A-854A-4AF194498E58

Gastropods APseudoneptunea varicosaBBrunneifusus ternatanusCNassarius micansDNassarius siquijorensisEChicoreus capucinusFIndothais gradata.

https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1049896 Family <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="family">Melongenidae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Gill, 1871

Brunneifusus Dekkers, 2018

Animalia Neogastropoda Melongenidae 40733EDF-336E-5008-A673-1C188F768D92 Brunneifusus ternatanus (Gmelin, 1791) Figs 4A , 7B Murex ternatanus Gmelin, 1791: 3554. Type locality: Ternate Island, North Maluku, Indonesia. Pugilina ternatana . Tantanasiriwong 1978: 15. Nateewathana et al. 1981: 60. Poutiers 1998b: 586, with in-text figs. Hemifusus ternatanus . Yokoyama 1927: 393. Way and Purchon 1981: 318. Swennen et al. 2001: 56, 130, fig. 445. Gemert 2003: 106, with in-text fig. Hylleberg and Kilburn 2003: 88. Robba et al. 2004: 122–123, pl. 16, fig. 7a, b. Dharma 2005: 108, pl. 29, fig. 2a, b; 316, pl. 123, fig. 7a, b. Robba et al. 2007: 93 (appendix). Nabhitabhata 2009: 162. Sanpanich and Duangdee 2013: 61. BEDO 2017b: 288, with in-text fig. Tudu et al. 2018: table 1. Brunneifusus ternatanus . Dekkers 2018: 41–42, pl. 2, figs 5, 6. Alf and Thach 2021: pl. 1, figs 1–9, pl. 2, figs 1–3. Wells et al. 2021: 97. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-G21, G22 (71 shells; Figs 4A, 7B).

 Habitat.

Mud and muddy sand bottoms from the low tide mark to ~ 10–50 m depth (Poutiers 1998b; Swennen et al. 2001; Dekkers 2018).

 Distribution.

Eastern Indian Ocean; Indo-West Pacific, from Taiwan to Indonesia and the Philippines (Poutiers 1998b; Robba et al. 2004). Records of fossils from the Pliocene and Quaternary in Indonesia, Japan, and Taiwan (Robba et al. 2004; Dharma 2005).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea (Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

This species is the sole member of the genus Brunneifusus, characterised by a determinate outer lip, compared to the indeterminate growth of the outer lip in Hemifusus Swainson, 1840 (Alf and Thach 2021). See also comprehensive taxonomic remarks in Alf and Thach (2021).

 Family <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="family">Nassariidae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Iredale, 1916

Nassarius Duméril, 1805

Animalia Neogastropoda Nassariidae 9B957AFA-F0BC-5718-A323-001E8232D76F Nassarius micans (A. Adams, 1852) Figs 3O , 7C Nassa micans A. Adams, 1852: 106. Type locality: Cagayan, Misamis, Mindanao. Nassarius (Zeuxis) micans . Cernohorsky 1984: 147–148, pl. 29, figs 8–11. Robba et al. 2003: table 5. Robba et al. 2004: 120, pl. 16, fig. 4a, b. Dharma 2005: 106, pl. 28, fig. 16a, b. Robba et al. 2007: 93 (appendix). Okutani 2017: 914, pl. 202, fig. 11 Nassarius micans . Gopalakrishnan et al. 2012: 77. Wells et al. 2021: 99. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-G27 (53 shells; Figs 3O, 7C).

 Habitat.

Sandy bottoms in subtidal zones down to 50 m depth (Robba et al. 2004; Okutani 2017).

 Distribution.

Gulf of Oman to India; Indo-West Pacific, from Japan to Papua New Guinea (Cernohorsky 1984; Robba et al. 2004; Okutani 2017). Records of fossils from the Holocene in Thailand (Robba et al. 2004).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand (Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

This species differs from its similar species, Nassarius comptus (A. Adams, 1852), by having a longer body whorl with narrowly subcanaliculate sutures, a more prominent varix, and a narrower and more elongate aperture (Cernohorsky 1984). See also comprehensive taxonomic remarks in Cernohorsky (1984).

 Animalia Neogastropoda Nassariidae ED5D1426-F5AE-54F5-9583-968FBA7A03F0 Nassarius siquijorensis (A. Adams, 1852) Figs 3P , 7D Nassa siquijorensis A. Adams, 1852: 97. Type locality: Island of Siquijor, Philippines. Nassa (Zeuxis) siquijorensis . Tesch 1915: 59, pl. 81, figs 128a, b, 129a, b. Nassarius (Zeuxis) siquijorensis . Cernohorsky 1978: 88, pl. 27, fig. 8. Cernohorsky 1984: 134–136, pl. 25, figs 12–14, pl. 26, figs 1–5. Robba et al. 2003: table 5. Robba et al. 2004: 120–121, pl. 16, fig. 5a, b. Dharma 2005: 106, pl. 28, fig. 14a–c. Robba et al. 2007: 93 (appendix). Nassarius siquijorensis . Nobuhara 1993: fig. 8-1a, 8-1b. Swennen et al. 2001: 56, 130, fig. 442. Hylleberg and Kilburn 2003: 87. Kool 2007: figs 17–20. Martin 2008: 120, pl. 355, fig. 13; 128, pl. 359, fig. 13. Surakiatchai et al. 2018: table 5, pl. 1, fig. 9a, b. Wells et al. 2021: 99. Zeuxis siquijorensis . Thach 2005: 148, pl. 44, fig. 25. Nassarius siquinjorensis [sic]. Yang et al. 2017: 90, fig. 371. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-G01 (10 shells; Figs 3P, 7D).

 Habitat.

Sandy and muddy bottoms from subtidal zones to 450 m depth (Cernohorsky 1984; Thach 2005; Yang et al. 2017).

 Distribution.

Red Sea to India; Indo-West Pacific, from Japan to Indonesia and New Caledonia (Cernohorsky 1984; Dharma 2005; Yang et al. 2017). Records of fossils from the Pliocene in Indonesia and from the Holocene in Thailand (Cernohorsky 1984; Surakiatchai et al. 2018).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea (Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

This species differs from its similar species, Nassarius castus (Gould, 1850), in having a more tapering spire, canaliculate sutures, and considerably more numerous axial ribs (Cernohorsky 1984). See also comprehensive taxonomic remarks in Cernohorsky (1984) and Kool (2007).

 Superfamily <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="superfamily">Muricoidea</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Rafinesque, 1815 Family <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="family">Muricidae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Rafinesque, 1815

Chicoreus Montfort, 1810

Animalia Neogastropoda Muricidae 6C0CB311-FAE6-5519-ABF2-46CD21585408 Chicoreus capucinus (Lamarck, 1822) Figs 4E , 7E Murex capucinus Lamarck, 1822: 164. Type locality: unknown. Naquetia capucina . Tantanasiriwong 1978: 13. Nateewathana et al. 1981: 59. Way and Purchon 1981: 318. Bussarawit 1991: 31. Chicoreus (Rhizophorimurex) capucinus . Houart 1992: 106–109, fig. 217. Tan 2000: 504. Dharma 2005: 164, pl. 57, fig. 20; 336, pl. 133, fig. 9a–c. Thach 2005: 114, pl. 36, fig. 2. Merle et al. 2011: 99, text-fig. 39. Chicoreus capucinus . Wilson 1994: 27, pl. 3, fig. 12a, b. Middelfart 1997: 358, pl. 2, fig. 7. Hylleberg and Kilburn 2003: 69. Sri-aroon et al. 2005: tables 2, 3, 5, 6. Houart 2008: 154, pl. 372, fig. 1. Printrakoon et al. 2008: table 1. Nabhitabhata 2009: 141. BEDO 2017b: 300, with in-text fig. Sanpanich and Duangdee 2013: 62. Dechruksa et al. 2014: fig. 4d. Wells et al. 2021: 113. Chicoreus (Naquetia) capucinus . Subba Rao and Dey 2000: 100. Chicoreus copucinus [sic]. Sri-aroon et al. 2004: table 1. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-G11, G12 (30 shells; Figs 4E, 7E).

 Habitat.

Muddy sand and rocks in mangrove forests (Thach 2005).

 Distribution.

Indo-West Pacific, from the Philippines to Australia to Fiji Islands (Houart 1992). Records of fossils from the Middle Miocene to Late Pliocene in Indonesia (Dharma 2005).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea (Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

This species is recognised based on the descriptions and figures in Houart (1992) and Merle et al. (2011), specifically in having a rounded last whorl usually associated with three spineless varices, each with a short and webbed expansion on adapical section, an aperture with a characteristically small callus with straight, adherent columellar lip, and a broad siphonal canal. See also comprehensive taxonomic remarks in Houart (1992).

 <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Indothais">Indothais</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Claremont et al., 2013 Animalia Neogastropoda Muricidae 063B82E5-7814-5FE0-A1F5-8386BFC59B1E Indothais gradata (Jonas, 1846) Figs 4F , 7F Purpura gradata Jonas, 1846: 14–15. Type locality: Indian Ocean, near Singapore. Thais gradata . Bussarawit 1991: 33. Middelfart 1997: 367–368, pl. 4, fig. 1. Tan 2000: 499. Hylleberg and Kilburn 2003: 76. Dharma 2005: 170, pl. 60, fig. 11a, b; 340, pl. 135, fig. 1a–e. Printrakoon et al. 2008: table 1. Yang et al. 2017: 76, fig. 316. Stramonita gradata . Wilson 1994: 47, pl. 4, fig. 5a, b. Thach 2005: 128, pl. 37, figs 33, 37. Indothais gradata . Okutani 2017: 963, pl. 255, fig. 9. Wells et al. 2021: 114. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-G29 (1 shell; Figs 4F, 7F).

 Habitat.

Rocky bottom at a depth from 1 to 5 m (Thach 2005; Okutani 2017).

 Distribution.

Indo-West Pacific, from Japan to Australia (Okutani 2017; Yang et al. 2017). Records of fossils from the Middle to Late Pliocene in Indonesia (Dharma 2005).

 Record in Thailand.

Andaman Sea (Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

This species is recognised based on the descriptions and figures in Middlefart (1997), specifically in having an erect and crenulate outer lip, which has a pronounced indentation in the subsutural ramp area, and an aperture with four denticles with proceeding lirae present inside.

 Animalia Neogastropoda Muricidae EFF8136B-5771-52BB-B19F-58EDF92F0F8F Indothais lacera (Born, 1778) Figs 4C , 8A Murex lacerus Born, 1778: 107–108. Type locality: unknown. Cymia lacera . Bussarawit 1991: 32. Poutiers 1998b: 561, with in-text figs. Thach 2005: 123, pl. 36, fig. 1. Thais lacera . Bosch et al. 1995: 123, fig. 491. Middlefart 1997: 369, pl. 4, fig. 4. Subba Rao and Dey 2000: 113. Tan 2000: 499. Swennen et al. 2001: 56, 127, fig. 422. Hylleberg and Kilburn 2003: 76–77. Robba et al. 2003: table 2. Robba et al. 2004: 102, pl. 13, fig. 6a, b. Dharma 2005: 170, pl. 60, fig. 12a–c; 338, pl. 134, fig. 15a–h. Dey 2006: 40–41, figs 45, 46. Ramakrishna et al. 2007: 11, 93, pl. 7, figs 79, 80. Robba et al. 2007: 92 (appendix). Nolf 2009: 9–10, figs 1–14. Kumar et al. 2017: 1101, fig. 1a, b. Cuma lacera . Nabhitabhata 2009: 143. Yang et al. 2017: 78, fig. 324. Indothais lacera . Sanpanich and Duangdee 2013: 63. BEDO 2017b: 305, with in-text fig. Kantharajan et al. 2017: table 1, fig. 3-11. Tudu et al. 2018: table 1. Wells et al. 2021: 114. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-G08 (106 shells; Figs 4C, 8A).

10.3897/zookeys.1202.119389.figure8 11207336 BCB2B401-B414-5F27-A725-4FF040C09432

Gastropods AIndothais laceraBMurex trapaCTurricula javanaDInquisitor vulpionisEPristiterebra mirandaFGranuliterebra bathyrhaphe.

https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1049897 Habitat.

Mangrove forests (Kantharajan et al. 2017) and rocky bottom at a depth of 1–25 m (Thach 2005).

 Distribution.

South Africa to India; Indo-West Pacific, from Japan to New Caledonia (Poutiers 1998b; Robba et al. 2004; Kantharajan et al. 2017; Yang et al. 2017) as well as from western Mediterranean Sea (Nolf 2009). Records of fossils from the Middle Miocene to Quaternary in Indonesia and from the Holocene in Thailand (Robba et al. 2004; Dharma 2005).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea (Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

This species is recognised based on the descriptions and figures in Middlefart (1997) and Poutiers (1998b), specifically in having a body whorl bearing one to two spiral ridges, in which the prominent one bears eight spines, and an elaborate crenulate outer lip with a strong incision where the spiral ridge(s) and the anal sulcus are positioned.

 <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Murex">Murex</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Linnaeus, 1758 Animalia Neogastropoda Muricidae 4222CE6F-5979-5D85-87C4-FB132348C856 Murex trapa Röding, 1798 Figs 4B , 8B Murex trapa Röding, 1798: 145. Type locality: Tranquebar, India. Tantanasiriwong 1978: 13, fig. 174. Nateewathana et al. 1981: 59. Way and Purchon 1981: 318. Ponder and Vokes 1988: 41–45, figs 17–19, 67g, h, 71b, c, 73d, 83g, h. Bussarawit 1991: 31. Middelfart 1997: 352, pl. 1, fig. 1. Poutiers 1998b: 565, with in-text figs. Subba Rao and Dey 2000: 102. Tan 2000: 503. Swennen et al. 2001: 55, 126, fig. 410. Hylleberg and Kilburn 2003: 72–73. Robba et al. 2003: table 5. Robba et al. 2004: 96–97, pl. 12, fig. 9a, b. Dharma 2005: 158, pl. 54, fig. 4a, b; 334, pl. 132, fig. 3a–c. Ramakrishna et al. 2007: 10, 85–86. Robba et al. 2007: 92 (appendix). Houart 2008: 136, pl. 636, fig. 2. Nabhitabhata 2009: 147. BEDO 2017b: 312, with in-text fig. Yang et al. 2017: 70, fig. 288. Surakiatchai et al. 2018: table 5, pl. 1, fig. 7a, b. Tudu et al. 2018: table 1. Wells et al. 2021: 116. Murex cf. trapa . Aungtonya and Hylleberg 1998: 319. Murex (Murex) trapa . Gemert 2003: 105. Thach 2005: 119, pl. 34, fig. 9. Merle et al. 2011: 59, text-fig. 27e; pl. 4, fig. 7; pl. 5, figs 8–10. Gopalakrishnan et al. 2012: 77. Sanpanich and Duangdee 2013: 63. Okutani 2017: 947, pl. 238, fig. 6. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-G09 (33 shells; Figs 4B, 8B).

 Habitat.

Fine sand and muddy sand bottoms at a depth of 5–60 m (Swennen et al. 2001; Robba et al. 2004).

 Distribution.

Indian Ocean; Indo-West Pacific, from Japan to Fiji Islands (Dharma 2005; Okutani 2017). Records of fossils from the Middle Miocene to Holocene in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Thailand (Ponder and Vokes 1988; Robba et al. 2004; Dharma 2005; Surakiatchai et al. 2018).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea (Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

This species differs from other related species in having a higher spire, angulated whorls, and shorter spines (Ponder and Vokes 1988). See also comprehensive taxonomic remarks in Ponder and Vokes (1988).

 Superfamily <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="superfamily">Conoidea</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Fleming, 1822 Family <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="family">Borsoniidae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Bellardi, 1875

Maoritomella Powell, 1942

Animalia Neogastropoda Borsoniidae B55DD85D-BDFD-5B72-9D3B-3B3591A33277 Maoritomella vallata (Gould, 1860) Figs 4S , 9A Drillia vallata Gould, 1860: 336. Type locality: Hong Kong. Johnson 1964: 164, pl. 7, fig. 6. Asthenotoma vallata . Yen 1944: 575, pl. 51, figs 6, 7. Maoritomella vallata . Robba et al. 2003: table 5. Robba et al. 2004: 134–135, pl. 18, fig. 5a, b. Robba et al. 2007: 94 (appendix). Wells et al. 2021: 100. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-G30 (5 shells; Figs 4S, 9A).

10.3897/zookeys.1202.119389.figure9 11207338 11BE16D4-A7F6-5419-85AB-21B2399F6077

Gastropods AMaoritomella vallataBPseudoetrema fortilirataCParadrillia melvilliDComitas ilariae.

https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1049898 Habitat.

Probably present in shallow sublittoral areas (Robba et al. 2004).

 Distribution.

Indo-West Pacific. Records of fossils from the Holocene in Thailand (Robba et al. 2004).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand (Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

This species is recognised based on the descriptions and figures in Yen (1944), Johnson (1964), and Robba et al. (2004), specifically in having a high-spired and claviform shell, with the sculpture of one rather strong and peripheral spiral cord, a weaker one abapical to the spiral cord, and one or two spiral threads on the shoulder slope, resulting in a total of 12–14 spirals occurring along the body whorl. This species is poorly known and has been assigned to Maoritomella due to a blunt, smooth, and paucispiral protoconch (1.5 whorls in this species), which is the diagnostic character of the genus (Powell 1942).

 Family <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="family">Clathurellidae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> H. Adams & A. Adams, 1858

Pseudoetrema Oyama, 1953

Animalia Neogastropoda Clathurellidae B2D38AC1-8810-560B-A11C-E9579E07C259 Pseudoetrema fortilirata (Smith, 1879) Figs 4M , 9B Drillia fortilirata Smith, 1879b: 194, pl. 19, fig. 22. Type locality: Station 14, east of Goto Islands, 32°48'N, 129°6'E; 47 fathoms, and station 21, between south-western extremity of Niphon and the island of Shikoku, 33°45'N, 132°30'E, 30 fathoms. Yokoyama 1927: 393, 410, pl. 46, fig. 20. Pseudoetrema fortilirata . Oyama 1953: 154. Robba et al. 2004: 141, pl. 19, fig. 6. Robba et al. 2007: 94 (appendix). Okutani 2017: 1017, pl. 311, fig. 7. Wells et al. 2021: 101. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-G38 (5 shells; Figs 4M, 9B).

 Habitat.

Sand and sandy mud in sublittoral areas to 50 m depth (Robba et al. 2004; Okutani 2017).

 Distribution.

Japan and Thailand. Records of fossils from the Pliocene to Holocene in Japan, Taiwan, and Thailand (Robba et al. 2004).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand (Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

This species is recognised based on the descriptions and figures in Smith (1879b), Yokoyama (1927), and Robba et al. (2004), specifically in having a high-spired, claviform shell with the sculpture of nine broad and low collabral ribs fading away shortly before the subsutural cord and overriding spirals, three closely set spiral cords: adapical, peripheral, and abapical cords, and a weaker more adapical one on the penultimate whorl, resulting in a total of 14 spirals occurring along the body whorl. This species is the type species of Pseudoetrema (Oyama 1953).

 Family <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="family">Clavatulidae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Gray, 1853

Turricula Schumacher, 1817

Animalia Neogastropoda Clavatulidae 528B152C-7570-571D-AC15-F15F050211B7 Turricula javana (Linnaeus, 1767) Figs 4I , 8C Murex javanus Linnaeus, 1767: 1221. Type locality: Java. Turricula (Vulpecula) javana . Tesch 1915: 48–49, pl. 80, fig. 104a, b. Turricula javana . Powell 1969: 235–237, pl. 192, figs 10, 11; pl. 201, fig. 11. Tantanasiriwong 1978: 17. Nateewathana et al. 1981: 61. Way and Purchon 1981: 320. Poutiers 1998b: 630, with in-text figs. Swennen et al. 2001: 57, 133, fig. 463. Hylleberg and Kilburn 2003: 104. Robba et al. 2003: tables 3, 5. Robba et al. 2004: 136, pl. 18, fig. 8a, b. Dharma 2005: 130, pl. 40, fig. 8a, b. Thach 2005: 214, pl. 59, fig. 16; pl. 60, fig. 24. Ramakrishna et al. 2007: 15, 133, 134. Robba et al. 2007: 93 (appendix). Nabhitabhata 2009: 196. Sanpanich and Duangdee 2013: 60. BEDO 2017b: 354, with in-text fig. Yang et al. 2017: 114, fig. 472. Surakiatchai et al. 2018: table 5, pl. 1, fig. 11a, b. Tudu et al. 2018: table 1. Wells et al. 2021: 101. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-G15, G20 (53 shells; Figs 4I, 8C).

 Habitat.

Intertidal sand and rocks and muddy bottoms at a depth from 20 to 80 m (Robba et al. 2004; Thach 2005).

 Distribution.

Indian Ocean; Indo-West Pacific, from Japan to Australia (Robba et al. 2004; Yang et al. 2017). Records of fossils from the Late Miocene to Holocene in India, Indonesia, and Thailand (Robba et al. 2004; Surakiatchai et al. 2018).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea (Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

This species is recognised based on the descriptions and figures in Powell (1969) and Robba et al. (2004), specifically in having an elongate-fusiform shell with the sculpture of oblique nodes on the peripheral angulation and finer spiral cords over the shoulder slope as well as a twin cord forming a weak subsutural margin. See also comprehensive taxonomic remarks in Powell (1969).

 Family <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="family">Horaiclavidae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Bouchet et al., 2011

Paradrillia Makiyama, 1940

Animalia Neogastropoda Horaiclavidae B5B4B526-7D2A-576D-BB6A-57A407E67372 Paradrillia melvilli Powell, 1969 Figs 4N , 9C Paradrillia melvilli Powell, 1969: 314–315, pl. 242, fig. 2; pl. 245, figs 1, 2. Type locality: Persian Gulf. Robba et al. 2004: 137, 139, pl. 19, fig. 2. Robba et al. 2007: 95 (appendix). Wells et al. 2021: 107. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-G52 (7 shells; Figs 4N, 9C).

 Habitat.

Sublittoral and upper bathyal zones (Robba et al. 2004).

 Distribution.

Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean; Gulf of Thailand. Records of fossils from the Holocene in Thailand (Robba et al. 2004).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand (Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

This species is recognised based on the descriptions and figures in Powell (1969) and Robba et al. (2004), specifically in having a light built claviform shell with a medially situated blunt peripheral keel bearing rather weak cog-like axial nodes, approximately 18 or 19 per whorl.

 Family <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="family">Pseudomelatomidae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Morrison, 1966

Inquisitor Hedley, 1918

Animalia Neogastropoda Pseudomelatomidae 5CF6D0E1-75EE-5618-97C8-2B621EF8D88D Inquisitor vulpionis Kuroda & Oyama, 1971 Figs 4H , 8D Inquisitor vulpionis Kuroda & Oyama in Kuroda et al., 1971: 215, pl. 56, fig. 4; pl. 110, fig. 15. Type locality: Sagami Bay, Japan. Robba et al. 2004: 133, pl. 18, fig. 2a–c. Robba et al. 2007: 93 (appendix). Wells et al. 2021: 108. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-G28 (1 shell; Figs 4H, 8D).

 Habitat.

Sandy bottoms at a depth from 10 to 100 m (Robba et al. 2004).

 Distribution.

Japan and the Philippines. Records of fossils from the Holocene in Thailand (Robba et al. 2004).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand (Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

This species is recognised based on the descriptions and figures in Robba et al. (2004), specifically in having a claviform shell with the sculpture of nine collabral ribs resulting in a nodose appearance at the periphery and gradually fading away on the shoulder slope as well as the very faint spiral sculpture all over the shell except for the base where more prominent cords are developed.

 <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Comitas">Comitas</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> Finlay, 1926 Animalia Neogastropoda Pseudomelatomidae BED32315-90AA-534C-8BC5-1DC74271D466 Comitas ilariae Bozzetti, 1991 Figs 4Q , 9D Comitas ilariae Bozzetti, 1991: 26–28, figs 1–3. Type locality: island of Bohol, central Philippines. Olivera and Sysoev 2008: 786, pl. 688, figs 9, 10. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-G55 (1 shell; Figs 4Q, 9D).

 Habitat.

Sandy bottoms at a depth from 100 to 150 m (Bozzetti 1991).

 Distribution.

Known only from the type locality (Bozzetti 1991).

 Record in Thailand.

New record in Thailand from this study.

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

This species is recognised based on the descriptions and figures in Bozzetti (1991) and Olivera and Sysoev (2008), specifically in having a slight, fusiform, and high-spired shell with the axial sculpture made of 7–9 very pronounced, long, and thick tubercles positioned obliquely on each whorl as well as numerous dense spiral cords.

 Family <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="family">Terebridae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Mörch, 1852

Duplicaria Dall, 1908

Animalia Neogastropoda Terebridae 073B37AB-CF31-563D-A70B-2CE920D1BD84 Duplicaria tricincta (Smith, 1877) Figs 4O , 10A Terebra tricincta Smith, 1877: 225. Type locality: Persian Gulf. Bratcher and Cernohorsky 1987: 76, pl. 17, fig. 58a, b. Wilson 1994: 229, with in-text fig. Hylleberg and Kilburn 2003: 106. Robba et al. 2004: 157, pl. 21, fig. 8. Robba et al. 2007: 95 (appendix). Granuliterebra tricincta . BEDO 2017b: 360, with in-text fig. Okutani 2017: 1050, pl. 339, fig. 14. Tudu et al. 2018: table 1. Wells et al. 2021: 109. Duplicaria tricincta . Fedosov et al. 2019: 365, fig. 3b. Aubry et al. 2021: pl. 36. Bibi et al. 2021: 51, pl. 1, figs 9–11. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-G33 (5 shells; Figs 4O, 10A).

10.3897/zookeys.1202.119389.figure10 11207268 10A49E4F-2069-5ED5-9228-96ABFC26A43C

Gastropods and bivalves. ADuplicaria tricinctaBCylichna modestaCJupiteria puellataDSaccella mauritiana.

https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1049899 Habitat.

Sandy mud bottoms at a depth from 10 to 50 m (Robba et al. 2004; Okutani 2017).

 Distribution.

Persian Gulf; Indo-West Pacific, from Japan to Australia (Robba et al. 2004; Okutani 2017). Records of fossils from the Holocene in Thailand (Robba et al. 2004).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea (Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

This species is recognised based on the descriptions and figures in Bratcher and Cernohorsky (1987) and Aubry et al. (2021), and differs from its similar species, Granuliterebra bathyrhaphe (Smith, 1875), in having a smaller shell and two additional minutely beaded spiral cords abapical to the subsutural margin and on the lower base.

 <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Granuliterebra">Granuliterebra</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> Oyama, 1961 Animalia Neogastropoda Terebridae A0E99B36-6B62-5736-8490-46F67B9BDE50 Granuliterebra bathyrhaphe (Smith, 1875) Figs 4P , 8F Terebra (Myurella) bathyrhaphe Smith, 1875: 415. Type locality: Gulf of Yedo [Edo Bay, Honshu, Japan]. Terebra sp. Dheeradilok et al. 1984: pl. 3, fig. 11. Terebra bathyrhaphe . Bratcher and Cernohorsky 1987: 75, pl. 17, fig. 57a–e. Wilson 1994: 223, with in-text fig. Bosch et al. 1995: 171, fig. 765. Robba et al. 2004: 155, pl. 21, fig. 5. Robba et al. 2007: 95 (appendix). Granuliterebra bathyrhaphe . Okutani 2017: 1049–1050, pl. 339, fig. 13. Fedosov et al. 2019: 379, fig. 10a. Aubry et al. 2021: pl. 73. Bibi et al. 2021: 50, pl. 1, figs 14–17. Wells et al. 2021: 109. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-G66 (1 shell; Figs 4P, 8F).

 Habitat.

Muddy and sandy bottoms from intertidal zones to 200 m depth (Robba et al. 2004; Aubry et al. 2021).

 Distribution.

Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean; Indo-West Pacific, from Japan to Australia (Robba et al. 2004; Okutani 2017; Aubry et al. 2021). Records of fossils from the Quaternary in Japan and Thailand (Robba et al. 2004).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand (Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

This species is recognised based on the descriptions and figures in Bratcher and Cernohorsky (1987) and Aubry et al. (2021), and differs from its similar species, Duplicaria tricincta (Smith, 1877), by lacking the band anterior to the subsutural band and by having the other two bands that are connected by well-developed ribs rather than by thin cords.

 <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pristiterebra">Pristiterebra</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> Oyama, 1961 Animalia Neogastropoda Terebridae 49A0E1DA-35C4-54E5-9A89-E41F271E48E8 Pristiterebra miranda (Smith, 1873) Figs 4D , 8E Myurella miranda Smith, 1873: 267–268. Type locality: Malacca. Terebra miranda . Bratcher and Cernohorsky 1987: 78, pl. 18, fig. 63a, b; colour pl. D, fig. 13. Swennen et al. 2001: 57, 134, fig. 471. Robba et al. 2004: 155–156, pl. 21, fig. 6a, b. Dharma 2005: 114, pl. 32, fig. 5a, b. Robba et al. 2007: 95 (appendix). Pristiterebra miranda . Aubry et al. 2021: pl. 296. Wells et al. 2021: 109. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-G23 (17 shells; Figs 4D, 8E).

 Habitat.

At sea depth of 6–10 m (Bratcher and Cernohorsky 1987; Robba et al. 2004).

 Distribution.

Indo-West Pacific, from Thailand to Indonesia (Bratcher and Cernohorsky 1987; Robba et al. 2004). Records of fossils from the Holocene in Thailand (Robba et al. 2004).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand (Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

This species is recognised based on the descriptions and figures in Bratcher and Cernohorsky (1987) and Aubry et al. (2021), specifically in having a turreted and slightly cyrtoconoid shell with the sculpture completely cancellate throughout and with numerous and unevenly spaced axial cords crossed by ~ 6 spiral cords forming small bead-like nodes at intersections.

 Subclass <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="superorder">Heterobranchia</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Burmeister, 1837

Grade “Lower Heterobranchia”

Superfamily Architectonicoidea Gray, 1850

Family <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="family">Architectonicidae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Gray, 1850

Architectonica Röding, 1798

Animalia Neogastropoda Architectonicidae A85976DD-52A3-5682-B9C6-0D4B78648F67 Architectonica perdix (Hinds, 1844) Figs 4J , 11A Solarium perdix Hinds, 1844: 22–23. Type locality: Ceylon; north-west coast of Australia. Architectonica perdix . Bieler 1993: 48–52, figs 35–38. Swennen et al. 2001: 57, 135, fig. 477. Hylleberg and Kilburn 2003: 113. Robba et al. 2004: 158, pl. 21, fig. 10a, b. Dharma 2005: 204, pl. 77, fig. 2a, b; 358, pl. 144, fig. 7a, b. Thach 2005: 224. Robba et al. 2007: 95 (appendix). Nabhitabhata 2009: 200. BEDO 2017b: 73, with in-text fig. Yang et al. 2017: 118, 120, fig. 493. Surakiatchai et al. 2018: table 5, pl. 1, fig. 12a, b. Tudu and Balakrishnan 2018: 199–200, fig. 1a–f. Wells et al. 2021: 131. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-G02, G31 (155 shells; Figs 4J, 11A).

10.3897/zookeys.1202.119389.figure11 11207270 05A344D0-93A7-56BC-93C8-75C493235EA7

Gastropods and bivalves AArchitectonica perdixBEllobium aurisjudaeCCassidula nucleusDAnadara inaequivalvisEAnadara indicaFTegillarca granosa.

https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1049900 Habitat.

Sandy and muddy bottoms at a depth from 10 to 60 m (Bieler 1993; Thach 2005; Yang et al. 2017).

 Distribution.

Indian Ocean; Indo-West to Central Pacific, from China to Australia and Polynesia (Robba et al. 2004; Tudu and Balakrishnan 2018). Records of fossils from the Middle Pliocene in Indonesia and from the Holocene in Thailand (Dharma 2005; Surakiatchai et al. 2018).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea (Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

This species differs from its similar species, Adelphotectonica reevei (Hanley, 1862), by having a much smaller protoconch and a much higher upper point of attachment of the whorls (Bieler 1993). See also comprehensive taxonomic remarks in Bieler (1993).

 Cohort <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="class">Tectipleura</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Schrödl et al., 2011

Subcohort Euopisthobranchia Jörger et al., 2010

Order Cephalaspidea Fischer, 1883

Superfamily Cylichnoidea H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854

Family <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="family">Cylichnidae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854

Cylichna Lovén, 1846

Animalia Cephalaspidea Cylichnidae 3A594080-4580-582C-8F78-962675991117 Cylichna modesta Thiele, 1925 Figs 4R , 10B Cylichna modesta Thiele, 1925: 241–242 [275–276], pl. 44 [32], fig. 7. Type locality: “Neu-Amsterdam”, Station 167 (37° 47’ südl. Br., 77° 33.7’ östl. L., 496 m). Swennen et al. 2001: 137, fig. 497. Wells et al. 2021: 144. Adamnestia modesta . Robba et al. 2004: 230, pl. 34, fig. 5a, b. Robba et al. 2007: 97 (appendix). Negri et al. 2014: table 3. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-G39 (11 shells; Figs 4R, 10B).

 Habitat.

Sublittoral in muddy or fine sandy bottoms (Robba et al. 2004).

 Distribution.

Southwest Pacific. Records of fossils from the Holocene in Thailand (Robba et al. 2004).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand (Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

This species differs from its similar species, Cylichna sibogae Schepman, 1913, by having a less slender shell and an adapical umbilicus unbounded by sharp angulation (Robba et al. 2004). The generic assignment to either Adamnestia Iredale, 1936 or Cylichna requires further investigation.

 Subcohort <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="suborder">Panpulmonata</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Jörger et al., 2010

Superorder Eupulmonata Haszprunar & Huber, 1990

Order Ellobiida Van Mol, 1967

Superfamily Ellobioidea Pfeiffer, 1854

Family <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="family">Ellobiidae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Pfeiffer, 1854

Ellobium Röding, 1798

Animalia Ellobiida Ellobiidae 77F43895-4FC3-542E-BA83-D8FF10DADB1D Ellobium aurisjudae (Linnaeus, 1758) Figs 4G , 11B Bulla aurisjudae Linnaeus, 1758: 728. Type locality: unknown. Ellobium aurisjudae . Cernohorsky 1972: 211, pl. 60, fig. 7. Brandt 1974: 227–228, pl. 16, fig. 94. Tantanasiriwong 1978: 20, fig. 256. Nateewathana et al. 1981: 62. Way and Purchon 1981: 321. Bosch et al. 1995: 183, fig. 852. Nateewathana 1995: 100, with in-text fig. Poutiers 1998b: 643, with in-text figs. Subba Rao and Dey 2000: 187. Swennen et al. 2001: 60, 143, fig. 524. Gemert 2003: 107, with in-text fig. Hylleberg and Kilburn 2003: 133. Robba et al. 2003: tables 1, 2. Robba et al. 2004: 241–242, pl. 35, fig. 5. Sri-aroon et al. 2004: table 1. Dharma 2005: 206, pl. 78, fig. 18; 360, pl. 145, fig. 11. Sri-aroon et al. 2005: tables 2, 3, 5, 6. Thach 2005: 232, pl. 71, figs 11, 14. Dey 2006: 56, figs 75, 76. Raven and Vermeulen 2007: 37, 39, pl. 2, figs 10–13. Robba et al. 2007: 98 (appendix). Printrakoon et al. 2008: table 1. Kesavan et al. 2009: 382, with in-text fig. Nabhitabhata 2009: 227. Groh 2010: 446, pl. 914, figs 8, 9. Hamli et al. 2013: tables 2, 3, fig. 2t. Hylleberg and Aungtonya 2013: 97. Sanpanich and Duangdee 2013: 64. Dechruksa et al. 2014: fig. 3e. BEDO 2017b: 81, with in-text fig. Tudu et al. 2018: table 1. Wells et al. 2021: 146. Ellobium (Ellobium) cf. aurisjudae . Matsubara and Komori 2007: 326–328, fig. 2a–d. Ellobium (Ellobium) aurisjudae . Matsubara and Komori 2007: fig. 2e–h. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-G65 (25 shells; Figs 4G, 11B).

 Habitat.

In estuaries, mangrove and coastal forests, on salt marshes above the normal high tide line in or under rotting wood, and on sandy soil bordering a sandy beach (Raven and Vermeulen 2007).

 Distribution.

Arabian Gulf and Indian Ocean; Indo-West Pacific, from South China Sea to Australia (Poutiers 1998b; Robba et al. 2004). Records of fossils from the Early Miocene to Holocene in Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, and Thailand (Robba et al. 2004; Dharma 2005; Matsubara and Komori 2007; Raven and Vermeulen 2007).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea (Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

This species is recognised based on the descriptions and figures in Brandt (1974), Poutiers (1998b), and Robba et al. (2004), specifically in having an elongate-oval and unshouldered shell with the sculpture of numerous axial grooves and fine spiral lines.

 <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Cassidula">Cassidula</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> Férussac, 1821 Animalia Ellobiida Ellobiidae B7603609-8F63-52D8-8588-865F9B7E0021 Cassidula nucleus (Gmelin, 1791) Figs 4L , 11C Helix nucleus Gmelin, 1791: 3193. Type locality: “Tahiti” [Cooktown, Queensland, Australia]. Auricula mustelina Deshayes, 1830: 92. Type locality: “New Zealand”. Cassidula nucleus . Cernohorsky 1972: 212, pl. 60, fig. 8. Bosch et al. 1995: 183, fig. 851. Subba Rao and Dey 2000: 188. Swennen et al. 2001: 60, 143, fig. 526. Hylleberg and Kilburn 2003: 133. Robba et al. 2004: 242–243, pl. 35, fig. 6. Dharma 2005: 208, pl. 79, fig. 1a, b. Thach 2005: 233, pl. 72, fig. 8. Dey 2006: 55–56, figs 73, 74. Raven and Vermeulen 2007: 50–51, pl. 4, figs 35, 36. Robba et al. 2007: 98 (appendix). Kesavan et al. 2009: 382, with in-text fig. Nabhitabhata 2009: 227. Groh 2010: 448, pl. 915, figs 9–11. Zvonareva and Kantor 2016: 429–430, fig. 8s, t. BEDO 2017b: 80, with in-text fig. Kantharajan et al. 2017: table 1, fig. 4-32. Yang et al. 2017: 134, fig. 545. Tudu et al. 2018: table 1. Wells et al. 2021: 145. Cassidula mustelina . Brandt 1974: 221, pl. 16, fig. 88. Tantanasiriwong 1978: 20, fig. 259. Nateewathana et al. 1981: 62. Way and Purchon 1981: 321. Hylleberg and Kilburn 2003: 133. Sri-aroon et al. 2004: table 1, fig. 2-9. Sri-aroon et al. 2005: tables 2–6. Dechruksa et al. 2014: fig. 3c. BEDO 2017b: 80, with in-text fig. Okutani 2017: 1128, pl. 427, fig. 4. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-G63 (1 shell; Figs 4L, 11C).

 Habitat.

On mud in shaded areas and on tree trunks in mangrove and nipa palm forests, sometimes present in salt marsh or on muddy tidal flats (Brandt 1974; Raven and Vermeulen 2007; Zvonareva and Kantor 2016).

 Distribution.

Arabian Gulf and Indian Ocean; Indo-West Pacific, from Japan to Australia (Brandt 1974; Bosch et al. 1995; Subba Rao and Dey 2000; Okutani 2017). Records of fossils from the Holocene in Thailand (Robba et al. 2004).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea (Brandt 1974; Swennen et al. 2001; Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

This species differs from its similar species, Cassidula aurisfelis (Bruguière, 1789), by having a normal and non-bifurcated columellar fold, a less rounded outline with a less convex shoulder, a straighter aperture, and a thinner palatal ridge (Raven and Vermeulen 2007). See also comprehensive taxonomic remarks in Raven and Vermeulen (2007).

 Class <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="class">Bivalvia</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Linnaeus, 1758

Subclass Protobranchia Pelseneer, 1889

Order Nuculanida Carter et al., 2000

Superfamily Nuculanoidea H. Adams & A. Adams, 1858

Family <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="family">Nuculanidae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> H. Adams & A. Adams, 1858

Jupiteria Bellardi, 1875

Animalia Nuculanida Nuculanidae 6BC88CB8-4043-57EB-A694-B0F8FE685371 Jupiteria puellata (Hinds, 1843) Figs 10C , 12O Nucula puellata Hinds, 1843: 100. Type locality: Malacca; from 10 to 17 fathoms, coarse sand. Nuculana puellata . Lynge 1909: 105. Hylleberg and Kilburn 2003: 139. Nuculana (Jupiteria) puellata . Robba et al. 2002: 53, pl. 1, fig. 4a, b. Robba et al. 2003: tables 1, 2, 4–5. Robba et al. 2007: 83 (appendix). Nabhitabhata 2009: 279. Negri et al. 2014: table 3. Huber 2015: C666. Jupiteria puellata . Wells et al. 2021: 50. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-B25 (37 shells; Figs 10C, 12O).

10.3897/zookeys.1202.119389.figure12 11207272 14C5832D-3428-5060-A57A-E4B13D582572

Size comparison of bivalves, scaphopod and other invertebrates found in this study ATegillarca nodiferaBVolachlamys singaporinaCTegillarca granosaDNoetiella pectunculiformisEMagallana cf. gigasFEstellacar olivaceaGAnadara indicaHDentalium variabileISiliqua minimaJCorbula fortisulcataKFistulobalanus kondakoviLPlacamen lamellatumMMartesia striataNPotamocorbula sp. OJupiteria puellataPSaccella mauritianaQParatapes undulatusRDosinia dilectaSJoannisiella oblongaTTemnotrema siamenseUPholas orientalis.

https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1049901 Habitat.

Subtidal on coarse sand, soft clay, and mud bottoms at a depth from 5 to 40 m (Huber 2015).

 Distribution.

Indo-West Pacific, from southern China to New Guinea (Huber 2015). Records of fossils from the Holocene in Thailand (Robba et al. 2002).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand (Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

This species is recognised based on the descriptions and figures in Robba et al. (2002), specifically in having an unsculptured surface bearing only faint growth markings.

 <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Saccella">Saccella</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Woodring, 1925 Animalia Nuculanida Nuculanidae 2926F175-C064-5BAF-BB63-6ACA28A5252B Saccella mauritiana (Sowerby I, 1833) Figs 10D , 12P Nucula mauritiana Sowerby I, 1833: 15, fig. 7. Type locality: Mauritius. Nuculana mauritiana . Lynge 1909: 105. Swennen et al. 2001: 43, 62, fig. 4. Gopalakrishnan et al. 2012: 61. Nuculana (Scaeoleda) caspidata [non Gould]. Robba et al. 2002: 53, pl. 1, fig. 3a, b. Nuculana (Scaeoleda) mauritiana . Robba et al. 2003: tables 1, 3, 5. Robba et al. 2004: 245. Robba et al. 2007: 83 (appendix). Negri et al. 2014: table 3. Sacella mauritiana [sic]. Nabhitabhata 2009: 278. Nuculana (Saccella) mauritiana . Huber 2010: 97, with in-text fig. Huber 2015: C612. Saccella mauritiana . Wells et al. 2021: 50. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-B24 (20 shells; Figs 10D, 12P).

 Habitat.

Sublittoral on mainly mud and clay with sand and shells at a depth from 11 to 92 m (Huber 2015).

 Distribution.

Indian Ocean; Indo-West Pacific, from China to Indonesia (Huber 2015). Records of fossils from the Holocene in Thailand (Robba et al. 2002).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea (Swennen et al. 2001; Nabhitabhata 2009; Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

This species is recognised based on the descriptions and figures in Robba et al. (2002) and Huber (2010), specifically in having strong commarginal ridges in the umbonal area then changing into flat and somewhat imbricate low rugae which are more raised on crossing the postero-dorsal keel. This species often co-occurs with Jupiteria puellata, which has an unsculptured shell (Robba et al. 2002).

 Superorder <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subclass">Pteriomorphia</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Beurlen, 1944 Order <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="order">Arcida</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Stoliczka, 1871 Superfamily <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="superfamily">Arcoidea</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Lamarck, 1809 Family <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="family">Arcidae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Lamarck, 1809 <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Anadara">Anadara</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Gray, 1847 Animalia Arcida Arcidae 6A228285-CA59-5F53-BBBF-6003393E7DFD Anadara inaequivalvis (Bruguière, 1789) Figs 11D , 13D Arca inaequivalvis Bruguière, 1789: 106–107. Type locality: East India. Reeve 1844: Arca, pl. 8, sp. 54. Scapharca inaequivalvis . Tantanasiriwong 1979: 4. Morris and Purchon 1981: 322. Nateewathana et al. 1981: 63. Poutiers 1998a: 152, with in-text figs. Subba Rao and Dey 2000: 205. Robba et al. 2002: 58–59, pl. 2, fig. 8. Robba et al. 2003: tables 4, 5. Robba et al. 2007: 83 (appendix). Nabhitabhata 2009: 294. Negri et al. 2014: table 3. Okutani 2017: 1168, pl. 468, fig. 3. Yang et al. 2017: 148, fig. 580. Anadara (Scapharca) inaequivalvis . Vongpanich 1996: 182, figs 21–23. Aungtonya et al. 1999: 372. Dharma 2005: 242, pl. 96, fig. 10. Dey and Ramakrishna 2007: 151, 174. Huber 2010: 137, with in-text fig. Huber 2015: C3218. Anadara cf. inaequivalvis . Swennen et al. 2001: 44, 65–66, fig. 29. Anadara inaequivalvis . Hylleberg and Kilburn 2003: 148. Poppe 2010a: 474, pl. 928, figs 5, 6. Sanpanich 2011: table 2. Gopalakrishnan et al. 2012: 59. Surakiatchai et al. 2018: table 6, pl. 3, fig. 1a, b. Tudu et al. 2018: table 1. Tudu et al. 2019: 38–40, fig. 3c–e. Wells et al. 2021: 52. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-B03, B21 (21L+30R shells; Figs 11D, 13D).

10.3897/zookeys.1202.119389.figure13 11207274 4C0B40C5-AA5F-5843-90A5-C844C7D8CB30

Size comparison of bivalves and other invertebrates found in this study APlacuna placentaBStandella pellucidaCGeloina bengalensisDAnadara inaequivalvisEPegophysema bialataFMegabalanus cf. tintinnabulumGCultellus maximusHLutraria complanataIThalassina sp. JTellinides conspicuus.

https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1049902 Habitat.

Sandy and muddy bottoms in intertidal and upper sublittoral zones (Robba et al. 2002; Huber 2015).

 Distribution.

Red Sea to India Ocean; Indo-West Pacific, from Japan to Australia as well as from Mediterranean and Black Sea (Robba et al. 2002; Tudu et al. 2019). Records of fossils from the Late Miocene and Pliocene in Indonesia and from the Holocene in Thailand (Robba et al. 2002; Surakiatchai et al. 2018).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea (Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

This species is recognised based on the descriptions and figures in Poutiers (1998a) and Tudu et al. (2019), specifically in having an inflated, inequilateral, and roughly quadrate shell shape with 30–37 radial ribs.

 Animalia Arcida Arcidae ECE7E204-64DA-5CEB-99DC-CB76C5756820 Anadara indica (Gmelin, 1791) Figs 11E , 12G Arca indica Gmelin, 1791: 3312. Type locality: the Indian Ocean. Reeve 1844: Arca, pl. 9, sp. 56. Anadara (Scapharca) indica . Lynge 1909: 126–127, pl. 2, figs 5–12. Scapharca indica . Morris and Purchon 1981: 322. Bosch et al. 1995: 211, fig. 928. Poutiers 1998a: 153, with in-text figs. Robba et al. 2002: 59, pl. 2, fig. 9. Gemert 2003: 107. Robba et al. 2003: tables 1–5. Thach 2005: 243, pl. 75, fig. 17. Robba et al. 2007: 83 (appendix). Nabhitabhata 2009: 294. Yang et al. 2017: 148, fig. 581. Surakiatchai et al. 2018: pl. 3, fig. 3a, b. Anadara indica . Vongpanich 1996: 183, figs 26, 27. Aungtonya et al. 1999: 372. Tudu et al. 2018: table 1. Wells et al. 2021: 52. Anadara (Anadara) indica . Huber 2010: 136, with in-text fig. Huber 2015: C3220. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-B06 (16L+24R shells; Figs 11E, 12G).

 Habitat.

In soft sand or sandy mud bottoms at bays, river mouths, and intertidal zones down to 15 m depth (Huber 2015).

 Distribution.

Persian Gulf to India Ocean; Indo-West Pacific, from Japan to Australia (Poutiers 1998a; Robba et al. 2002). Records of fossils from the Holocene in Thailand (Robba et al. 2002; Surakiatchai et al. 2018).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea (Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

This species is recognised based on the descriptions and figures in Poutiers (1998a), Robba et al. (2002), and Huber (2010), specifically in having an inequilateral, laterally compressed, and subrectangular shell shape with 30–36 flat radial ribs.

 <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Tegillarca">Tegillarca</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Iredale, 1939 Animalia Arcida Arcidae FFAB3EF3-CB5D-5E5B-A8DA-FE700E258556 Tegillarca granosa (Linnaeus, 1758) Figs 11F , 12C Arca granosa Linnaeus, 1758: 694. Type locality: southern European ocean. Reeve 1844: Arca, pl. 3, sp. 15. Yokoyama 1927: 403. Lutaenko 2015: 135–136, pl. 1, fig. a–d. Arca (Anadara) granosa . Lynge 1909: 118. Tesch 1920: 92–93, pl. 137, figs 248a, b, 249a–c. Anadara granosa . Tantanasiriwong 1979: 4. Morris and Purchon 1981: 322. Nateewathana et al. 1981: 63. Nateewathana 1995: 101, with in-text fig. Poutiers 1998a: 147, with in-text figs. Aungtonya et al. 1999: 372. Subba Rao and Dey 2000: 204. Hylleberg and Kilburn 2003: 148, pl. 1, fig. 3. Robba et al. 2002: 57–58, pl. 2, fig. 4. Robba et al. 2003: tables 1–5. Dey 2006: 61, figs 86, 87. Dey and Ramakrishna 2007: 151, 172. Robba et al. 2007: 83 (appendix). Printrakoon et al. 2008: table 1. Nabhitabhata 2009: 284. Sanpanich 2011: table 2. Hylleberg and Aungtonya 2013: 94. Negri et al. 2014: table 3. Surakiatchai et al. 2018: table 6, pl. 2, fig. 7a, b. Anadara (Tegillarca) granosa . Vongpanich 1996: 187, 189, figs 47–50. Dharma 2005: 242, pl. 96, fig. 9; 362, pl. 146, fig. 10. Lutaenko et al. 2019: 174, pl. 3, fig. c, d. Tegillarca granosa . Swennen et al. 2001: 44, 66, fig. 35. Gemert 2003: 107. Thach 2005: 244, pl. 75, fig. 8. Huber 2010: 141, with in-text fig. Poppe 2010a: 486, pl. 934, figs 9, 10. Huber 2015: C3352. BEDO 2017a: 27, with in-text fig. Kantharajan et al. 2017: table 1, fig. 2-10. Okutani 2017: 1168, pl. 468, fig. 9. Yang et al. 2017: 150, fig. 586. Tudu et al. 2018: table 1. Tudu et al. 2019: 42–44, fig. 5c, d. Wells et al. 2021: 54. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-B20 (15L+15R shells; Figs 11F, 12C).

 Habitat.

Mud down to 10 m depth in mangrove forests and muddy estuaries (Swennen et al. 2001; Thach 2005; Kantharajan et al. 2017).

 Distribution.

East Africa to India; Indo-West Pacific, from Japan to Australia and Polynesia (Poutiers 1998a; Kantharajan et al. 2017; Tudu et al. 2019). Records of fossils from the Late Miocene to Holocene in Indonesia, Japan, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Thailand (Robba et al. 2002; Dharma 2005; Surakiatchai et al. 2018).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea (Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

This species differs from its similar species, Tegillarca nodifera, by having a less elongated shell with a lower number of ribs (15–21) and a lower number of nodules on ribs (Tudu et al. 2019).

 Animalia Arcida Arcidae 3DEEC620-6B64-52CF-BD03-1C4C05C2C8D6 Tegillarca nodifera (Martens, 1860) Figs 12A , 14A Arca nodifera Martens, 1860: 17. Type locality: Bankok [Bangkok, Thailand]. Anadara nodifera . Nateewathana et al. 1981: 63. Nateewathana 1995: 101, with in-text fig. Poutiers 1998a: 148, with in-text figs. Aungtonya et al. 1999: 372. Hylleberg and Kilburn 2003: 148–149, pl. 1, fig. 5. Nabhitabhata 2009: 284. Hylleberg and Aungtonya 2013: 94. Anadara (Tegillarca) nodifera . Vongpanich 1996: 189–190, figs 51–54. Tegillarca nodifera . Swennen et al. 2001: 44, 67, text-fig. 26, fig. 36. Thach 2005: 244, pl. 75, fig. 18. Huber 2010: 141, with in-text fig. Huber 2015: C3366. BEDO 2017a: 28, with in-text fig. Yang et al. 2017: 150, fig. 587. Tudu et al. 2018: table 1. Tudu et al. 2019: 44, fig. 5e, f. Wells et al. 2021: 54. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-B01, B02, B15 (26L+31R shells; Figs 12A, 14A).

10.3897/zookeys.1202.119389.figure14 11207276 A3C637C0-9D9F-5991-AD86-DCEB2D853D1F

Bivalves ATegillarca nodiferaBEstellacar olivaceaCNoetiella pectunculiformisDMagallana cf. gigasEPlacuna placentaFVolachlamys singaporina.

https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1049903 Habitat.

On mud and sand bottoms, in intertidal or near mangrove forests and shallow sublittoral waters down to a depth of 10 m (Poutiers 1998a; Huber 2015).

 Distribution.

Eastern Indian Ocean; Indo-West Pacific, from East China Sea to Indonesia (Poutiers 1998a; Huber 2015; Tudu et al. 2019).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea (Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

This species differs from its similar species, Tegillarca granosa, by having a more elongated shell with a higher number of ribs (19–23) and a higher number of nodules on ribs (Tudu et al. 2019).

 Family <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="family">Noetiidae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Stewart, 1930

Estellacar Iredale, 1939

Animalia Arcida Noetiidae F44C54E0-CBC1-5858-B257-7A9A78657AC2 Estellacar olivacea (Reeve, 1844) Figs 12F , 14B Arca olivacea Reeve, 1844: Arca, pl. 16, sp. 113. Type locality: San Nicolas, island of Zebu [the Philippines] (found in sandy mud at the depth of four fathoms). Estellacar olivacea . Poutiers 1998a: 160, with in-text figs. Swennen et al. 2001: 44, 68, fig. 42. Robba et al. 2002: 61, pl. 2, fig. 13. Hylleberg and Kilburn 2003: 153. Robba et al. 2003: table 2. Vongpanich and Matsukuma 2004: 41, pl. 2, figs. r, s. Robba et al. 2007: 84 (appendix). Nabhitabhata 2009: 297. Huber 2010: 146, with in-text fig. Negri et al. 2014: table 3. Huber 2015: C3594. BEDO 2017a: 42, with in-text fig. Wells et al. 2021: 55. Striarca olivacea . Printrakoon et al. 2008: table 1. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-B18 (16L+14R shells; Figs 12F, 14B).

 Habitat.

In mud and sand from intertidal zones, often near mangrove forests, down to 20 m depth (Poutiers 1998a; Robba et al. 2002).

 Distribution.

India; Indo-West Pacific, from South China to the Philippines (Huber 2015). Records of fossils from the Holocene in Thailand (Robba et al. 2002).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea (Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

This species differs from its similar species Estellacar galactodes (Benson, 1842) by having a higher number of coarser riblets (Robba et al. 2002).

 <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Noetiella">Noetiella</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Thiele, 1931 Animalia Arcida Noetiidae 1790E9B3-2CAE-5800-BDEB-1B26F8BB3DD0 Noetiella pectunculiformis (Dunker, 1866) Figs 12D , 14C Barbatia pectunculiformis Dunker, 1866: 88–89, pl. 28, figs 4–6. Type locality: Borneo. Arca (Fossularca) pectunculiformis . Lynge 1909: 115. Striarca pectunculiformis . Tantanasiriwong 1979: 4. Morris and Purchon 1981: 323. Nateewathana et al. 1981: 63. Aungtonya et al. 1999: 373. Scelidionarca pectunculiformis . Robba et al. 2002: 61, pl. 2, fig. 14q, b. Robba et al. 2007: 84 (appendix). Nabhitabhata 2009: 297. Noetiella pectunculiformis . Huber 2010: 146, with in-text fig. Huber 2015: C3575. BEDO 2017a: 43, with in-text fig. Kantharajan et al. 2017: table 1, fig. 2-11. Wells et al. 2021: 55. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-B27 (4L+4R shells; Figs 12D, 14C).

 Habitat.

In soft clay, mud or sand, in subtidal zones from a depth of 2–43 m, and in mangrove forests (Huber 2015; Kantharajan et al. 2017).

 Distribution.

India Ocean; Indo-West Pacific, from South China to Indonesia (Huber 2015; Kantharajan et al. 2017). Records of fossils from the Holocene in Thailand (Robba et al. 2002).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea (Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

This species is recognised based on the descriptions and figures in Robba et al. (2002) and Huber (2010), specifically in having a roundly trapezoidal and inequilateral shell shape with the sculpture of dense, faint radials, and coarse growth markings.

 Order <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="order">Ostreida</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Férussac, 1822 Superfamily <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="superfamily">Ostreoidea</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Rafinesque, 1815 Family <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="family">Ostreidae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Rafinesque, 1815

Magallana Salvi & Mariottini, 2016

Animalia Ostreida Ostreidae 3FCC57DA-878B-5D73-B7BF-A6CFCED4DF21 Magallana cf. gigas (Thunberg, 1793) Figs 12E , 14D cf.Ostrea gigas Thunberg, 1793: 140–142, pl. 6, figs 1–3. Type locality: Japan. Yokoyama 1927: 402. cf.Crassostrea gigas . Tantanasiriwong 1979: 7. Nateewathana et al. 1981: 65. Poutiers 1998a: 233, with in-text figs. Aungtonya et al. 1999: 375. Robba et al. 2002: 69, 71, pl. 5, fig. 3a, b. Hylleberg and Kilburn 2003: 162. Beu et al. 2004: 154–156, fig. 9d. Thach 2005: 257. Robba et al. 2007: 84 (appendix). Printrakoon et al. 2008: table 1. Huber 2010: 180, with in-text fig. Sanpanich 2011: table 2. Huber 2015: C5155. Okutani 2017: 1183, pl. 483, fig. 7. Yang et al. 2017: 176, 178, fig. 685. Surakiatchai et al. 2018: table 6, pl. 3, fig. 6a, b. Tudu et al. 2018: table 1. cf.Crassostrea cf. gigas . Swennen et al. 2001: 45, 72, text-fig. 62, fig. 62. cf.Crassostrea (Magallana) gigas . Lutaenko et al. 2019: 187–188, pl. 15, fig. a–f. cf.Magallana gigas . Wells et al. 2021: 60. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-B13 (130L+16R shells; Figs 12E, 14D).

 Habitat.

Attached to rocks from intertidal zones down to 30 m depth, in mud, bays, and sheltered areas that are often brackish with low salinity water (Thach 2005; Huber 2015).

 Distribution.

Cosmopolitan (Huber 2015). Records of fossils from the Miocene to Holocene in Japan, New Zealand, Taiwan, and Thailand (Robba et al. 2002; Beu et al. 2004; Surakiatchai et al. 2018).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea (Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

The cupped oysters in the subfamily Crassostreinae could not be identified at species level based on shell characters or soft tissue alone (Salvi and Mariottini 2021). Therefore, we tentatively identify these specimens of giant cupped oysters as belonging to Magallana gigas, due to large and thick shells and the presence of this species in Thailand (Wells et al. 2021).

 Order <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="order">Pectinida</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Gray, 1854 Superfamily <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="superfamily">Anomioidea</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Rafinesque, 1815 Family <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="family">Placunidae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Rafinesque, 1815

Placuna Lightfoot, 1786

Animalia Pectinida Placunidae 604AFB1C-1072-59EB-A4CF-014F14112E38 Placuna placenta (Linnaeus, 1758) Figs 13A , 14E Anomia placenta Linnaeus, 1758: 703. Type locality: unknown. Placuna placenta . Lynge 1909: 107–108. Tantanasiriwong 1979: 6. Morris and Purchon 1981: 324. Nateewathana et al. 1981: 64. Oliver 1992: 86, pl. 17, fig. 6a, b. Bosch et al. 1995: 234, fig. 1018. Poutiers 1998a: 218, with in-text figs. Aungtonya et al. 1999: 376. Subba Rao and Dey 2000: 230. Swennen et al. 2001: 46, 76, text-fig. 80, fig. 80. Robba et al. 2002: 77, pl. 6, fig. 10a, b. Hylleberg and Kilburn 2003: 169–170. Robba et al. 2003: table 5. Dharma 2005: 246, pl. 98, fig. 17. Dey and Ramakrishna 2007: 154, 197. Robba et al. 2007: 84 (appendix). Nabhitabhata 2009: 20, with in-text fig., 347. Huber 2010: 190, with in-text fig. Sanpanich 2011: table 2. Huber 2015: C5627. Yang et al. 2017: 176, fig. 681. Surakiatchai et al. 2018: table 6, pl. 3, fig. 8a, b. Tudu et al. 2018: table 1. Wells et al. 2021: 64. Placuna (Placuna) placenta . Dheeradilok et al. 1984: pl. 2, fig. 14. Thach 2005: 266, pl. 81, fig. 4. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-B22 (19L+18R shells; Figs 13A, 14E).

 Habitat.

Sandy mud in intertidal zones and shallow waters down to 35 m depth, in quiet waters of lagoons, protected bays, and mangrove areas, or near estuaries (Poutiers 1998a; Thach 2005; Yang et al. 2017).

 Distribution.

Indian Ocean; Indo-West Pacific, from Japan to Australia (Huber 2015). Records of fossils from the Late Miocene to Holocene in Indonesia, Japan, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Thailand (Robba et al. 2002; Surakiatchai et al. 2018).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea (Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

This species differs from its similar species, Placuna ephippium (Philipsson, 1788), by having an almost circular shell and a right valve bearing a hinge plate with arrowhead-shaped lamellar teeth with the posterior ridge distinctly longer than the anterior one (Poutiers 1998a; Swennen et al. 2001).

 Superfamily <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="superfamily">Pectinoidea</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Rafinesque, 1815 Family <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="family">Pectinidae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Rafinesque, 1815

Volachlamys Iredale, 1939

Animalia Pectinida Pectinidae 7B0D5932-8AF5-5EF2-AF0F-0A68112D2C1A Volachlamys singaporina (Sowerby II, 1842) Figs 12B , 14F Pecten singaporinus Sowerby II, 1842: 74, pl. 13, fig. 55; pl. 14, fig. 71. Type locality: Singapore. Lynge 1909: 155. Volachlamys singaporina . Roussy 1991: 21. Poutiers 1998a: 210, with in-text figs. Aungtonya et al. 1999: 376. Swennen et al. 2001: 45, 74, fig. 70. Gemert 2003: 108. Hylleberg and Kilburn 2003: 169. Dharma 2005: 248, pl. 99, fig. 13a–e; 364, pl. 147, fig. 3a, b. Thach 2005: 263, pl. 80, fig. 13. Nabhitabhata 2009: 342. Huber 2010: 203, with in-text fig. Huber 2015: C6118. BEDO 2017a: 236, with in-text fig. Yang et al. 2017: 172, fig. 667. Dijkstra and Beu 2018: 296–298, figs 98, 100j, l, 101d, e. Wells et al. 2021: 67. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-B07 (32L+32R shells; Figs 12B, 14F).

 Habitat.

Byssally attached under coral boulders and rocks, on sand and sandy mud in intertidal zones down to 22 m depth (Huber 2015).

 Distribution.

Indo-West Pacific, from China to Australia (Huber 2015; Dijkstra and Beu 2018). Records of fossils from the Middle to Late Pliocene in Indonesia (Dharma 2005).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea (Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

This species differs from its similar species, Volachlamys tranquebaria (Gmelin, 1791) and V. hirasei (Bavay, 1904), by having square and well-defined 18–24 ribs with wider interspaces between the ribs (Dharma 2005; Dijkstra and Beu 2018). See also comprehensive taxonomic remarks in Dijkstra and Beu (2018)

 Superorder <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="superorder">Heteroconchia</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Gray, 1854 Order <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="order">Lucinida</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Gray, 1854 Superfamily <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="superfamily">Lucinoidea</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> J. Fleming, 1828 Family <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="family">Lucinidae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> J. Fleming, 1828

Pegophysema Stewart, 1930

Animalia Lucinida Lucinidae C9597B25-A590-5CD9-9A71-EDC62B83F472 Pegophysema bialata (Pilsbry, 1895) Figs 13E , 15A Loripes bialata Pilsbry, 1895: 133–134, pl. 3, figs 13, 14. Type locality: Inland Sea, Japan. Anodontia (?Pegophysema) bialata. Taylor and Glover 2005: 305–306, figs 11a, 12a, 22, 23. Pegophysema bialata . Huber 2015: 102, 455–456, with in-text figs; C10244. Wells et al. 2021: 35. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-B11 (3L+3R shells; Figs 13E, 15A).

10.3897/zookeys.1202.119389.figure15 11207278 37F1EFD6-0E35-5018-9264-3ACCEA367A8C

Bivalves APegophysema bialataBGeloina bengalensisCLutraria complanataDStandella pellucidaETellinides conspicuusFJoannisiella oblonga.

https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1049904 Habitat.

Muddy bottoms and sandy mud among weed in intertidal zones down to 60 m depth (Huber 2015).

 Distribution.

Indian Ocean; Indo-West Pacific, from Japan to Malaysia (Taylor and Glover 2005; Huber 2015).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand (Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

This species differs from its similar species, Pegophysema philippiana (Reeve, 1850), by having a ligament that is shallowly inset and an absence of secondary pallial attachment scars (Taylor and Glover 2005). See also comprehensive taxonomic remarks in Taylor and Glover (2005).

 Order <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="order">Venerida</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Gray, 1854 Superfamily <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Cyrenoidea">Cyrenoidea</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Gray, 1840 Family <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="family">Cyrenidae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Gray, 1840

Geloina Gray, 1842

Animalia Venerida Cyrenidae 55AF5496-4A5C-5553-AE3E-23AA1051DF8E Geloina bengalensis (Lamarck, 1818) Figs 13C , 15B Cyrena bengalensis Lamarck, 1818: 554. Type locality: Bengal. Polymesoda (Geloina) bengalensis . Brandt 1974: 310–311, pl. 28, fig. 83. Nateewathana 1995: 106, with in-text fig. Aungtonya et al. 1999: 380. Robba et al. 2002: 106, pl. 16, fig. 9. Robba et al. 2003: tables 1, 2. Robba et al. 2007: 87 (appendix). Nabhitabhata 2009: 21, with in-text fig, 471. Polymesoda bengalensis . Poutiers 1998a: 319, with in-text figs. Dharma 2005: 266, pl. 108, fig. 25. Dey 2006: 74–75, figs 113, 114. Tudu et al. 2018: table 1. Geloina bengalensis . Huber 2015: 319; C20908. BEDO 2017a: 252, with in-text fig. Wells et al. 2021: 39. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-B31 (2L+3R shells; Figs 13C, 15B).

 Habitat.

In intertidal zones, river deltas, estuaries, mud flats, and in mangrove areas (Poutiers 1998a; Huber 2015).

 Distribution.

Bay of Bengal; Indo-West Pacific, from Taiwan to Indonesia (Huber 2015). Records of fossils from the Holocene in Thailand (Robba et al. 2002).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea (Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

This species is recognised based on the descriptions and figures in Robba et al. (2002) and Huber (2015), specifically in having a solid, inflated, pronounced inequilateral, and subtriangular shell shape.

 Superfamily <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="superfamily">Mactroidea</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Lamarck, 1809 Family <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="family">Mactridae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Lamarck, 1809

Lutraria Lamarck, 1799

Animalia Venerida Mactridae 2158F2C1-D81F-5DD7-AA69-8D85DCA95732 Lutraria complanata (Gmelin, 1791) Figs 13H , 15C Mactra complanata Gmelin, 1791: 3261. Type locality: the Indian Ocean. Lutraria (Lutrophora) cf. complanata . Dheeradilok et al. 1984: pl. 2, fig. 5. Lutraria complanata . Swennen et al. 2001: 47, 82, fig. 112. Hylleberg and Kilburn 2003: 186. Yang et al. 2017: 194, fig. 742. Wells et al. 2021: 40. Lutraria (Lutrophora) complanata . Robba et al. 2002: 91, pl. 12, fig. 4. Robba et al. 2007: 86 (appendix). Huber 2010: 451, with in-text figs. Huber 2015: C21984. Lutraria (Goniomactra) complanata . Beu 2006: 242. Lutraria (Lutropbora) complanata [sic]. Nabhitabhata 2009: 412. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-B29 (1L+2R shells; Figs 13H, 15C).

 Habitat.

Sandy and muddy sand in subtidal zones from a depth of 8–20 m (Huber 2015).

 Distribution.

Indian Ocean; Indo-West Pacific, from South China to Indonesia (Huber 2015; Yang et al. 2017). Records of fossils from the Holocene in Thailand (Robba et al. 2002).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand (Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

This species is recognised based on the descriptions and figures in Robba et al. (2002) and Huber (2010), specifically in having an elongate-elliptical and markedly inequilateral thin shell with arched anterior and posterior margins, and an outer surface sculptured with irregular crenulated growth lines.

 <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Standella">Standella</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Gray, 1853 Animalia Venerida Mactridae ADB00F37-FB59-5988-8CAC-2AD50EA7AF7D Standella pellucida (Gmelin, 1791) Figs 13B , 15D Mactra pellucida Gmelin, 1791: 3260–3261. Type locality: “Guinea coast.” Sanpanich 2011: table 2. Standella pellucida . Lynge 1909: 224. Nabhitabhata 2009: 418. Huber 2010: 451, with in-text figs. Huber 2015: C22028. Tudu et al. 2018: table 1. Wells et al. 2021: 42. Meropesta pellucida . Bosch et al. 1995: 248, fig. 1100. Poutiers 1998a: 281, with in-text figs. Swennen et al. 2001: 47, 83, text-fig. 116, fig. 116. Robba et al. 2002: 91–92, pl. 12, fig. 6. Dey and Ramakrishna 2007: 211. Robba et al. 2007: 86 (appendix). Meyer et al. 2008: tables 2, 3. Nabhitabhata 2009: 417. Wong 2009: 289, figs 9a, b, 22. BEDO 2017a: 155. Yang et al. 2017: 196, fig. 752. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-B30 (1L+1R shells; Figs 13B, 15D).

 Habitat.

Fine sand and mud in intertidal zones down to 4 m depth, in lagoons, and at the fringe of mangrove areas (Poutiers 1998a; Huber 2015).

 Distribution.

Arabian Gulf and Indian Ocean; Indo-West Pacific, from Japan to Australia (Bosch et al. 1995; Wong 2009; Huber 2015). Records of fossils from the Quaternary in Indonesia and from the Holocene in Thailand (Robba et al. 2002).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea (Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

This species is recognised based on the descriptions and figures in Robba et al. (2002) and Huber (2010), specifically in having a longer than high, inequilateral, and elliptical shell with an oval-shaped anterior margin and a somewhat pointed posterior margin, an outer surface sculptured with uneven and fine growth markings, and faint posterior radial striation. An exceedingly shallow radial depression is sometimes observed in the mid-anterior part. Huber (2015) indicated that the type locality in Guinea is erroneous.

 Superfamily <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="superfamily">Tellinoidea</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Blainville, 1814 Family <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="family">Tellinidae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Blainville, 1814

Tellinides Lamarck, 1818

Animalia Venerida Tellinidae B02DCE4C-EBE7-5738-8D09-187C9B75344A Tellinides conspicuus (Hanley, 1846) Figs 13J , 15E Tellina conspicua Hanley, 1846b: 293, pl. 58, fig. 100. Type locality: unknown. Coan and Kabat 2012: 309. Tellina (Tellinides) sp. Robba et al. 2002: 98, pl. 14, fig. 7a, b. Tellinides conspicuus . Huber 2015: 220, 639, with in-text figs; C14877. Wells et al. 2021: 30. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-B04 (33L+40R shells; Figs 13J, 15E).

 Habitat.

Shallow water (Huber 2015).

 Distribution.

Indo-West Pacific, from southern China to New Guinea (Huber 2015).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand (Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

Tellina (Tellinides) sp. in Robba et al. (2002) was identified as belonging to this species by Huber (2015). This species differs from its similar species, Tellinides timorensis Lamarck, 1818, by having a higher shell that lacks the posterior truncation with oblique anterior striae fading posteriorly (Robba et al. 2002; Huber 2015).

 Superfamily <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="superfamily">Ungulinoidea</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Gray, 1854 Family <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="family">Ungulinidae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Gray, 1854

Joannisiella Dall, 1895

Animalia Venerida Ungulinidae F5532F7F-795F-5614-8B64-B2E9D943E5EB Joannisiella oblonga (Hanley, 1846) Figs 12S , 15F Cyrenoidea oblonga Hanley, 1846a: 10 (plate explanation). Type locality: Philippines. Hanley 1856: 353, pl. 15, fig. 6. Coan and Kabat 2012: 320. Diplodonta (Joannisiella) oblonga . Lynge 1909: 176. Cycladicama oblonga . Dheeradilok et al. 1984: pl. 2, figs 6, 7. Robba et al. 2002: 79, pl. 7, fig. 9a, b. Hylleberg and Kilburn 2003: 174. Robba et al. 2003: tables 3, 4. Robba et al. 2007: 85 (appendix). Nabhitabhata 2009: 389. Yang et al. 2017: 182, fig. 704. Surakiatchai et al. 2018: table 6, pl. 3, fig. 10a, b. Joannisiella oblonga . Huber 2015: 341, 829, with in-text figs; C21436. Wells et al. 2021: 42. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-B09, B17 (59L+66R shells; Figs 12S, 15F).

 Habitat.

Muddy bottom with soft clay, muddy sediments on mud flats, and in the shallow waters from intertidal zones down to 36 m depth (Huber 2015; Yang et al. 2017).

 Distribution.

Indo-West Pacific, from Japan to Indonesia and the Philippines (Huber 2015; Yang et al. 2017). Records of fossils from the Middle Miocene to Holocene in Indonesia, Japan, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Thailand (Robba et al. 2002; Surakiatchai et al. 2018).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand (Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

This species is characterised by its elongate, ovate-triangular shaped, and posteriorly grooved shell (Robba et al. 2002; Huber 2015).

 Superfamily <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="superfamily">Veneroidea</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Rafinesque, 1815 Family <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="family">Veneridae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Rafinesque, 1815

Dosinia Scopoli, 1777

Animalia Venerida Veneridae 3DE0B5B4-FC56-5190-AC56-0C96DC121636 Dosinia dilecta A. Adams, 1856 Figs 12R , 16A Dosinia dilecta A. Adams, 1856: 224. Type locality: Malacca. Lynge 1909: 249–250, pl. 5, figs 11–13. Morris and Purchon 1981: 326. Swennen et al. 2001: 49, 95, text-fig. 201, fig. 201. Robba et al. 2002: 115, pl. 19, fig. 4. Dharma 2005: 266, pl. 108, fig. 30. Robba et al. 2007: 88 (appendix). Sartori et al. 2008: table 1. Nabhitabhata 2009: 482. Poppe 2010c: 304, pl. 1147, figs 5, 6. Surakiatchai et al. 2018: table 6, pl. 5, fig. 8a, b. Wells et al. 2021: 44. Dosinia (Dosinella) dilecta . Fischer-Piette and Delmas 1967: 77, pl. 14, figs 1–3. Dheeradilok et al. 1984: pl. 2, figs 9–12. Huber 2010: 414, with in-text fig. Huber 2015: C19500. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-B10 (2L+5R shells; Figs 12R, 16A).

10.3897/zookeys.1202.119389.figure16 11207280 2B035BBC-D78E-5511-BBA6-3CC88BFD0696

Bivalves ADosinia dilectaBParatapes undulatusCPlacamen lamellatumDCorbula fortisulcataEPotamocorbula sp. F, GMartesia striataG showing the shells with burrow casts along with mangrove roots HPholas orientalisI calcareous burrows of Teredinidae indet.

https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1049905 Habitat.

Soft clay and mud bottoms in subtidal zones at a depth from 5 to 20 m (Huber 2015).

 Distribution.

Indo-West Pacific, from southern China to Indonesia (Huber 2015). Records of fossils from the Holocene in Thailand (Robba et al. 2002; Surakiatchai et al. 2018).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea (Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

This species is recognised based on the descriptions and figures in Fischer-Piette and Delmas (1967), Robba et al. (2002), and Huber (2010), specifically in having deeply demarcated and exceedingly small lunulae and a shell with low concentric ribs. See also comprehensive taxonomic remarks in Fischer-Piette and Delmas (1967).

 <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Paratapes">Paratapes</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Stoliczka, 1870 Animalia Venerida Veneridae CA2DCA3D-8D68-5F26-B3BE-42087FAE635D Paratapes undulatus (Born, 1778) Figs 12Q , 16B Venus undulata Born, 1778: 54–55. Type locality: unknown. Tapes (Paratapes) undulatus . Lynge 1909: 237. Paphia undulata . Tantanasiriwong 1979: 13. Morris and Purchon 1981: 326. Nateewathana et al. 1981: 67. Dheeradilok et al. 1984: pl. 2, fig. 13. Oliver 1992: 191, pl. 43, fig. 6a, b. Bosch et al. 1995: 273, fig. 1227. Nateewathana 1995: 111, with in-text fig. Poutiers 1998a: 339, with in-text figs. Aungtonya et al. 1999: 382. Subba Rao and Dey 2000: 283. Swennen et al. 2001: 49, 95, text-fig. 198, fig. 198. Hylleberg and Kilburn 2003: 217. Dharma 2005: 270, pl. 110, fig. 16; 368, pl. 149, fig. 13. Thach 2005: 300, pl. 90, fig. 3. Dey and Ramakrishna 2007: 160, 244–245. Nabhitabhata 2009: 492. Poppe 2010c: 296, pl. 1143, figs 7–9. Sanpanich 2011: table 2. Okutani 2017: 1248, pl. 543, fig. 4. Yang et al. 2017: 232, fig. 871. Surakiatchai et al. 2018: table 6, pl. 5, fig. 4a, b. Paphia cf. undulata . Aungtonya and Hylleberg 1998: 320. Paphia (Paphia) undulata . Gemert 2003: 109. Robba et al. 2002: 113, pl. 18, fig. 8a, b. Robba et al. 2003: tables 1, 3–5. Robba et al. 2007: 88 (appendix). Negri et al. 2014: table 3. Neotapes undulata . Sartori et al. 2008: 115, table 1, figs 4l, 5l. Paphia (Neotapes) undulata . Huber 2010: 423, with in-text fig. Paratapes undulatus . Huber 2015: C19932. Tudu et al. 2018: table 1. Wells et al. 2021: 47. Paratapes undulata . BEDO 2017a: 281, with in-text fig. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-B12 (2L shells; Figs 12Q, 16B).

 Habitat.

Fine sandy sediments and mud as well as silty clay bottoms in intertidal to subtidal zones at a depth of 1–50 m (Huber 2015).

 Distribution.

Red Sea and Indian Ocean; Indo-West Pacific, from Japan to Australia (Robba et al. 2002; Huber 2015). Records of fossils from the Late Miocene to Holocene in Indonesia, Japan, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Thailand (Robba et al. 2002; Dharma 2005; Surakiatchai et al. 2018).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea (Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

Despite having no colour and patterns, the elongate-oval and inequilateral shell shape with growth lines as well as slightly oblique and somewhat undulating commarginal grooves on outer surface of the specimens conform to the characters of this species (Robba et al. 2002; Huber 2010).

 <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Placamen">Placamen</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Iredale, 1925 Animalia Venerida Veneridae D5E99E32-893A-51B1-9FBD-C64AE70BB1B7 Placamen lamellatum (Röding, 1798) Figs 12L , 16C Venus lamellata Röding, 1798: 183. Type locality: the East Indian Seas. Venus tiara Dillwyn, 1817: 162. Type locality: the East Indian Seas. Venus calophylla Philippi, 1836: 229–230, pl. 8, fig. 2 Type locality: the Chinese Sea. Chione (Circomphalus) calophylla . Lynge 1909: 150–151. Callanaitis calophylla . Tantanasiriwong 1979: 13. Nateewathana et al. 1981: 67. Placamen tiara . Tantanasiriwong 1979: 13. Nateewathana et al. 1981: 67. Poutiers 1998a: 351, with in-text figs. Aungtonya et al. 1999: 382. Hylleberg and Kilburn 2003: 219. Dharma 2005: 268, pl. 109, fig. 24. Thach 2005: 292. Dey and Ramakrishna 2007: 159, 238. Nabhitabhata 2009: 495. Poppe 2010c: 274, pl. 1132, figs 1–3. Bassina calophylla . Bosch et al. 1995: 266, fig. 1191. Subba Rao and Dey 2000: 284. Placamen calophyllum . Kilburn and Hylleberg 1998: 315. Aungtonya et al. 1999: 382. Swennen et al. 2001: 48, 92, fig. 180. Robba et al. 2002: 107, pl. 17, fig. 4. Gemert 2003: 15. Hylleberg and Kilburn 2003: 218–219. Dharma 2005: 268, pl. 109, fig. 25. Thach 2005: 292, pl. 89, fig. 11. Robba et al. 2007: 87 (appendix). Meyer et al. 2008: tables 2, 4. Sartori et al. 2008: table 1. Nabhitabhata 2009: 494. Poppe 2010c: 272, pl. 1131, figs 4–7. Sanpanich 2011: table 2. Placamen lamellatum . Huber 2010: 369, with in-text figs. Huber 2015: C18043. BEDO 2017a: 287. Tudu et al. 2018: table 1. Wells et al. 2021: 48. Clausinella calophylla . Yang et al. 2017: 222, 224, fig. 834. Clausinella tiara . Yang et al. 2017: 224, fig. 836. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-B28 (1R shell; Figs 12L, 16C).

 Habitat.

Muddy sand, sand, and shell gravels from intertidal zones down to 100 m depth (Bosch et al. 1995; Robba et al. 2002; Yang et al. 2017).

 Distribution.

Arabian Gulf and Indian Ocean; Indo-West Pacific, from Japan to Indonesia (Bosch et al. 1995; Huber 2015; Yang et al. 2017). Records of fossils from the Late Neogene to Holocene in Fiji, India, Indonesia, Japan, the Philippines and Taiwan (Robba et al. 2002).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea (Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

This species differs from its similar species, Placamen chloroticum (Philippi, 1849), by having a somewhat shallower and trigonal pallial sinus as well as more widely spaced and more raised commarginal lamellae (Robba et al. 2002).

 Order <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="order">Myida</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Stoliczka, 1870 Superfamily <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="superfamily">Myoidea</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Lamarck, 1809 Family <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="family">Corbulidae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Lamarck, 1818

Corbula Bruguière, 1797

Animalia Myida Corbulidae 47A4796C-5F26-5F47-9E8C-3298D557E914 Corbula fortisulcata Smith, 1879 Figs 12J , 16D Corbula fortisulcata Smith, 1879a: 819–820, pl. 50, fig. 23, 23b. Type locality: the Andaman Islands. Subba Rao and Dey 2000: 286. Swennen et al. 2001: 49, 97, text-fig. 212, fig. 212. Hylleberg and Kilburn 2003: 222. Poppe 2010b: 388, pl. 1189, figs 6, 7a, b. Yang et al. 2017: 240, 242, fig. 899. Surakiatchai et al. 2018: table 6, pl. 5, fig. 10a, b. Wells et al. 2021: 36. Corbula (Corbula) fortisulcata . Robba et al. 2002: 117–118, pl. 20, fig. 5. Robba et al. 2003: table 3. Robba et al. 2007: 88 (appendix). Nabhitabhata 2009: 506. Corbula (Notocorbula) cf. fortisulcata . Thach 2005: 303, pl. 91, fig. 4. Corbula (Notocorbula) fortisulcata . Huber 2010: 467, with in-text fig. Huber 2015: C22606. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-B19 (154 shells; Figs 12J, 16D).

 Habitat.

Fine sand, sandy mud and muddy bottoms at intertidal to sublittoral zones at a depth from 1 to 70 m (Huber 2015).

 Distribution.

Indian Ocean; Indo-West Pacific, from Taiwan to Australia (Huber 2015). Records of fossils from the Late Miocene in the Philippines and from the Holocene in Thailand (Robba et al. 2002; Surakiatchai et al. 2018).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea (Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

This species differs from its similar species, Corbula tunicata Reeve, 1843, by having a weaker keel on the juvenile shell part (Swennen et al. 2001).

 <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Potamocorbula">Potamocorbula</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Habe, 1955 Animalia Myida Corbulidae 61011B0B-6CEF-5E4D-8FBB-48E578CD8EFC Potamocorbula sp. Figs 12N , 16E Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-B26 (112 shells; Figs 12N, 16E).

 Habitat.

Mostly present in intertidal zones, estuarine and brackish habitats (Huber 2015).

 Distribution.

This genus is mostly distributed in the Indian Ocean and Indo-West Pacific, except for the species Potamocorbula adusta (Reeve, 1844), which is recorded only from West Africa (Huber 2015).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

These specimens are assigned to Potamocorbula based on the descriptions in Coan (2002), specifically in having smooth shells. Currently, there are a total of nine species in this genus (Huber 2015; MolluscaBase 2023), in which two species, P. fasciata (Reeve, 1843) and P. laevis (Hinds, 1843), are recorded from Thailand (Wells et al. 2021). However, our specimens have a more quadrate shell shape, probably suggesting the presence of other different species.

 Superfamily <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="superfamily">Pholadoidea</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Lamarck, 1809 Family <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="family">Pholadidae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Lamarck, 1809

Martesia Sowerby I, 1824

Animalia Myida Pholadidae 166079A8-F81B-589B-9BC4-16109CC78B8F Martesia striata (Linnaeus, 1758) Figs 12M , 16F, G Pholas striatus Linnaeus, 1758: 669. Type locality: southern Europe. Pholas (Martesia) striata . Lynge 1909: 283–284. Martesia striata . Cernohorsky 1978: 188, pl. 68, fig. 4. Morris and Purchon 1981: 327. Oliver 1992: 203, pl. 45, fig. 4a, b. Bosch et al. 1995: 279, fig. 1263. Yoosukh and Jitkaew 1997: 402, fig. 1a, b. Poutiers 1998a: 358, with in-text figs. Subba Rao and Dey 2000: 287. Swennen et al. 2001: 49, 99, fig. 223. Hylleberg and Kilburn 2003: 224. Dey and Ramakrishna 2007: 161, 252. Nabhitabhata 2009: 21, with in-text fig, 509. Haga 2010: 394, pl. 1192, figs 3, 4. Gopalakrishnan et al. 2012: 61. Okutani 2017: 1270, pl. 563, fig. 5. Yang et al. 2017: 246, fig. 914. Tudu et al. 2018: table 1. Wells et al. 2021: 37. Martesia (Martesia) striata . Robba et al. 2002: 121–122, pl. 21, fig. 7a. Thach 2005: 304, pl. 91, fig. 10. Robba et al. 2007: 23, fig. 9p; 88 (appendix). Huber 2010: 476, with in-text figs. Huber 2015: C22956. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-B14 (8L+8R shells; Figs 12M, 16F, G).

 Habitat.

Bored in old wood pilings, waterlogged tree trunks, and in driftwood but rarely in astreid corals, in soft rocks, or mangroves Rhizophora stylosa; from intertidal zones down to 20 m depth (Huber 2015).

 Distribution.

Cosmopolitan (Huber 2015). Records of fossils from the Middle Miocene to Holocene in Japan, Indonesia, New Hebrides, and Thailand (Robba et al. 2002).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea (Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

This species is recognised based on the descriptions and figures in Poutiers (1998a), Robba et al. (2002), and Huber (2010), specifically in having an outer surface bearing a radial groove at the anterior one-third of the shell, sculptured with commarginal ridges that are minutely nodose and anterior to the radial groove with nodes arranged into radial rows.

 <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pholas">Pholas</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Linnaeus, 1758 Animalia Myida Pholadidae 2AFB4845-4BEE-58AC-A5F1-F3CF05DEABE2 Pholas orientalis Gmelin, 1791 Figs 12U , 16H Pholas orientalis Gmelin, 1791: 3216. Type locality: Siam [Thailand] and Tranquebar. Morris and Purchon 1981: 327. Nateewathana 1995: 111, with in-text fig. Poutiers 1998a: 356, with in-text figs. Subba Rao and Dey 2000: 286. Swennen et al. 2001: 50, 98, fig. 219. Haga 2010: 396, pl. 1193, figs 2, 3. BEDO 2017a: 168, with in-text fig. Hylleberg and Kilburn 2003: 224. Dey and Ramakrishna 2007: 160, 251–252. Nabhitabhata 2009: 510. Gopalakrishnan et al. 2012: 61. Yang et al. 2017: 246, fig. 916. Tudu et al. 2018: table 1. Wells et al. 2021: 37. Pholas siamensis Spengler, 1792: 88–89. Type locality: the Gulf of Thailand, the mouth of the river Qweda, where it goes up to Alastav. Knudsen and Jensen 2001: 547–556, figs 1–4. Pholas (Monothyra) orientalis . Lynge 1909: 282. Aungtonya et al. 1999: 383. Robba et al. 2002: 121, pl. 21, fig. 5. Robba et al. 2003: tables 3–5. Dharma 2005: 270, pl. 110, fig. 25; 368, pl. 149, fig. 18a, b. Thach 2005: 304, pl. 91, fig. 6. Robba et al. 2007: 88 (appendix). Huber 2010: 473, with in-text fig. Huber 2015: C22846. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-B05 (26L+73R shells; Figs 12U, 16H).

 Habitat.

Boring down to 50 cm depth in peat, soft rocks, stiff clay, or sticky and soft sandy-mud bottoms rich in silt and detritus, often near river mouths, from intertidal and sublittoral zones at a depth from 1 to 30 m (Poutiers 1998a; Huber 2015).

 Distribution.

Indian Ocean; Indo-West Pacific, from Taiwan to Australia (Huber 2015). Records of fossils from the Middle Miocene to Holocene in Indonesia, Myanmar, and Thailand (Robba et al. 2002; Dharma 2005).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea (Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

This species is recognised based on the descriptions and figures in Poutiers (1998a), Swennen et al. (2001), and Robba et al. (2002), specifically in having antero-dorsal reflection that has axial supports.

 Famliy <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="family">Teredinidae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Rafinesque, 1815 Animalia Myida Teredinidae 886EC454-E3D4-5F26-81BD-698BBFF0D2D0 Teredinidae indet. Fig. 16I Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-B14-4 (83 tube pieces; Fig. 16I).

 Habitat.

Boring into submerged wood and other plant material (Poutiers 1998a).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

The calcareous burrows have a septum dividing the cavity in half, indicating that these burrows belong to the shipworm family Teredinidae (e.g., Chan and Lau 2021). Due to the absence of shells, it is impossible to assign the inhabitants to species or even genus level based on these trace fossils.

 Order <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="order">Adapedonta</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Cossmann & Peyrot, 1909 Superfamily <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="superfamily">Solenoidea</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Lamarck, 1809 Family <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="family">Pharidae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> H. Adams & A. Adams, 1856

Cultellus Schumacher, 1817

Animalia Adapedonta Pharidae 16B7560F-A473-5E25-81D9-A64F786F49B1 Cultellus maximus (Gmelin, 1791) Figs 13G , 17A Solen maximus Gmelin, 1791: 3227. Type locality: Nicobar. Solen lacteus Spengler, 1794: 94–95. Type locality: Nicobar. Cultellus lacteus . Tantanasiriwong 1979: 11. Morris and Purchon 1981: 325. Nateewathana et al. 1981: 66. Aungtonya et al. 1999: 379. Robba et al. 2002: 92, pl. 12, fig. 10. Robba et al. 2007: 86 (appendix). Nabhitabhata 2009: 423. Cultellus maximus . Subba Rao and Dey 2000: 251. Swennen et al. 2001: 47, 83, text-fig. 121, fig. 121. Huber 2010: 271, with in-text fig. Negri et al. 2014: table 3. Huber 2015: C12478. BEDO 2017a: 48, with in-text fig. Tudu et al. 2018: table 1. Wells et al. 2021: 18. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-B23 (6L+3R shells; Figs 13G, 17A).

10.3897/zookeys.1202.119389.figure17 11207282 FE38908A-07EB-5D4E-9331-B6E4E4F3A585

Bivalves and other invertebrates ACultellus maximusBSiliqua minimaCDentalium variabileDThalassina sp. EFistulobalanus kondakoviFMegabalanus cf. tintinnabulumGTemnotrema siamense.

https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1049906 Habitat.

Deeply (down to 40 cm) buried in soft mud at seaward fringes of mangrove forests or intertidal zones down to 3 m depth (Huber 2015).

 Distribution.

Indian Ocean; Indo-West Pacific, from Taiwan to Borneo Island (Huber 2015). Records of fossils from the Holocene in Thailand (Robba et al. 2002).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea (Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

Due to the large size and oblong-elliptical shape of shells (Robba et al. 2002; Huber 2010), we identified these specimens as belonging to Cultellus maximus.

 <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Siliqua">Siliqua</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Megerle von Mühlfeld, 1811 Animalia Adapedonta Pharidae FD019B7C-72B3-5B9D-B756-4298654E905F Siliqua minima (Gmelin, 1791) Figs 12I , 17B Solen minimus Gmelin, 1791: 3227. Type locality: Tranquebar. Siliqua minima . Lynge 1909: 278. Swennen et al. 2001: 47, 84, text-fig. 126, fig. 126. Robba et al: 2002: 93, pl. 12, fig. 11a, b. Robba et al. 2003: tables 3–5. Robba et al. 2007: 86 (appendix). Nabhitabhata 2009: 424. Negri et al. 2014: table 3. Yang et al. 2017: 218, fig. 822. Wells et al. 2021: 19. Siliqua cf. minima . Hylleberg and Kilburn 2003: 195–196, pl. 8, fig. 10. Thach 2005: 281. Siliqua (Neosiliqua) minima . Huber 2010: 273, with in-text fig. Huber 2015: C12603. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-B16 (6L+6R shells; Figs 12I, 17B).

 Habitat.

Sand and mud bottoms from intertidal zones down to 30 m depth (Huber 2015).

 Distribution.

Indian Ocean; Indo-West Pacific, from Japan to the Philippines (Robba et al. 2002; Huber 2015). Records of fossils from the Holocene in Thailand (Robba et al. 2002).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand (Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

This species is recognised based on the descriptions and figures in Robba et al. (2002) and Huber (2010), specifically in having an ovate-rectangular and inequilateral shell with a widely rounded and deep pallial sinus, the lower border of which coincides with the pallial line, and a thin and slightly oblique inner rib.

 Class <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="class">Scaphopoda</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Bronn, 1862 Order <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="order">Dentaliida</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Starobogatov, 1974 Family <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="family">Dentaliidae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Children, 1834

Dentalium Linnaeus, 1758

Animalia Dentaliida Dentaliidae 5FA3AAC2-469B-5BF8-8DCF-4AE2AD5A9D8F Dentalium variabile Deshayes, 1826 Figs 12H , 17C Dentalium variabile Deshayes, 1826: 352–353, pl. 16, fig. 30. Type locality: possibly India. Scarabino 1995: 200–201, fig. 16d, e. Robba et al. 2003: tables 1, 3–5. Robba et al. 2004: 13, pl. 1, fig. 1. Steiner and Kabat 2004: 660. Chaiwathee et al. 2007: table 1. Robba et al. 2007: 89 (appendix). Sahlmann and Poppe 2010: 406, pl. 1198, fig. 8. Negri et al. 2014: tables 3, 4. Wells et al. 2021: 164. Dentalium (Lentigodentalium) variabile . Dey and Ramakrishna 2007: 162, 257. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-O01 (48 shells; Figs 12H, 17C).

 Habitat.

Mud bottoms from a depth of 10–75 m (Robba et al. 2004).

 Distribution.

Indo-West Pacific, from Japan to Reunion Island and New Caledonia. Records of fossils from the Quaternary in Thailand (Robba et al. 2004).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand (Wells et al. 2021).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

This species is recognised based on the descriptions and figures in Scarabino (1995) and Robba et al. (2004), specifically in having a polygonal cross-section of apex and a circular aperture. See also comprehensive taxonomic remarks in Scarabino (1995).

 Phylum <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="phylum">Arthropoda</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name>

Subphylum Crustacea Brünnich, 1772

Class Malacostraca Latreille, 1802

Order Decapoda Latreille, 1802

Family <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="family">Thalassinidae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Latreille, 1831

Thalassina Latreille, 1806

Animalia Decapoda Thalassinidae 69AD01A2-762F-5798-82F7-8EAEDD689F08 Thalassina sp. Figs 13I , 17D Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-O09 (130 pieces; Figs 13I, 17D).

 Habitat.

Littoral and sublittoral zones, mangrove swamps and forests, and edges of estuaries (Ngoc-Ho and de Saint Laurent 2009).

 Distribution.

Indo-West Pacific, from Japan to Australia (Hyžný and de Angeli 2022). Records of fossils from the Miocene to Holocene in Indo-West Pacific, and from the Oligocene in Italy (Hyžný and de Angeli 2022).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

These specimens are assigned to Thalassina based on descriptions in Ngoc-Ho and de Saint Laurent (2009), Sakai and Türkay (2012), and Hyžný and de Angeli (2022), specifically in having a subchelate pereiopod 1 with its propodus having dorsomesially tuberculated or spinuous carinae. There is a total of 13 species within this genus (Hyžný and de Angeli 2022), in which three species, T. anomala (Herbst, 1804), T. gracilis Dana, 1852, and T. squamifera De Man, 1915, are recorded from Thailand (Ngoc-Ho and de Saint Laurent 2009; Sakai and Türkay 2012) (but see the comment on the record of T. squamifera in Thailand in Moh et al. (2013)). However, the pereiopod 1 observed in our specimens is shorter and has a more quadrate shape. The dactylus that has a hooked tip is nearly as long as the fixed finger, suggesting an as yet unidentified species.

 Class <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subclass">Thecostraca</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Gruvel, 1905 Subclass <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="infraclass">Cirripedia</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Burmeister, 1834 Order <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="suborder">Balanomorpha</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Pilsbry, 1916 Family <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="family">Balanidae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Leach, 1817

Subfamily Amphibalaninae Pitombo, 2004

Fistulobalanus Zullo, 1984

Animalia Balanomorpha Balanidae D8017453-C481-522D-B58C-5272C75BB477 Fistulobalanus kondakovi (Tarasov & Zevina, 1957) Figs 12K , 17E Balanus amphitrite var. kondakovi Tarasov & Zevina, 1957: 179, 191, fig. 76a–d. Type locality: Japan. Balanus kondakovi . Henry and Mclaughlin 1975: 114–123, text-figs 21, 22b, c, f; pl. 2, figs a–m. Yamaguchi 1977a: pl. 19, figs 6, 7; pl. 20, figs 4, 8, 12; pl. 21, fig. 4; pl. 22, figs 13–18. Yamaguchi 1977b: 176, 178, text-fig. 18. Kim and Kim 1980: 176, pl. 6, figs 1–8. Yamaguchi 1980: tables 1, 2. Jones et al. 2000: 279. Puspasari et al. 2000: tables 1, 2. Kim 2011: 119–121, fig. 64. Balanus amphitrite kondakovi . Rosell 1973: 88, fig. 8a–j. Newman and Ross 1976: 63. Fistulobalanus kondakovi . Zullo 1984: 1330. Pitombo 2004: 275. Prabowo and Yamaguchi 2005: table 3, fig. 3f. Chan et al. 2009: 248–251, figs 214–217. Jones and Hosie 2016: 287–288. Kepel’ 2018: 50–51, fig. 1. Kim 2020: 75–78, figs 48, 49, table 2. Karasawa and Kobayashi 2022: 71, pl. 5, fig. 10a, b. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-O06-1 (217 individuals; Figs 12K, 17E).

 Habitat.

Attached to hard substrates, mainly shells of oysters and gastropod molluscs and stalks of seaweed, as well as wooden piles and supports, bamboo, various objects installed under water on muddy beds for oyster culture, and buoys, in freshened closed inner parts of bays and estuarine coastal areas, from intertidal to subtidal zones (Henry and Mclaughlin 1975; Chan et al. 2009; Kepel’ 2018).

 Distribution.

Indian Ocean; Indo-West Pacific, from Japan to New Zealand (Henry and Mclaughlin 1975; Puspasari et al. 2000; Jones and Hosie 2016). Records of fossils from the Pleistocene and Holocene in Japan (Yamaguchi 1977b; Karasawa and Kobayashi 2022).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand (Henry and Mclaughlin 1975; Puspasari et al. 2000).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

The subfamily Amphibalaninae was erected to incorporate most of the species under the Balanus amphitrite complex/group (Pitombo 2004). Currently, there are a total of six species from this subfamily recorded from Thailand: Amphibalanus amphitrite (Darwin, 1854), A. reticulatus (Utinomi, 1967), A. thailandicus (Puspasari, Yamaguchi & Angsupanich, 2001), A. variegatus (Darwin, 1854), Fistulobalanus kondakovi (Tarasov & Zevina, 1957), and F. patelliformis (Bruguière, 1789) (Henry and Mclaughlin 1975; Puspasari et al. 2000, 2001; Pochai et al. 2017). The presence of two or more rows of parietal tubes on shell walls assigns these specimens to the genus Fistulobalanus (Zullo 1984; Chan et al. 2009). We attribute these specimens to F. kondakovi because of the smooth outer surface of shells without any longitudinal ribs (Henry and Mclaughlin 1975; Chan et al. 2009; Kim 2011; Kepel’ 2018).

 Subfamily <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subfamily">Megabalaninae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Leach, 1817 <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Megabalanus">Megabalanus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Hoek, 1913 Animalia Balanomorpha Balanidae DD1F6532-D76E-5BCF-94C8-3115E08B5FC0 Megabalanus cf. tintinnabulum (Linnaeus, 1758) Figs 13F , 17F cf.Lepas tintinnabulum Linnaeus, 1758: 668. Type locality: Amboina, Indonesia [lectotype designation by Henry and McLaughlin (1986)]. cf.Balanus (Megabalanus) tintinnabulum tintinnabulum . Pilsbry 1916: 55–57, pl. 10, fig. 1, 1e. Hiro 1939: 258, fig. 7a–b. cf.Balanus tintinnabulum var. tintinnabulum . Oliveira 1941: 11–14, text-fig. 1, pl. 2, figs. 1, 2; pl. 4, fig. 1; pl. 5, fig. 3; pl. 8, fig. 6. cf.Balanus tintinnabulum . Holthuis and Heerebout 1972: 24–31, pl. 1, fig. a–e. cf.Megabalanus tintinnabulum . Newman and Ross 1976: 68. Henry and McLaughlin 1986: 17–21, figs 1e, 2a, g, h, 3a–c, 5a–l. Jones et al. 2000: 282. Pitombo 2004: 275. Lozano-Cortés and Londoño-Cruz 2013: 466–467. Jones and Hosie 2016: 289–290. Pochai et al. 2017: 28–29, fig. 11 Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-O06-2 (2 individuals; Figs 13F, 17F).

 Habitat.

Attached on low exposed rocky shores in littoral areas, ship bottoms, and floating pontoons (Chan et al. 2009; Jones and Hosie 2016)

 Distribution.

Cosmopolitan (Jones and Hosie 2016).

 Record in Thailand.

Andaman Sea (Pochai et al. 2017). This is the first record of this species from Gulf of Thailand.

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

These specimens are tentatively identified as belonging to Megabalanus tintinnabulum based on the descriptions and figures in Henry and McLaughlin (1986), Chan et al. (2009), and Pochai et al. (2017), specifically in having large cylindrical shells with smooth parietal surfaces and without spines.

 Phylum <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="phylum">Echinodermata</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name>

Class Echinoidea Schumacher, 1817

Order Camarodonta Jackson, 1912

Family <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="family">Temnopleuridae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Agassiz, 1872

Temnotrema Agassiz, 1864

Animalia Balanomorpha Temnopleuridae 4AE1C2E0-56B4-5B3A-8695-C152F62CE1C0 Temnotrema siamense (Mortensen, 1904) Figs 12T , 17G Pleurechinus siamensis Mortensen, 1904: 79–82, pl. 1, figs 2, 7, 11, 20; pl. 2, figs 2, 9, 14, 15, 22; pl. 6, figs 16, 36; pl. 7, figs 14, 44, 53. Type locality: Koh Mesan, 3–15 fathoms; Koh Chuen, 15–38 faths.; Koh Kram, 20–30 faths.; Koh Kahdat, 10 faths. Temnotrema siamense . Clark 1925: 92. Mortensen 1940: 45. Mortensen and Gislén 1940: 103. Mortensen 1943: 259–262, fig. 139. Clark and Rowe 1971: 155. Price 1981: 8. Liao 1998: table 1. Lane et al. 2000: 485. Samyn 2003: table 2. Marsh and Morrison 2004: tables 1, 2, 5. Gopalakrishnan et al. 2012: 32. Filander and Griffiths 2014: 53. Schultz 2015: 258, 263–264, fig. 4.169b, c. Arachchige et al. 2017: table 3. Putchakarn 2018: 57, table 1. Arachchige et al. 2019: table 1. Köhler 2020: 9, 72–73, pl. 14, figs 11, 14. Mucharin and Sumitrakij 2022: 6, pl. 4, fig. 1. Temnotrema siamensis . Putchakarn and Sonchaeng 2004: table 1. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-O02 (23 shells; Figs 12T, 17G).

 Habitat.

Coarse and high energy subtidal sand from a depth of 5–350 m (Price 1981; Schultz 2015).

 Distribution.

Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean; Indo-West Pacific, from South China Sea to Australia (Mortensen 1904; Price 1981; Schultz 2015; Arachchige et al. 2019).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea (Putchakarn and Sonchaeng 2004).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

This species is recognised based on the descriptions and figures in Mortensen (1904), Clark and Rowe (1971) and Schultz (2015), specifically in having deep horizontal grooves in ambulacral and interambulacral plates and in lacking a horizontal series of tubercles.

 Phylum <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="phylum">Chordata</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name>

Subphylum Vertebrata Lamarck, 1801

Class Chondrichthyes Huxley, 1880

Subcohort Selachimorpha Nelson, 1984

Superorder Galeomorphii Compagno, 1973

Order Carcharhiniformes Compagno, 1977

Family <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="family">Carcharhinidae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Jordan & Evermann, 1896

Carcharhinus Blainville, 1816

Animalia Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae 8B09989A-9F12-503D-8C03-619A738CCDF3 Carcharhinus cf. amblyrhynchoides (Whitley, 1934) Fig. 18A–E cf.Gillisqualus amblyrhynchoides Whitley, 1934: 189–191, text-fig. 4. Type locality: Cape Bowling Green, Queensland. cf.Carcharhinus amblyrhynchoides . Compagno 1984: 458–459, with in-text figs. Krajangdara et al. 2022: 49, with in-text figs. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-S3-2 (Fig. 18A–E) (1 upper tooth).

10.3897/zookeys.1202.119389.figure18 11207284 2B5133E4-6773-5C42-8CB8-8C3FAAD8DE09

Carcharhinid shark teeth A–ECarcharhinus cf. amblyrhynchoides, specimen CUF-NKNY-S3-2 in A lingual B labial C mesial D distal and E apical views F–JCarcharhinus cf. amblyrhynchos, specimen CUF-NKNY-S3-10 in F lingual G labial H mesial I distal and J apical views.

https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1049907 Description.

The crown of CUF-NKNY-S3-2 is triangular and erect with fine serrations and displays well-developed heels mesially and distally. Its lingual face is distinctly more convex than the labial one. Its base presents a damaged lingual face.

 Habitat.

Tropical, inshore and offshore, coastal-pelagic species, found over the continental and insular shelves (Compagno 1984).

 Distribution.

Gulf of Aden and Indian Ocean; Indo-West Pacific, from southern China to Australia (Compagno 1984).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea (Compagno 1984; Krajangdara et al. 2022).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

The specimen CUF-NKNY-S3-2 represents an anterior upper tooth. Several species of Carcharhinus have similar upper teeth in terms of morphology. Additional teeth and larger assemblages are needed for a more precise identification. Nevertheless, the tooth most resembles the upper teeth of C. amblyrhynchoides (Garrick 1982: fig. 20). Male individuals of C. brachyurus have somewhat similar upper teeth (Garrick 1982: fig. 51), but the mesial cutting edge of their crown is often more convex. Carcharhinus limbatus also shows the same characters, but the serration on the cusps at the base of the crown is much finer (Bass et al. 1973: pl. 5; Garrick 1982: fig. 18). The pattern of serration also resembles that of the lower teeth of C. sorrah, although in the latter, the base of the root is more concave and the heels of the crown are better developed, the teeth being longer mesio-distally than high baso-apically (Voigt and Weber 2011). Regarding the fossil record in Southeast Asia, similar teeth have been reported from the Late Miocene deposits of Brunei in Borneo (Kocsis et al. 2019).

 Animalia Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae D06B8C38-5391-5FB5-99A3-61708ABF306E Carcharhinus cf. amblyrhynchos (Bleeker, 1856) Fig. 18F–J cf.Carcharias (Prionodon) amblyrhynchos Bleeker, 1856: 467–468. Type locality: Java Sea near Solombo Island. cf.Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos . Compagno 1984: 459–461, with in-text figs. Krajangdara et al. 2022: 49, with in-text figs. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-S3-10 (Fig. 18F–J) (1 upper tooth).

 Description.

The crown of CUF-NKNY-S3-10 displays a rather narrow main cusp with well-developed heels. The main cusp is regularly serrated, with an almost straight mesial edge and a distal one that is slightly concave. It is thus inclined distally. The labial side of the main cusp is nearly flat, whereas the lingual one is convex. Both the mesial and distal heels of the crown are poorly preserved and their serration pattern cannot thus be observed. The base of the root is concave and the nutritive groove on the bulged lingual face is poorly developed or heavily worn. The labial face of the root is nearly flat.

 Habitat.

Continental and insular shelves and adjacent oceanic waters (Compagno 1984).

 Distribution.

Indo-western to Central Pacific (Compagno 1984).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea (Compagno 1984; Krajangdara et al. 2022).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

The general shape of the crown, the regular serration of the main cusp, and the arched root are reminiscent of C. amblyrhynchos (Bass et al. 1973; Garrick 1982; Kocsis et al. 2019; Malyshkina et al. 2023), but the poorly preserved heels of the teeth make a definite identification difficult to ascertain.

 Animalia Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae E7690BD5-42BA-5654-9AA1-C756636609DE Carcharhinus cf. leucas (Valenciennes, 1839) Fig. 19 cf.Carcharias (Prionodon) leucas Valenciennes in Müller & Henle, 1839: 42–43. Type locality: Antilles. cf.Carcharhinus leucas . Compagno 1984: 478–481, with in-text figs. Krajangdara et al. 2022: 52, with in-text figs. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-Q04 (Fig. 19A–I), CUF-NKNY-SA-1 (Fig. 19J–N), CUF-NKNY-SB-3, CUF-NKNY-SC-5 (4 upper teeth).

10.3897/zookeys.1202.119389.figure19 11207288 FD5B6DB1-2647-5B3F-8110-8EE3340ECF20

Carcharhinid shark teeth - Carcharhinus cf. leucasA–I specimen CUF-NKNY-Q04 in A lingual B labial and C–F different apical views G–I close-ups on the serrations of the distal cutting edge at the level of G distal heel and mesial cutting edge at the level of H upper part of the cusp and I heel. J–N specimen CUF-NKNY-SA-1 in J lingual K labial L mesial M distal and N apical views.

https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1049909 Description.

Crowns show well-developed serrations, becoming larger and more complex in the basal part of the distal side of the crown. In labial or lingual view, the mesial side is almost straight, whereas the distal one is concave in its lower third. The outline of the base of the crown is more concave on the lingual face than on the labial one. The root is deep, slightly concave at its base, and does not display a nutritive groove in lingual view.

 Habitat.

Close inshore in reef-associated marine habitats, mostly in water less than 30 m depth (Compagno 1984; Krajangdara et al. 2022).

 Distribution.

Cosmopolitan in tropical and subtropical seas, but also reported from estuaries and rivers, tolerant of freshwater conditions (Compagno 1984).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea (Compagno 1984; Krajangdara et al. 2022).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

Teeth of C. amboiensis are very similar to those of C. leucas so that it is very difficult to differentiate them (Kocsis et al. 2019). As a result, ten incomplete teeth may belong either to C. leucas or C. amboiensis: CUF-NKNY-S2-1, CUF-NKNY-S3-9, CUF-NKNY-S5-1, CUF-NKNY-S5-5, CUF-NKNY-SA-6, CUF-NKNY-SB-2, CUF-NKNY-SC-10, CUF-NKNY-SD-7, CUF-NKNY-SE-3 and CUF-NKNY-SE-9.

 Animalia Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae 3DD7E5A2-F581-585F-8F44-409AF7A277F5 Carcharhinus cf. sorrah (Valenciennes, 1839) Fig. 20 cf.Carcharias (Prionodon) sorrah Valenciennes in Müller & Henle, 1839: 45–46, pl. 16. Type locality: Java. cf.Carcharhinus sorrah . Compagno 1984: 500–501, with in-text figs. Krajangdara et al. 2022: 57, with in-text figs. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-3.1 (Fig. 20A–G), CUF-NKNY-3.2 (Fig. 20H–N) (2 upper teeth).

10.3897/zookeys.1202.119389.figure20 11207292 A54C22D9-BE7A-5EBA-A6C4-F8D372F7A550

Carcharhinid shark teeth - Carcharhinus cf. sorrahA–G specimen CUF-NKNY-3.1 A lingual B apical C labial D mesial and E distal views F, G close-ups of the serration F on the distal heel and G on the middle part of the cusp mesial cutting-edge H–N specimen CUF-NKNY-3.2 H lingual I apical J labial K mesial and L distal views M close-up of the serration on the lower part of the mesial cutting-edge and N close-up of the serration between the heel and the base of the distal cutting edge.

https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1049910 Description.

The crown is compressed labio-lingually. The labial face is slightly flatter than the lingual one. The cusp is inclined distally and presents a notch on its distal part. The serrations do not reach the apex of the main cusp and are enlarged, becoming more complex basally, especially on the distal heel. The mesial edge of the crown is almost straight in labial or lingual view. The base of the root is slightly concave in lingual or labial view. There is a well-developed groove with a nutritive foramen at the base of the root in lingual view.

 Habitat.

Coastal, shallow-water zones of the continental and insular shelves, primarily around coral reefs at intertidal zones down to 73 m depth (Compagno 1984; Krajangdara et al. 2022).

 Distribution.

Red Sea and Indian Ocean; Indo-West Pacific, from China to Australia (Compagno 1984).

 Record in Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea (Compagno 1984; Krajangdara et al. 2022).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

Some upper teeth of C. sorrah appear to display a mesial cutting edge slightly more convex than on our specimens, but this character is known to depend on ontogenetic stages and the position of the teeth in the jaw (e.g., Bass et al. 1973: pl. 13; Garrick 1982: fig. 76). Juveniles of C. dussumieri may have upper teeth with similar characteristics, but the distal cutting edge of the main cusp is not serrated. This latter character appears in larger specimens, but the mesial cutting edge of the main cusp becomes slightly concave. In addition, the distal heels and the distal root lobe of the fossil teeth are more elongated than the upper teeth of C. dussumieri (White 2012).

 Animalia Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae 139C1F54-2D6C-59FE-9455-E0F1356CD1BC Carcharhinus spp. Figs 21 , 22 Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-16.1 (Fig. 21A–G), CUF-NKNY-S2 (Fig. 21H–L), CUF-NKNY-S3-4, CUF-NKNY-S3-8, CUF-NKNY-S4-7 (5 lower teeth), CUF-NKNY-S1 (Fig. 22A–H), CUF-NKNY-S3-7 (two upper teeth).

 Description.

The specimens CUF-NKNY-16.1, CUF-NKNY-S3-4, CUF-NKNY-S3-8, and CUF-NKNY-S4-7 display a narrow main cusp that is inclined lingually. Their labial face is flatter than the lingual one. The serrations are well-developed in the upper two-third of the cusp. The serrations appear to be very fine on the mesial and distal heels in CUF-NKNY-16.1, CUF-NKNY-S3-4, and CUF-NKNY-S3-8, but the serrations are damaged in CUF-NKNY-S4-7. The root is well preserved only in CUF-NKNY-S3-4 and CUF-NKNY-S3-8, both of which display a slightly arched base, a moderately bulged lingual face with a nutritive foramen in its centre in CUF-NKNY-S3-4 and a faint nutritive groove in CUF-NKNY-S3-4. The specimen CUF-NKNY-S2 is asymmetric, with a mesial heel almost twice as elongated as the distal one and displays a sigmoid main cusp in labial or lingual view as well as in mesial or distal view, separated from the distal heel by a notch. The heels are serrated, but the main cusp is smooth. This tooth appears quite bulbous in mesial or distal view, being less compressed labio-lingually than the specimens described above. There is a well-developed nutritive groove on the root in lingual view, forming a basal notch in labial view.

10.3897/zookeys.1202.119389.figure21 11207294 93563907-5690-5212-B46B-796C702F01A0

Carcharhinid shark teeth - Carcharhinus spp. A–G specimen CUF-NKNY-16.1 in A lingual B labial C mesial D distal and E, F apical views G close-ups of the serration on the upper part of the cusp mesial cutting edge in lingual view H–L specimen CUF-NKNY-S2 in H labial I apical J lingual K mesial and L distal views.

https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1049911

A heavily worn tooth (CUF-NKNY-S3-7) is better attributed to an upper tooth. The lingual and distal faces of the crown are strongly damaged and a part of the distal end of the root is missing. The serration is only preserved in the middle part of the mesial cutting edge and appears to be quite regular. The root has a basal face slightly arched with a well-developed nutritive groove on its lingual face, forming a notch at the base of the root in labial view.

10.3897/zookeys.1202.119389.figure22 11207296 E62C32E3-B8A8-59C9-AEE4-7A0F2F2E3CEE

Carcharhinid shark teeth - Carcharhinus sp. A–H specimen CUF-NKNY-S1 in A lingual B labial C mesial D distal and E, F apical views G, H close-ups on the serration G at mid-height of the cusp mesial cutting-edge and H at the level of the distal heel and base of the cusp.

https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1049912

Another upper tooth, CUF-NKNY-S1, displays a crown with a quite coarse, irregular serration pattern nearly reaching the apex of the main cusp. The latter is bent lingually and slightly inclined distally. Its root shows a well-developed nutritive groove in lingual view, forming a notch at the base of the root in labial view. Apart from this notch, the base is almost straight.

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

Lower teeth of C. amblyrhynchos (C. wheeleri in Garrick (1982): fig 51) display features similar to the specimen CUF-NKNY-16.1. They are characterised by a narrow main cusp that displays serrations ending at mid-height. Some of the lower teeth of C. longimanus also have these morphological patterns, though their crown is often more robust and wider at their base (Bass et al. 1973: pl. 17; Garrick 1982: fig. 70). Nevertheless, teeth very similar to the specimens CUF-NKNY-16.1, CUF-NKNY-S3-4, CUF-NKNY-S3-8, and CUF-NKNY-S4-7 from the Pliocene of Italy were attributed to C. longimanus (Marsili 2007).

The sigmoid crown of the specimen CUF-NKNY-S2 is reminiscent of the posterior lower teeth of C. borneensis and C. tjutjot (Voigt and Weber 2011). The dentition attributed to C. dussumieri by Voigt and Weber (2011) belongs in fact to C. tjutjot (White 2012). A sigmoid cusp, when present, is less developed in C. sealei and C. sorrah (Voigt and Weber 2011), and the distal heel is coarsely serrated in C. coatesi (White 2012). The morphology of the crown recalls that of Rhizoprionodon, but in the latter genus, the distal heel is often more convex than in the specimen CUF-NKNY-S2 (Cappetta 2012: fig. 283; Carrillo-Briceño et al. 2015). This set of lower teeth is therefore attributed to the genus Carcharhinus but represents more than a single species, whereas the specimen CUF-NKNY-S3-7 is poorly preserved. Moreover, the posterior part is only preserved in the specimen CUF-NKNY-S1 and this does not allow us to reach the species-level identification.

There are 27 species of the genus Carcharhinus reported from the Southeast Asian region (Froese and Pauly 2024), and at least 20 taxa were recorded in Thai waters (Krajangdara et al. 2022) including all the ones mentioned above.

 <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Glyphis">Glyphis</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Agassiz, 1843 Animalia Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae 44784C07-4B7A-539A-9DC9-DFD6F86D17CD Glyphis sp. Figs 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-8.2 (Fig. 23A–H), CUF-NKNY-Q03 (Fig. 24A–H), CUF-NKNY-S5-2, CUF-NKNY-S5-4, CUF-NKNY-S5-6, CUF-NKNY-S5-7, CUF-NKNY-SA-2 to 5, CUF-NKNY-SA-7, CUF-NKNY-SA-8, CUF-NKNY-SB-1, CUF-NKNY-SB-4 to 9, CUF-NKNY-SC-1, CUF-NKNY-SC-3 (Fig. 25A–E), CUF-NKNY-SC-4, CUF-NKNY-SC-6, CUF-NKNY-SC-8, CUF-NKNY-SC-9, CUF-NKNY-SD1 to 3 (Fig. 25F–J), CUF-NKNY-SD6, CUF-NKNY-SD-8 to 10, CUF-NKNY-SE1 to 2, CUF-NKNY-SE-4 to 7, CUF-NKNY-SE-10 to 15, CUF-NKNY-SE-17 to 18 (46 upper teeth), CUF-NKNY-14 (Fig. 26A–H), CUF-NKNY-S1-1 to 4 (Fig. 26I–M), CUF-NKNY-S3-1 (Fig. 27A–E), CUF-NKNY-S3-5 to 6 (Fig. 27F–J), CUF-NKNY-S4-1 to 2 (Fig. 28A–E), CUF-NKNY-S4-4 to 6 (Fig. 28F–J) (13 lower teeth).

10.3897/zookeys.1202.119389.figure23 11207298 F586491E-53E1-5774-BAF9-30982141A863

Carcharhinid shark teeth - Glyphis sp. specimen CUF-NKNY-8.2, upper lateral tooth in A lingual B labial C mesial D distal and E apical views F–H close-ups of the serration F at the base of the cusp mesial cutting-edge, G at the tip of the cusp and H on the distal heel.

https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1049913 10.3897/zookeys.1202.119389.figure24 11207300 0D5549AD-EAC2-5EFA-BE04-DC283563BDF8

Carcharhinid shark teeth - Glyphis sp. specimen CUF-NKNY-Q03, upper anterior tooth in A lingual B labial C mesial D distal and E apical views F–H close-ups of the serration F at the base, G in the middle and H in the upper part of the cusp mesial cutting-edge.

https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1049914 10.3897/zookeys.1202.119389.figure25 11207302 AB1F3DB9-5344-5EC7-9868-B1C9D4C2EA0E

Carcharhinid shark teeth - Glyphis sp. A–E specimen CUF-NKNY-SC-3, upper anterolateral tooth in A lingual B labial C mesial D distal and E apical views F–J specimen CUF-NKNY-SD-3, upper lateral tooth in F lingual G labial H mesial I distal and J apical views.

https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1049915 10.3897/zookeys.1202.119389.figure26 11207304 9090C696-5869-59BB-815D-70EFBEFB4DEE

Carcharhinid shark teeth - Glyphis sp. A–H specimen CUF-NKNY-14, lower tooth in A lingual B labial C mesial D distal and E apical views F–H close-ups on the serration F on the distal heel, G at the base of the cusp distal cutting-edge and H in the middle part of the cusp mesial cutting-edge I–M specimen CUF-NKNY-S1-2, lower anterior tooth in I lingual J labial K mesial L distal and M apical views.

https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1049916 10.3897/zookeys.1202.119389.figure27 11207306 8431EA05-2765-5C2E-82AE-1FAED17A9DE0

Carcharhinid shark teeth - Glyphis sp. A–E specimen CUF-NKNY-S3-1, lower tooth in A lingual B labial C mesial D distal and E apical views F–J specimen CUF-NKNY-S3-6, lower tooth in F lingual G labial H mesial I distal and J apical views.

https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1049917 10.3897/zookeys.1202.119389.figure28 11207310 B2469BA4-25FF-5A0B-A88C-BF91C727D04A

Carcharhinid shark teeth - Glyphis sp. A–E specimen CUF-NKNY-S4-1, lower tooth in A lingual B labial C mesial D distal and E apical views F–J specimen CUF-NKNY-S4-4, lower anterior tooth in F lingual G labial H mesial I distal and J apical views.

https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1049918 Description.

Many teeth are poorly preserved. The crown of the upper teeth is triangular in outline, with a concavity at the base on both the mesial and distal sides in labial and lingual view, although the distal one is better marked, especially in anterior teeth (CUF-NKNY-S5-7). The serrations are quite fine and homogeneous in size along the cutting edges. The crown is strongly compressed labio-lingually and may be slightly curved lingually. When being broken, the crown displays a pulp cavity compressed labio-lingually, indicating an orthodont tooth histology (CUF-NKNY-SE-11). The base of the root is slightly concave in labial or lingual view. A well-developed nutritive groove and/or a nutritive foramen may be present on the lower half of the lingual side of the root.

The lower teeth may reach 40 mm in height. They are narrower and less compressed labio-lingually than the upper ones. The enameloid is smooth and the labial face of the crown is flatter than the lingual one. The main cusp is inclined lingually, sometimes with a sigmoid outline (CUF-NKNY-S4-2, CUF-NKNY-S4-5). Three different crown morphologies are noted. (1) On the specimens CUF-NKNY-S1-1, CUF-NKNY-S1-2, and CUF-NKNY-S1-4, the crown is devoid of heels and the tip of the main cusp is spearhead-shaped, the latter being regularly serrated, whereas the rest of the crown is smooth. (2) The specimens CUF-NKNY-S4-1 and CUF-NKNY-S4-4 have a narrow and upright triangular main cusp devoid of serration, showing a tiny accessory cusplet on each side of the main cusp in CUF-NKNY-S4-4 or only lingually in CUF-NKNY-S4-1. (3) On the specimen CUF-NKNY-S3-6, the main cusp is also upright, narrow, triangular in shape, and serrated on their mesial and distal edges. Well-developed heels are present on each side of the main cusp, separated from the latter by a notch. The heel is sometimes less marked on the mesial side (CUF-NKNY-S3-1). The heels display less developed serration than on the main cusp. Many teeth belonging to this morphotype display a broken apex of the main cusp (CUF-NKNY-14).

The root displays a bulged lingual face. It is more massive and more arched in spearhead-shaped teeth than in heeled ones. There is a nutritive groove in the lingual side of the root with a nutritive foramen in its middle part that can be observed in most of the teeth. The specimen CUF-NKNY-S1-1 displays a double groove.

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

Upper anterior teeth (CUF-NKNY-Q03) are more erect and narrower than the lateral ones (CUF-NKNY-8.2). Lower teeth with a spearhead-shaped apex correspond to the larger teeth in our sample, in agreement with the fact that this morphology is known only in anterior teeth of adult specimens of Glyphis glyphis and G. garricki. However, lateral teeth of these species display serrated heels and teeth of juveniles can display a pair of tiny lateral cusplets (Compagno et al. 2008; White et al. 2015). As a result, the three lower tooth morphotypes described above could be encountered into a single species during its ontogeny. Otherwise, it could indicate the presence of more than one species, possibly three: G. glyphis, G. garricki, and G. gangeticus, as the latter species often possesses anterior lower teeth with tiny lateral cusplets but lacks the spearhead-shaped apex (Roberts 2006; Cappetta 2012). Consequently, the teeth described above are left in open nomenclature as Glyphis sp. This taxon appears to be most common in the studied fauna, although the discrepancies between the number of upper and lower teeth recovered suggest some degree of collecting bias.

The genus is specific to the Indo-West Pacific tropical region and often referred as “river shark” due to its habitat in or nearby rivers and estuaries. They are quite rare, hence difficult to study. Five living species are known (Froese and Pauly 2024), but DNA analyses suggest that some of these are conspecific (Li et al. 2015). On the other hand, teeth of Glyphis are often recorded from Southeast Asia (Shimada et al. 2016; Kocsis et al. 2019 and references therein).

 <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Scoliodon">Scoliodon</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Müller & Henle, 1837 Animalia Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae 6A68C781-AADF-5C3F-9FB3-048E6C15F303 Scoliodon cf. laticaudus Müller & Henle, 1838 Fig. 29 cf.Carcharias (Scoliodon) laticaudus Müller & Henle, 1838: 28–29, pl. 8. Type locality: India. cf.Scoliodon laticaudus . Compagno 1984: 534–535, with in-text figs. Krajangdara et al. 2022: 62, with in-text figs. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-S3–S5 (Fig. 29A–O) (3 teeth).

10.3897/zookeys.1202.119389.figure29 11207312 303672E0-055E-50C2-98FE-066F76D7F088

Carcharhinid shark teeth - Scoliodon cf. laticaudusA–E specimen CUF-NKNY-S3, lower anterolateral tooth in A lingual B labial C mesial D distal and E apical views F–J specimen CUF-NKNY-S4, upper anterior-anterolateral tooth in F lingual G labial H mesial I distal and J apical views K–O specimen CUF-NKNY-S5, parasymphyseal tooth in K lingual L labial M mesial N distal and O apical views.

https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1049919 Description.

The specimen CUF-NKNY-S3 is a small and elongated tooth with a low crown and a worn off root. The mesial cutting edge is concave and smooth and continues along the mesial heel. The distal edge of the crown is convex and separated by a notch from a distinct distal heel.

The specimen CUF-NKNY-S4 is a well-preserved tooth, with a crown strongly curved distally. The mesial cutting edge is sinusoid, starting convex, then becoming concave towards the apex. The apex of the crown overhangs distally the basal part of the tooth. The distal cutting edge is also sinusoid, though less so than the mesial one, and it is separated by a distinct notch from a well-developed distal heel. The enameloid of the crown extends more basally on the labial side of the tooth. The root is thick and the lobes run rather horizontally. It bears a well-developed and deep nutritive groove in the centre.

The cusp of the specimen CUF-NKNY-S5 is strongly sigmoid in labial and lingual view, and similar to that of CUF-NKNY-S4, but its cusp is narrower and less wide at the base, with more apparent mesial heels. The cutting edge is smooth and does not reach the apex of the cusp on its mesial side. The heels of the crown display faint serrations. The root is asymmetric and projected lingually and distally. There is a well-defined groove distally on the lingual side of the basal face, forming a deep notch in apical view.

 Habitat.

Tropical zones of continental and insular shelves close to inshore, frequently in rocky areas (Compagno 1984).

 Distribution.

Indian Ocean; Indo-West Pacific, from Japan to Indonesia (Compagno 1984).

 Record in Thailand.

Andaman Sea (Krajangdara et al. 2022).

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

The three teeth best fit the dentition of the modern species S. laticaudus (spadenose shark). The specimen CUF-NKNY-S5 has a slender sigmoidal cusp and its mesial cutting edge does not reach the apex. It displays an asymmetric root, corresponding perfectly to a parasymphyseal tooth of a male specimen (Herman et al. 1991). The specimen CUF-NKNY-S4 likely represents an upper anterior-anterolateral tooth, whereas the specimen CUF-NKNY-S3 is probably a lower anterolateral tooth (see Springer 1964: fig. 3a). White et al. (2010) recognised another species, S. macrorhynchos, in the Western Pacific, meanwhile a molecular study also indicates the possible third Scoliodon species from the region (Lim et al. 2022), hence these fossil teeth are described in open nomenclature.

It may be mentioned that the specimen CUF-NKNY-S3 also resembles that of the lower anterolateral teeth of other common sharks in Southeast Asia (Krajangdara et al. 2022) such as Loxodon macrorhinus (sliteye shark) and two Rhizoprionodon species, R. acutus (milk shark) and R. oligolinx (grey sharpnose shark). For the teeth of Loxodon, the apex of the crown is higher and somewhat aligned in a more distal position than that of the specimen CUF-NKNY-S3 (Springer 1964: fig. 4; Bass et al. 1975: pl. 8). The teeth of R. oligolinx seem to have a less concave mesial cutting edge (Springer 1964: fig. 13), whereas for R. acutus, the distal heel appears less elongated and vertically higher, but a clear distinction is difficult here (Springer 1964: fig. 6; Bass et al. 1975: pl. 9).

 Animalia Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae F043912A-7B9B-5DEE-8F6D-472D24770C0B Carcharhinidae indet. Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-S3-3, CUF-NKNY-S4-3, CUF-NKNY-S5-3, CUF-NKNY-SC-2, CUF-NKNY-SC-7, CUF-NKNY-SD-4, CUF-NKNY-SD-5, CUF-NKNY-SD-11, CUF-NKNY-SE-8, CUF-NKNY-SE-16 (10 teeth).

 Description.

These teeth are poorly preserved. The crown is generally triangular, more or less narrow, and symmetric with serration incompletely preserved. The root is broken away or does not display the details of its vascularisation pattern.

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

The presence of triangular serrated crowns suggests that most of the teeth belong to upper ones of Carcharhinus and/or Glyphis, but their poor preservation does not allow a more precise identification. The specimen CUF-NKNY-SC-7 may represent a lower tooth of C. leucas/C. amboinensis, but without the root and the base of the crown preserved, this is impossible to ascertain.

 Superorder <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="superorder">Batomorphii</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Capetta, 1980 Order <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="order">Myliobatiformes</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Compagno, 1973 Family <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="family">Dasyatidae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Jordan & Gilbert, 1879

Pastinachus Rüppell, 1829

Animalia Myliobatiformes Dasyatidae 89ADBEF9-2496-5A4D-9E1A-B1E0666E8170 Pastinachus sp. Fig. 30 Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-7.1 (Fig. 30A–F), CUF-NKNY-7.2 (Fig. 30G–L), CUF-NKNY-8.1 (Fig. 30M–R) (3 teeth).

10.3897/zookeys.1202.119389.figure30 11207316 65A1D19D-F8FA-5C2B-80C2-82C21D673AC5

Dasyatid ray teeth - Pastinachus sp. A–F specimen CUF-NKNY-7.1 in A lingual B labial C, F profile D occlusal and E basal views G–L specimen CUF-NKNY-7.2 in G lingual H labial I, L profile J occlusal and K basal views M–R specimen CUF-NKNY-8.1 in M lingual N labial O, R profile P occlusal and Q basal views.

https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1049920 Description.

The crown is hexagonal to diamond-shaped in apical view, longer mesio-distally than labio-lingually. The crown surface is rather smooth to heavily pitted. The labial face of the crown displays a salient horizontal bulge. There is a well-developed horizontal groove in the basal part of the crown on the lingual face. The vascularisation of the teeth is holaulacorhize. There is a row of small foramina positioned under the crown on the labial face and between one and four foramina present in the groove separating the two branches of the root in basal view.

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

Heavily pitted crowns probably belong to non-functional teeth (Adnet et al. 2019). Four species of cowtail rays (Pastinachus ater, P. gracilicaudus, P. solocirostris, and P. stellurostris) are known in Southeast Asia (Last et al. 2016), all of them having been recorded in Thai waters (Krajangdara et al. 2022). Regarding the nearby fossil record, teeth of Pastinachus were reported from India, Taiwan, and Borneo (see discussion in Kocsis et al. 2019).

 Class <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="class">Actinopterygii</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Klein, 1885 Infraclass <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subclass">Teleostei</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Müller, 1845 Order <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="order">Scombriformes</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Rafinesque, 1810 Family <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="family">Trichiuridae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Rafinesque, 1810 Animalia Scombriformes Trichiuridae 7B9D026A-2B9A-5EDD-A115-F25D529DD433 Trichiuridae indet. Fig. 31 Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-2.1 (Fig. 31A–F), CUF-NKNY-2.2 (Fig. 31G–K), CUF-NKNY-18.2 (Fig. 31L–P) (3 teeth).

10.3897/zookeys.1202.119389.figure31 11207318 FB08638F-120D-589B-8568-EB7A861084EF

Trichiuridae indet. A–F specimen CUF-NKNY-2.1, anterior tooth in A, B lateral C anterior D posterior and E apical views F close-up of the tip of the tooth G–K specimen CUF-NKNY-2.2, anterior tooth in G, H lateral I anterior J posterior and K apical views L–P specimen CUF-NKNY-18.2, lateral tooth in L, M lateral N anterior O posterior and P apical views.

https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1049921 Description.

Labiolingually flattened teeth seem to thin out at their mesial edge. They are covered with elongated and fine striation. This striation becomes coarser basally and distally on the more elongated specimens (specimens CUF-NKNY-2.1 and CUF-NKNY-2.2). The latter two teeth are strongly curved distally with a concave distal edge and the more completely preserved specimen CUF-NKNY-2.1 bears an apical barb. The specimen CUF-NKNY-18.2 has a curved mesial margin, whereas the distal one is vertical and straight.

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

The two strongly curved teeth (specimens CUF-NKNY-2.1 and CUF-NKNY-2.2) represent fang-like features from the front of the jaw, while the specimen CUF-NKNY-18.2 comes from a rather distal position. This latter tooth resembles somewhat the lateral teeth of Sphyranea (barracuda, e.g., Gottfried et al. 2017), but those are more symmetrical. The global species database (Fishbase: www.fishbase.org) reports twenty-seven cutlassfishes from the wider region of South and Southeast Asia (Froese and Pauly 2024). Two common genera, Trichurus and Lepuracanthus, contain some species that bear such barbed fang-like teeth (Nakamura and Parin 1993; 1998).

 Order <italic>incertae sedis</italic> in Eupercaria Betancur-R. et al., 2014 Family <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="family">Sciaenidae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Cuvier, 1829

Johnius Bloch, 1793

Animalia Perciformes Sciaenidae FD917AFD-4178-5F62-A287-D96F36C9D1B6 Johnius sp. Fig. 32 Referred material.

CUF-NKNY-16.2 (Fig. 32A–D) (1 right sagitta otolith).

10.3897/zookeys.1202.119389.figure32 11207320 B2839236-AE45-5C53-B604-70DD7E380B35

Sciaenid otolith of Johnius sp., specimen CUF-NKNY-16.2, right sagitta otolith in A inner B external C anterior and D posterior views.

https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1049922 Description.

Thick otolith with a smooth external surface, whereas the internal surface bears a sulcus characteristic of the genus. The ostium is shallow, vertically positioned, higher than long, and it widens ventrally. The anterior and horizontal portion of the cauda is short and shallow, then opening posteriorly into a deep caudal funnel with an external circular shape.

 Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.

Otoliths of Johnius are unique and have distinct characteristics that make them easily distinguishable from those of other sciaenids or teleosts (Schwarzhans 1993). There are 21 species of Johnius in Southeast Asia (Froese and Pauly 2024), and most of them inhabit shallow coastal waters and estuaries but some species are capable of entering rivers. They are also known from the fossil records in Japan (Ohe 1976) and Taiwan (Lin et al. 2022).

 Discussion

Based on the survey of mid-Holocene marine faunas from the clay pit of Nakhon Nayok Province in Thailand, many fossils of molluscs together with other invertebrates and vertebrates have been found in the Bangkok clay layer at a depth of ~ 5–7 m below the surface. The faunal assemblages, especially molluscs (Table 2), depict the palaeo-ecosystem of the area at that time as corresponding to the intertidal to sublittoral zones. Some molluscan taxa, i.e., Cerithidea obtusa, Pirenella incisa, Telescopium telescopium, Ellobium aurisjudae, Cassidula nucleus, and Geloina bengalensis, also indicate that some parts of the area corresponded to mangrove forests and intertidal mudflats. The occurrence of mangrove forests has previously been corroborated by evidence of peat and pollens from the same, as well as nearby, sites (Songtham et al. 2007, 2015). In this study, several described mollusc taxa correspond to those reported from the Lower Central Plain of Bangkok and Samut Prakan and from the inland of Phetchaburi coasts (Somboon 1988; Somboon and Thiramongkol 1992; Robba et al. 2007; Negri 2009, 2012; Surakiatchai et al. 2018), suggesting similar paleoenvironments of these sites.

Molluscan species assemblages from the Bangkok Clay deposits of Ongkharak in Nakhon Nayok recovered in the present study and from other sites retrieved from previous literature (indicated by an asterisk). NA = data not available.

Class Species in this study Lower Central Plain and Chao Phraya delta (Somboon 1988; Somboon and Thiramongkol 1992) Lower Central Plain of Bangkok and inland of Phetchaburi coast (Robba et al. 2007; Negri 2009) Ban Praksa, Samut Prakan (Negri 2012) Sam Roi Yot National Park, Phetchaburi (Surakiatchai et al. 2018) Habitat Substrate preference
Gastropoda 1. Homalopoma cf. sangarense – – – – Sublittoral Sand, hard
2. Neripteron violaceum – – – – Intertidal, mangrove Mud, hard
3. Nerita articulata * – – – Intertidal, mangrove Mud, hard
4. Cerithidea obtusa – * – – Intertidal, mangrove Mud, hard
5. Pirenella incisa – – – – Intertidal, mangrove Mud
6. Telescopium telescopium – – – – Intertidal, mangrove Mud
7. Eunaticina papilla – * – – Intertidal–sublittoral Sand
8. Natica stellata – * – – Sublittoral Sand
9. Natica vitellus – * – – Intertidal– sublittoral Sand, mud
10. Paratectonatica tigrina * * * * Intertidal– sublittoral Sand, mud
11. Ergaea walshi – * – – Intertidal– sublittoral Hard
12. Bufonaria rana – – – – Sublittoral Sand, mud
13. Merica elegans – – – – Sublittoral Sand, mud
14. Scalptia scalariformis – * – – Sublittoral Sand, mud
15. Pseudoneptunea varicosa – * – – Sublittoral NA
16. Brunneifusus ternatanus * – – – Sublittoral Sand, mud
17. Nassarius micans – * – – Intertidal– sublittoral Sand
Gastropoda 18. Nassarius siquijorensis – * – * Intertidal– sublittoral Sand, mud
19. Chicoreus capucinus * – – – Intertidal, mangrove Sand, mud, hard
20. Indothais gradata * – – – Sublittoral Hard
21. Indothais lacera – * – – Intertidal– sublittoral Mud, hard
22. Murex trapa * * – * Sublittoral Sand, mud
23. Maoritomella vallata – * – – Sublittoral NA
24. Pseudoetrema fortilirata – * – – Sublittoral Sand, mud
25. Turricula javana * * – * Intertidal– sublittoral Sand, mud, hard
26. Paradrillia melvilli – * – – Sublittoral–upper bathyal NA
27. Inquisitor vulpionis – * – – Sublittoral Sand
28. Comitas ilariae – – – – Sublittoral Sand
29. Duplicaria tricincta – * – – Sublittoral Sand, mud
30. Granuliterebra bathyrhaphe – * * – Intertidal– sublittoral Sand, mud
31. Pristiterebra miranda – * – – Sublittoral NA
32. Architectonica perdix – * – * Sublittoral Sand, mud
33. Cylichna modesta – * – – Sublittoral Sand, mud
34. Ellobium aurisjudae – * – – Intertidal, mangrove Sand, mud, hard
35. Cassidula nucleus – * – – Intertidal, mangrove Mud, hard
Bivalvia 1. Jupiteria puellata – * * – Sublittoral Sand, mud
2. Saccella mauritiana – * – – Sublittoral Sand, mud, hard
3. Anadara inaequivalvis – * – * Intertidal–sublittoral Sand, mud
4. Anadara indica – * – * Intertidal– sublittoral Sand, mud
5. Tegillarca granosa * * – * Intertidal, mangrove Mud
6. Tegillarca nodifera – – – – Intertidal– sublittoral, mangrove Sand, mud
7. Estellacar olivacea * * – – Intertidal– sublittoral, mangrove Sand, mud
8. Noetiella pectunculiformis – * – – Intertidal– sublittoral, mangrove Sand, mud
9. Magallana cf. gigas – * – * Intertidal– sublittoral Mud, hard
10. Placuna placenta – * * * Intertidal– sublittoral Sand, mud
11. Volachlamys singaporina – – – – Intertidal– sublittoral Sand, mud, hard
12. Pegophysema bialata – – – – Intertidal– sublittoral Sand, mud
13. Geloina bengalensis – * – – Intertidal, mangrove Mud
14. Lutraria complanata – * – – Sublittoral Sand, mud
15. Standella pellucida – * – – Intertidal– sublittoral, mangrove Sand, mud
16. Tellinides conspicuus – – – – Sublittoral NA
17. Joannisiella oblonga * * – * Intertidal– sublittoral Mud
18. Dosinia dilecta – * – * Sublittoral Mud
19. Paratapes undulatus * * * * Intertidal– sublittoral Sand, mud
20. Placamen lamellatum – * – – Intertidal– sublittoral Sand, mud
21. Corbula fortisulcata – * – * Intertidal–sublittoral Sand, mud, hard
22. Potamocorbula sp. NA NA NA NA Intertidal NA
23. Martesia striata – * – – Intertidal–sublittoral Hard
24. Pholas orientalis – * – – Intertidal–sublittoral Sand, mud, hard
25. Teredinidae indet. NA NA NA NA Intertidal–sublittoral Hard
26. Cultellus maximus – * – – Intertidal–sublittoral, mangrove Mud
27. Siliqua minima – * – – Intertidal–sublittoral Sand, mud
Scaphopoda 1. Dentalium variabile – * * – Sublittoral Mud

Most of the marine and mangrove shells were found at a depth of 2.2 m below the uppermost part of a marine clay layer. The carbon-14 dating analysis indicates a mid-Holocene age for this level as being approximately 5,900–5,300 cal yr BP, whereas charcoal material was found at a greater depth of 2.2–4.6 m, spanning approximately an age from 8,800 to 5,700 cal yr BP (Table 1). However, the abundance of tree trunks and carbonised woods as well as the accumulation of peat at greater depth than most shells indicate the predominance of mangrove forests, suggesting an early stage of marine incursion further inland (Songtham et al. 2007). The ages of the Bangkok Clay deposits determined by this study are also in good agreement with those retrieved by Songtham et al. (2007). This duration corresponds to the depositional stage 2 (7,000–3,000 cal yr BP), a marine transgression time proposed by Tanabe et al. (2003). During this stage, a large mud shoal was formed around Samut Prakan Province and the Chao Phraya delta prograded toward the head of the palaeo-Gulf of Ayutthaya southward (Fig. 33; Tanabe et al. 2003). However, our chronological results suggest that the area of Ongkharak, Nakhon Nayok in central Thailand was possibly an ancient coastal shoreline between 7,900 and 5,300 cal yr BP, which was located further southward compared to the palaeogeographic scheme proposed by Tanabe et al. (2003).

10.3897/zookeys.1202.119389.figure33 11207322 EE097AFD-9C2B-5694-8FE7-9FD96576EFBF

Paleogeographic maps illustrating the evolution of the Chao Phraya delta modified from Tanabe et al. (2003), during A 8,000–7,000 cal yr BP and B 7,000–6,000 cal yr BP. Red stars indicate the location of the study area.

https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1049923

The vertebrate fauna is dominated by cartilaginous fishes, among which the family Carcharhinidae is most common (Table 3). The genus Glyphis, also known as “river shark”, is dentally most abundant in the area due to its habitat in or nearby rivers and estuaries. It is a cryptic shark that is difficult to study, but it has been reported that these sharks also live in coastal and shallow marine regions, while the young grow up in a river habitat where the predation pressure is reduced (Li et al. 2015). The dominant presence of this taxon is indicative of the vicinity of freshwater input and/or habitats close to rivers, corresponding to the paleogeographic context of the region (Fig. 33) and the results of other studies from the Bangkok Clay (Robba et al. 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007; Songtham et al. 2007; Negri 2009, 2012). Several Carcharhinus species including C. amblyrhynchoides, C. amblyrhinchos, C. leucas, C. amboinensis, and C. sorrah were also found. As the position of the teeth in the jaws cannot be ascertained, other taxa could not be ruled out based on some similarities in tooth morphology. Nevertheless, the bull shark (C. leucas) appears to be abundant and is also known to live in freshwater environments. Moreover, the genus Scoliodon present in the area is reported from brackish environments (Riede 2004). The other recovered taxa, the stingray (Pastinachus), cutlassfish (Trichiuridae), and the sciaenid Johnius are all compatible with shallow marine coastal environments, as supported by the presence of molluscan faunas, although some species are reported from brackish environments. Due to the fact that the fish remains are almost entirely represented by isolated teeth and only one single otolith has been found so far (Johnius), the rarity of this type of remains could be the consequence of sampling biases and/or taphonomic processes. Therefore, targeting otoliths in future studies could shed more light on the bony fish fauna of the Bangkok Clay.

Fish remains recovered from the Bangkok Clay deposits of Ongkharak in Nakhon Nayok.

Class Chondrichthyes
Order Family Species No. Material
Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus cf. amblyrhynchoides 1 tooth
Carcharhinus cf. amblyrhynchos 1 tooth
Carcharhinus cf. leucas 4 teeth
Carcharhinus leucas/Carcharhinusamboinensis 10 teeth
Carcharhinus cf. sorrah 2 teeth
Carcharhinus spp. 7 teeth
Glyphis sp. 59 teeth
Scoliodon cf. laticaudus 3 teeth
Carcharhinidae indet. 10 teeth
Myliobatiformes Dasyatidae Pastinachus sp. 3 teeth
Class Actinopterygii
Scombriformes Trichiuridae Trichiuridae indet. 3 teeth
incertae sedis in Eupercaria Sciaenidae Johnius sp. 1 otolith
Acknowledgments

We thank the following colleagues from the Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University: Wichase Khonsue who led us to the locality and provided information on the sites, Somsak Panha who facilitated access to collection storage and working area, Arthit Polyotha for providing SEM images, and Kittipum Chansri and Buntika A. Butcher for providing access and taking photographs with a Leica M205C stereo light microscope. We also thank Fa-Is Jindewha, Sutan Saehan, Jirapan Sumpaothong, and Suwijak Pata for their assistance in the field, Santi Pailoplee (Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University) for his help in generating the map, Mana Rugbumrung (Department of Mineral Resources) for his technical assistance and supports, and Thierry Backeljau (Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels) and Bernhard Hausdorf (Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Hamburg) for the access to the relevant literature. We are grateful to Montri Inthasaeng who allowed us to work at the site. Finally, we thank Jürgen Kriwet and Matthias Harzhauser for their comments on the first version of this manuscript.

 Additional information Conflict of interest

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

 Ethical statement

No ethical statement was reported.

 Funding

This research was supported by the Sci-Super VII grant, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University (Grant No. Sci-Super VII_64_001, to KS and CS).

 Author contributions

Conceptualization: PJ, LK, KS, CS, GC. Data curation: NN, SK, KS. Formal analysis: PJ, KS, NN, LK, SK, GC, TC. Funding acquisition: CS, KS. Investigation: CS, TC, NN, KS. Methodology: CS, TC, PJ, LK, GC, KS. Project administration: KS. Resources: NN, CS, KS. Validation: LK, PJ, GC, KS. Visualization: KS, LK, GC, PJ. Writing - original draft: KS, GC, PJ, LK. Writing - review and editing: PJ, LK, GC, KS.

 Author ORCIDs

Parin Jirapatrasilp https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5591-6724

Gilles Cuny https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7680-1697

László Kocsis https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4613-1850

Chirasak Sutcharit https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7670-9540

Kantapon Suraprasit https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3428-9549

 Data availability

All of the data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text.

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