A, B Images of a typical tephritid mandible indicating the areas measured. Image (A) indicates the measurements for the mandibles without a preapical tooth and (B) indicates the measurements for the mandibles where the preapical tooth is present. Measurements are as follows for A: (a) the distance between the dorsal apodeme and the ventral apodeme; (b) the ventral angle between the apical tooth and the ventral apodeme; (c) the distance between the ventral apodeme and the apical tooth; (d) the distance between the dorsal apodeme and the apical tooth. Measurements are as follows for B: (a) the distance between the dorsal apodeme and the ventral apodeme; b) the distance between the ventral apodeme and the preapical tooth; (c) the distance between the apical tooth and the preapical tooth; (d) the distance between the ventral apodeme and the apical tooth; (e) the distance between the dorsal apodeme and the apical tooth. Measurements were recorded in µm (distances) and degrees (angles).