Phylogenetic species tree for five genes. Species-groups and complexes are colour-coded. Outgroups include Notoncus gilberti, Nylanderia glabrior, Leptanilla sp., Strumigenys pulchella, and Aenictus sp. Each vertical color-bar links taxa of the same species-group or species-complex. Numbers above lines represent branch support; the scale bar refers to genetic change of 0.002 nucleotide substitutions (‘sc’ = species-complex; ‘sg’ = species-group).